RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las tendencias en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en usuarios de la Atención Primaria de Salud de Piauí entre 2012 y 2021. Estudio ecológico realizado con datos del Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional. El sobrepeso y la obesidad fueron clasificados según lo recomendado por la Organización Mun-dial de la Salud. Se realizó una regresión lineal para estimar la tendencia en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Hubo un aumento en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en Piauí en el período estudiado en todos los grupos de edad y en ambos sexos. Sin embargo, la tendencia de crecimiento fue estacionaria para el sobrepeso en varones en los grupos de edad de niños y adolescentes, y para la obesidad en ambos sexos entre los 0-9 años. El estudio mostró un aumento en la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad entre 2012 y 2021 en todos los grupos de edad y en ambos sexos. Sin embargo, la tendencia de crecimiento fue estacionaria en algunos.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to analyze trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Primary Health Care users in Piauí between 2012 and 2021. We conducted an ecological study with data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. Overweight and obesity were classified as recommended by the World Health Organization. A linear regression was performed to estimate the trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. There was an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Piauí in the period studied in all age groups and in both sexes. However, the growth trend was stationary for overweight in males in the age groups of children and adolescents, and for obesity in both sexes amongst 0-9-year-olds. The study showed an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between 2012 and 2021 in all age groups and in both sexes. However, the growth trend was stationary in some.

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether low magnesium concentration is related to increased cardiovascular risk in obese women. Methods: This case-control study included women, who were divided into two groups: case (BMI>35 kg/m2) and control group (18.5>BMI>24.9 kg/m2). Body weight, height, waist, neck and hip circumference were measured according to the methodology described by the Ministry of Health. The analyses of plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary magnesium concentrations were performed using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry method. The lipid fractions were analyzed according to the enzymatic colorimetric method using a Cobas Integra automatic biochemical analyzer. Results: Mean plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were lower in the obese women compared to the control group (p<0.05). The urinary excretion of this mineral showed a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05), and the obese women excreted a higher amount of magnesium in the urine. With regard to the cardiovascular risk parameters, obese women demonstrated higher values compared to the control group (p<0.05). The study showed a negative correlation between erythrocyte magnesium and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that obese women exhibit changes in nutritional status with regard to magnesium, with reduced concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes, and increased concentration in the urine. However, the results do not suggest a role of magnesium in protection against cardiovascular risk factors in the patients evaluated in this study.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si una concentración baja de magnesio está relacionada con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres obesas. Métodos: Este estudio de casos y controles incluyó mujeres, que se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo de casos (IMC>35 kg/m2) y control (18,5>IMC>24,9 kg/m2). El peso corporal, la altura, la cintura, la circunferencia del cuello y la cadera se midieron según la metodología descrita por el Ministerio de Salud. Los análisis de las concentraciones de magnesio en plasma, eritrocitos y orina se realizaron utilizando el método de espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma acoplado inductivamente. Las fracciones lipídicas se analizaron según el método colorimétrico enzimático utilizando un analizador bioquímico automático Cobas Integra. Resultados: Las concentraciones medias de magnesio en plasma y eritrocitos fueron menores en las mujeres obesas en comparación con el grupo de control (p<0.05). La excreción urinaria de este mineral mostró una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos (p<0.05), y las mujeres obesas excretaron una mayor cantidad de magnesio en la orina. En cuanto a los parámetros de riesgo cardiovascular, las mujeres obesas mostraron valores más altos en comparación con el grupo control (p<0,05). El estudio mostró una correlación negativa entre el magnesio de los eritrocitos y la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en el grupo de control (p<0,05). Conclusión: Estos resultados indican que las mujeres obesas presentan cambios en el estado nutricional con respecto al magnesio, con concentraciones reducidas en el plasma y eritrocitos, y concentración aumentada en la orina. Sin embargo, los resultados no sugieren un papel del magnesio en la protección contra los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en los pacientes evaluados en este estudio.

Resumo O aumento da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação de crianças e adolescentes está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de agravos não transmissíveis, como dislipidemia. Objetivou-se realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a relação do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e o perfil lipídico de crianças e adolescentes. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane e LILACS por estudos com desenhos transversais e longitudinais, com ou sem intervenção; em crianças e/ou adolescentes aparentemente saudáveis, que tivessem a ingestão de alimento ultraprocessado como variável de exposição e o perfil lipídico como desfecho. Após triagem, 14 estudos foram incluídos, destes, nove demonstraram que o consumo de ultraprocessados estava relacionado com o aumento do LDL-c, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e diminuição do HDL-c. Três estudos não encontraram nenhuma relação e dois demonstraram que a maior ingestão de cereais prontos estava relacionada com a diminuição de colesterol total e LDL-c. Observou-se elevado consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e relação positiva com lipídios sanguíneos em crianças e adolescentes o que chama atenção para a realização de intervenções, como educação nutricional, com vistas a reduzir a ingestão desses alimentos.

