Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the economic, social, and oral care health inequities in societies, especially in the developing world. Severe restrictions have been imposed on dental practices, limiting prophylactic and routine oral care health, allowing treatment only for emergencies. Since dental care includes procedures that generate aerosols, the risk of infection for dental personnel has increased significantly. In this review, a comprehensive and updated source of information about SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and the impacts it is having on oral health care is presented. The ongoing repercussions in dental practice and in dental education, including the opportunities for practice innovation that are evolving, are also indicated. Also, a discussion of the psychosocial factors that affect health and the quality of life of an individual, such as stress, depression, and anxiety, is provided. This pandemic may be an opportunity to promote the inclusion of well-established prevention measures, together with the use of teledentistry in academic dental curricula, encourage the implementation of new perspectives for the effective instruction and interactions with students, and foster the transition toward e-learning strategies in dental education.

Resumo A pandemia COVID-19 destacou as desigualdades econômicas, sociais e de saúde bucal, especialmente no mundo em desenvolvimento. Severas restrições têm sido impostas para a prática odontológica, limitando a rotina de saúde bucal, permitindo o tratamento apenas em emergências. Como o atendimento odontológico inclui procedimentos que geram aerossóis, o risco de infecção para a equipe odontológica aumentou significativamente. Nesta revisão, é abordada uma fonte abrangente e atualizada de informações sobre o SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 e os impactos que têm nos cuidados de saúde bucal. As repercussões contínuas na profissão odontológica e na educação odontológica, incluindo as oportunidades de inovação da prática. Além disso, é fornecido o efeito de fatores psicossociais que afetam a saúde e a qualidade de vida, como estresse, depressão e ansiedade. Esta pandemia pode ser uma oportunidade para promover a inclusão de medidas de prevenção bem estabelecidas, juntamente com o uso da teledontologia nos currículos acadêmicos de odontologia, trazendo novas perspectivas sobre a forma de ensinar e interagir com os alunos, com a transição para estratégias de e-learning na educação odontológica.

Resumo A pandemia COVID-19 destacou as desigualdades econômicas, sociais e de saúde bucal, especialmente no mundo em desenvolvimento. Severas restrições têm sido impostas para a prática odontológica, limitando a rotina de saúde bucal, permitindo o tratamento apenas em emergências. Como o atendimento odontológico inclui procedimentos que geram aerossóis, o risco de infecção para a equipe odontológica aumentou significativamente. Nesta revisão, é abordada uma fonte abrangente e atualizada de informações sobre o SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 e os impactos que têm nos cuidados de saúde bucal. As repercussões contínuas na profissão odontológica e na educação odontológica, incluindo as oportunidades de inovação da prática. Além disso, é fornecido o efeito de fatores psicossociais que afetam a saúde e a qualidade de vida, como estresse, depressão e ansiedade. Esta pandemia pode ser uma oportunidade para promover a inclusão de medidas de prevenção bem estabelecidas, juntamente com o uso da teledontologia nos currículos acadêmicos de odontologia, trazendo novas perspectivas sobre a forma de ensinar e interagir com os alunos, com a transição para estratégias de e-learning na educação odontológica.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the economic, social, and oral care health inequities in societies, especially in the developing world. Severe restrictions have been imposed on dental practices, limiting prophylactic and routine oral care health, allowing treatment only for emergencies. Since dental care includes procedures that generate aerosols, the risk of infection for dental personnel has increased significantly. In this review, a comprehensive and updated source of information about SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and the impacts it is having on oral health care is presented. The ongoing repercussions in dental practice and in dental education, including the opportunities for practice innovation that are evolving, are also indicated. Also, a discussion of the psychosocial factors that affect health and the quality of life of an individual, such as stress, depression, and anxiety, is provided. This pandemic may be an opportunity to promote the inclusion of well-established prevention measures, together with the use of teledentistry in academic dental curricula, encourage the implementation of new perspectives for the effective instruction and interactions with students, and foster the transition toward e-learning strategies in dental education.

Abstract: Background: Actinic prurigo (AP) is an idiopathic photodermatosis. Although its initial manifestations can appear in 6 to 8-year-old children, cases are diagnosed later, between the second and fourth decades of life, when the injuries are exacerbated. Objective: To identify risk factors associated with clinical manifestations of AP such as skin and mucosal lesions. Methods: Thirty patients with AP and 60 controls were included in the study, the dependent variable was the presence of skin or labial mucosal lesions, the independent variables were age, sex, solar exposure, living with pets or farm animals, exposure to wood smoke, smoking habit, years smoking, and hours spent per day and per week in contact with people who smoke. Results: Of the 30 diagnosed AP patients, 66.7% were female. Patients age ranged from 7 to 71 years and the mean age was 35.77 ± 14.55 years. We found significant differences with the age and cohabitation with farm animals. Those who lived with farm animals presented 14.31 times higher probability of developing AP (95% CI 3-78.06). Study limitations: This is a case-control study; therefore, a causal relationship cannot be proven, and these results cannot be generalized to every population. Conclusions: The identification of factors related to the development of AP increases our knowledge of its physiopathology. Moreover, identifying antigens that possibly trigger the allergic reaction will have preventive and therapeutic applications in populations at risk of AP.

The present article described a clinical case where it was assessed whether aggregation of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) to the procedure of coronary-advanced flap with sub-epithelial connective tissue graft (CAF + SCTG) would improve the amount of root coverage in Miller's class I and II gingival recessions when compared to the same isolated procedure in a patient suffering multiple gingival recessions, in a 6 month time-span. Twelve gingival recessions were included in the study: six treated with (CAF + SCTG + EMD) and six treated with (CAF + SCTG) in different quadrants. At beginning of procedure as well as six months later, the following clinical parameters were measured: gingival recession depth (RD), depth to probing (PD), clinical insertion level (CIL) and width of keratinized tissue (KT) in apex-coronary direction. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results established that after a six month procedure CAF + SCTG + EMD and CAF + SCTG produced significant root coverage, respective averages were 2.83 ± 1.16 mm (p = 0.001) and 2.50 ± 0.83 mm (p = .002). All gingival recessions treated with EMD experienced 100% root coverage, sites treated with CAF + SCTG + EMD exhibited coverage of only 65.3%. When comparing results at six months, better results were observed with CAF + SCTG + EMD with respect to clinical insertion level (p = .02) and root coverage (p = .06). Nevertheless, neither the difference of clinical level insertion nor the gain in root coverage resulted significant. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between PD and KT. Conclusion: The present clinical case did not show additional benefits when EMD were aggregated to the CAF + SCTG in the coverage of multiple Miller's class I and class II gingival recessions.

Se presenta un caso clínico donde se evaluó si la agregación del derivado de la matriz del esmalte (DME) al procedimiento del colgajo de avance coronal con injerto de tejido conectivo subepitelial (CDC + ITCS) mejoraría la cantidad de cobertura radicular en recesiones gingivales clase I y II de Miller comparados con el mismo procedimiento solo, en un paciente con recesiones gingivales múltiples a seis meses. Se incluyeron 12 recesiones gingivales, seis tratadas con (CAC + ITCSE + DME) y seis con (CAC + ITCSE) en diferentes cuadrantes. Al inicio y a los seis meses se midieron los parámetros clínicos tales como profundidad de la recesión gingival (PR), profundidad al sondeo (PS), nivel de inserción clínica (NIC), y ancho de tejido queratinizado en dirección apico-coronal (TQ). Un valor p < 0.05 se consideró significativo. Los resultados mostraron que a los seis meses ambos procedimientos, CAC + ITCSE + DME y CAC + ITCSE produjeron una significativa cobertura radicular en promedio 2.83 ± 1.16 mm (p = 0.001) y 2.50 ± 0.83 mm (p = .002), respectivamente. Todas las recesiones gingivales tratadas con el DME tuvieron el 100% de cobertura radicular y sólo el 65.3% de cobertura para los sitios tratados con CAC + ITCSE. Al comparar ambos procedimientos a los seis meses, se observaron mejores resultados con CAC + ITCSE + DME en cuanto al nivel de inserción clínica (p = .02) y la cobertura radicular (p = .06); sin embargo, ni la diferencia del nivel de inserción clínico ni la ganancia en la cobertura radicular mostraron ser significativos. Por otro lado, no se observaron diferencias significativas en la PS y TQ. Conclusión: El presente caso clínico no mostró beneficio adicional cuando se agregó el DME al procedimiento de CAC + ITCSE para la cobertura de recesiones gingivales múltiples clase I y II de Miller.