Abstract The increase in the input of ultra-processed ingredients in the food of children and adolescents is related to the development of noncommunicable diseases such as dyslipidemia. The scope of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the relationship of consumption of ultra-processed foods in the lipid profile of children and adolescents. A search in the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and LILACS databases was carried out to locate cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, with or without intervention, in apparently healthy children and/or adolescents, who had the intake of ultra-processed food as an exposure variable and the lipid profile as an outcome. After screening, 14 studies were included, of which nine demonstrated that ultra-processed food consumption was related to increased LDL-c, total cholesterol, triglycerides and a reduction in HDL-c. Three studies found no relationship and two demonstrated that the increased intake of ready-to-eat cereals was related to the decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-c. There was a high consumption of ultra-processed foods and positive relation with blood lipids among children and adolescents, which calls attention to interventions, such as nutritional education, with a view to reducing the intake of these foods.

Resumo O aumento da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na alimentação de crianças e adolescentes está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de agravos não transmissíveis, como dislipidemia. Objetivou-se realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a relação do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e o perfil lipídico de crianças e adolescentes. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane e LILACS por estudos com desenhos transversais e longitudinais, com ou sem intervenção; em crianças e/ou adolescentes aparentemente saudáveis, que tivessem a ingestão de alimento ultraprocessado como variável de exposição e o perfil lipídico como desfecho. Após triagem, 14 estudos foram incluídos, destes, nove demonstraram que o consumo de ultraprocessados estava relacionado com o aumento do LDL-c, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e diminuição do HDL-c. Três estudos não encontraram nenhuma relação e dois demonstraram que a maior ingestão de cereais prontos estava relacionada com a diminuição de colesterol total e LDL-c. Observou-se elevado consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e relação positiva com lipídios sanguíneos em crianças e adolescentes o que chama atenção para a realização de intervenções, como educação nutricional, com vistas a reduzir a ingestão desses alimentos.

Abstract The increase in the input of ultra-processed ingredients in the food of children and adolescents is related to the development of noncommunicable diseases such as dyslipidemia. The scope of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the relationship of consumption of ultra-processed foods in the lipid profile of children and adolescents. A search in the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and LILACS databases was carried out to locate cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, with or without intervention, in apparently healthy children and/or adolescents, who had the intake of ultra-processed food as an exposure variable and the lipid profile as an outcome. After screening, 14 studies were included, of which nine demonstrated that ultra-processed food consumption was related to increased LDL-c, total cholesterol, triglycerides and a reduction in HDL-c. Three studies found no relationship and two demonstrated that the increased intake of ready-to-eat cereals was related to the decrease in total cholesterol and LDL-c. There was a high consumption of ultra-processed foods and positive relation with blood lipids among children and adolescents, which calls attention to interventions, such as nutritional education, with a view to reducing the intake of these foods.

ABSTRACT The study aims to evaluate the association between inadequate consumption of antioxidant minerals and plasma lipoprotein concentrations in adolescents. We conducted a cross-sectional study that evaluated sociodemographic and anthropometric data, information on intake of magnesium, selenium and zinc and lipid profile. Student's t-test was used to compare means between the groups and logistic regression to verify the strength of the association between the independent variables and lipid profile. Inadequate zinc consumption was associated with a higher chance of low HDL-c levels and lower chance of hypertriglyceridemia and high LDL-c levels. Inadequate selenium intake was associated with a lower chance of high total cholesterol and of high triglyceride concentrations and a higher chance of low HDL-c levels. Inadequate magnesium consumption was associated with a higher chance of high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, a lower chance of high LDL-c levels and with a higher chance of low HDL-c. We observed an association between inadequate consumption of magnesium, zinc and selenium and changes in the lipid profile of adolescents.

RESUMEN El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la asociación entre el consumo inadecuado de minerales antioxidantes y las concentraciones plasmáticas de lipoproteínas en adolescentes. Estudio transversal que evaluó datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos, información sobre ingesta de magnesiom selenio y zinc y perfil lipídico. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para comparar medias entre los grupos y regresión logística para verificar la fuerza de la asociación entre las variables independientes y el perfil lipídico. El consumo inadecuado de zinc se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de niveles bajos de HDL-c y una menor probabilidad de hipertrigliceridemia y niveles altos de LDL-c. La ingesta inadecuada de selenio se asoció con una menor probabilidad de colesterol total alto y de altas concentraciones de triglicéridos y una mayor probabilidad de niveles bajos de HDL-c. El consumo inadecuado de magnesio se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de niveles altos de colesterol y triglicéridos, una menor probabilidad de niveles altos de LDL-c y una mayor probabilidad de niveles bajos de HDL-c. El estudio muestra una asociación entre el consumo inadecuado de magnesio, zinc y selenio y los cambios en el perfil lipídico de los adolescentes.

ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been growing interest in clarifying the pathogenesis of some chronic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic alterations in these diseases are characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Studies have demonstrated the participation of minerals in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, more specifically their involvement in the synthesis and regulation of insulin. Selenium is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant micronutrient that is essential for the activity of selenoproteins. Two selenoproteins (glutathione peroxidase and selenoprotein P) are known to be involved in the insulin signaling pathway. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the role of selenium in insulin resistance mechanisms. Evidence shows that adequate concentrations of selenium play a key role in the secretion and action of insulin, but an excess of selenium in the body is associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the development of diabetes mellitus.