OBJECTIVE: Translate, culturally adapt, and validate a new Spanish version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) for older persons in Mexico City, Mexico. METHODS: A validation study of the new version of OHIP-Mx-49 was carried out through interviews and clinical examinations of people aged 60 or older in the southern area of Mexico City. The following variables were analyzed: sociodemographic (age, sex, marital status, level of schooling, and whether the subject lived alone), clinical (current number of teeth, coronal and root caries, dental hygiene, and the use of removable prostheses and dentures), and self-perception (of the need for dental and general health care). The OHIP-Mx-49 value was calculated as the sum of the scores in seven dimensions: functional limitation, pain, psychological discomfort, physical disability, psychological disability, social disability, and handicap. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient), replicability (intraclass correlation coefficient), and convergent and discriminant validity (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests) were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 131 people interviewed (average age: 73.8 ± 8.3 years), 77.9% were women. High internal consistency values were obtained for the OHIP-Mx-49 (0.96) and the dimensions (0.79-0.86), and replicability in the instrument (0.877) and all the dimensions except social disability (0.176). The average OHIP-Mx-49 score was 37.1 ± 35.3; higher scores were observed in people with 1-9 teeth (P = 0.02), people who did not have coronal caries (P = 0.02), and people who perceived a need for dental care (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The OHIP-Mx-49 is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used with older Mexicans.

OBJETIVOS: Traducir, adaptar culturalmente y validar una nueva versión en español del instrumento denominado perfil de impacto de la salud bucal (OHIP) en adultos mayores de la Ciudad de México, México. MÉTODOS: Estudio de validación de la nueva versión OHIP-Mx-49 mediante entrevistas y exámenes clínicos a personas de 60 años o más del sur de la Ciudad de México. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas (edad, sexo, estado civil, nivel de escolaridad y si vive solo), clínicas (número de dientes presentes, caries coronal y radicular, higiene de la dentadura, y uso de prótesis removible y dentadura total) y de autopercepción (necesidad de tratamiento dental y de salud general). Como valor del OHIP-Mx-49 se tomó la suma de las puntuaciones alcanzadas en sus siete dimensiones: limitación funcional, dolor, incomodidad psicológica, inhabilidad física, inhabilidad psicológica, inhabilidad social e incapacidad. Se evaluó la consistencia interna (coeficientes a de Cronbach), la repetibilidad (coeficiente de correlación intraclase) y la validez convergente y discriminativa (pruebas de Mann-Whitney y de Kruskal-Wallis). RESULTADOS: De las 131 personas entrevistadas (edad promedio: 73,8 ± 8,3 años), 77,9% eran mujeres. Se obtuvieron valores elevados de consistencia interna, tanto del OHIP-Mx-49 (0,96) como de las dimensiones (0,79-0,86), y de repetibilidad en el instrumento (0,877) y todas las dimensiones, excepto inhabilidad social (0,176). La puntuación promedio del OHIP-Mx-49 fue de 37,1 ± 35,3; se observaron mayores puntuaciones en las personas con 1-9 dientes (P = 0,02), las que no presentaron caries coronal (P = 0,02) y las que percibían necesitar tratamiento dental (P = 0,01). CONCLUSIONES: El OHIP-Mx-49 es un instrumento confiable y válido que puede aplicarse en adultos mayores mexicanos.

Abstract: Several studies have reported the erosive power of soft drinks on different direct filling materials, as well as in the tooth enamel. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were changes in the superficial hardness of different commercial resins (microhybrid and nanocomposite) after the action of a carbonated drink (Cola Drink). Ten samples of every brand of composite (Tetric Evo Ceram; Filtek Z250, Filtek Z350, Filtek P60, Filtek Supreme XT, and Premisa) were tested. The microhardness of the resins was measured with a Hardness Tester. The samples were submitted to alternate immersion in the carbonated drink for 7 days. At the end of the test, the final microhardness was measured. One Way Analysis of Variance with Tukey's Post Hoc Test and Student's t-Test were used to compare if there were variations in the microhardness among the samples. A significant decrease in the superficial microhardness was found in all the resins except in Tetric Evo Ceram.

Resumen: Diversos estudios han reportado el poder erosivo de las bebidas gaseosas en diferentes materiales de obturación directos, así como en el esmalte dentario. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la influencia en la dureza superficial de diferentes resinas comerciales (microhíbridas y de nanorrelleno), ante la acción de una bebida gaseosa (Coca Cola). Lo anterior se realizó mediante la fabricación de 10 muestras de cada marca de resina (Tetric Evo Ceram, Filtek Z250, Filtek Z350, Filtek P60, Filtek Supreme XT, y Premisa). Se midió la microdureza inicial de las resinas con un durómetro. Posteriormente, los composites se sometieron a la acción de la bebida gaseosa por 7 días. Al terminar se calculó la microdureza. Para comparar si hubo variaciones en los materiales se utilizó la prueba de Análisis de Varianza de una Vía, t Student y la prueba para comparar grupos Post Hoc de Tukey. Concluyendo que hubo disminución significativa de la microdureza superficial en la mayoría de las resinas sometidas a la acción de la bebida gaseosa, exceptuando Tetric Evo Ceram.

Objective. To describe the sociodemographic characteristics and determinants of health services utilization by the Mexican population of 60 years of age or more. Materials and methods. Information obtained from the National Health Survey II (ENSA-II) allowed analysis of 4 628 elderly people. Prevalence of chronic diseases was analyzed and the determinants of individuals who had used the health services in the two weeks prior to the interview. Results. The chronic diseases most frequently reported were: hypertension, diabetes and heart disease. The utilization and hospitalization rates of that age group were 11.4 and 5.5%, respectively. The services most frequently used were: the private physician, social security (IMSS, ISSSTE) welfare services (Ministry of Health SSA and IMSS-Solidaridad). Interestingly, 25 to 45% of social security insurance holders did not use the services, instead they consulted a private physician. The most important explanatory variables for health services utilization were: the perceived illness, not having worked for the previous week and being a social security insurance holder. Gender, area of residence and level of education were not significant in the explanation of health services utilization. Conclusions. This study demonstrates the need to strengthen preventive and support programs for the elderly population, since they only demand health services when they feel sick.

Objetivo. Describir las características sociodemográficas y las determinantes de la utilización de los servicios de salud por la población de 60 años y más en México. Material y métodos. De la información captada en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud II se obtuvieron datos de 4 628 personas ancianas; se analizaron las prevalencias de las principales enfermedades crónicas y en los individuos que utilizaron los servicios de salud dos semanas antes de la encuesta se investigaron los factores determinantes de su utilización. Resultados. Las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentemente notificadas fueron: hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus y cardiopatías. La tasa de utilización de servicios en ese grupo de edad fue de 11.4%, y de hospitalización 5.5%. Los servicios de salud más utilizados fueron: el médico particular, el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), la Secretaría de Salud, el Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado y el IMSS-Solidaridad. De 25 a 45% de los derechohabientes no hacen uso de estos servicios y, en su lugar, acuden a los servicios privados. Las variables explicativas más importantes de la utilización de servicios fueron: el estar enfermo, no haber trabajado la semana anterior y ser derechohabiente. El género, la zona de residencia y el grado de escolaridad no fueron significativos en la explicación de la utilización de servicios de salud. Conclusiones. El estudio demuestra la necesidad de fortalecer los programas preventivos y de apoyo para esta población, ya que sólo acude a los servicios de salud cuando está enferma.