ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The consequences of de novo balanced structural chromosome aberrations diagnosed antenatally are unpredictable, and, as a result, they introduce uncertainty into genetic counseling decisions. OBJECTIVE Describe de novo balanced structural aberrations present at antenatal diagnosis in samples from pregnant women in five Latin American countries and determine their effect on carrier individuals. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study based on analysis of 109,011 antenatal tests conducted from January 1981 to December 2016 in Cuba, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Colombia. Thirteen cytogenetic laboratories provided information that included the cases analyzed during the study period; number of de novo balanced structural aberrations diagnosed antenatally; number of diagnoses with de novo balanced structural aberrations that resulted in termination of pregnancy; detailed descriptions of the karyotypes of de novo balanced structural aberration carriers, and descriptions of the form of diagnosis, including types of samples used (amniotic fluid, chorionic villus or fetal blood). Each laboratory also provided pathology reports and genetic counseling at time of diagnosis. Postnatal followup for pregnancies carried to term continued for at least two years. RESULTS Of the 109,011 antenatal tests studied, 72 (0.07%) showed de novo balanced structural aberrations. These events primarily involved chromosomes 1, 2, 7, 14, 18, and 20. Of the 79 breakpoints identified, the most common were 5p15.3, 7q11.2, 7q22, and 14q24. We identified three breakpoints corresponding to 3.8% (3q13.1, 3q13.2, and 9p12) that were not reported in other studies of de novo balanced structural aberrations diagnosed antenatally in patients from other geographic regions or in studies of chromosomal fragile sites. Two of these breakpoints (3q13.1 and 3q13.2) were associated with high risk of phenotypic abnormalities. Information on antenatal or postnatal followup was available for 62 (86%) of de novo balanced structural aberration carriers; of the 44 carriers with postnatal followup, 10 had phenotypic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Three new de novo breakpoints were identified, presumably related to genetic admixture characteristics in Latin America. Since some diseases associated with de novo balanced structural aberrations detected antenatally have a late onset, followup for at least two years is recommended for carriers of these aberrations. The information in this study is useful in genetic counseling for pregnant women in Latin America.

Reproductive disorders may be caused by sterility, which is the inability to conceive in women and the inability to fertilize in man, or by infertility which is the lack of children by repeated abortion and / or death usually newborn. This review will address the main causes of fertility disorders and influencing genetic factors within this chromosomal focus. Studies of sexual couples with reproductive disorders need to be addressed by a multidisciplinary medical team to know causes, conduct, and provide prognostic reproductive choice accordingly.

Los trastornos de la reproducción pueden ser causados por esterilidad, que es la incapacidad de concebir en la mujer y de fecundar en el hombre, o por infertilidad que es la falta de descendencia por el aborto repetido y/o habitualmente la muerte del recién nacido. En esta revisión se abordan las principales causas de los trastornos de la fertilidad y se enfocan los factores genéticos que influyen, dentro de estos los cromosómicos. Los estudios de las parejas con trastornos reproductivos deben ser enfocados por un equipo médico multidisciplinario para conocer origen, realizar pronóstico y brindar la opción reproductiva según corresponda.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization applied to the cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis is a rapid way to stablish a nexus between genes and chromosomes without celular culture and allows detection of chromosomal abnormalities on interphase cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate this method as a tool in prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies in high risk pregnancies. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out in 40 high-risk pregnancies using fluorescence in situ hybridization, 34 had successuful results. The 97 % the cases were confirmed by conventional cytogenetic results. The diagnosis of 18, 21 and 13 chromosome aneuploidies showed three hybridization signals in 80 % of the scored nuclei. The results of fluorescence in situ hybridization were in conformity with the results of cytogenetic analysis in all the normal cases (sex and autosomic chromosomes). This technique should be applied in high risk cases of chromosomes aneuploidies (21,18, 13 and X), high maternal anxiety, or when significant clinical situation is present. It should be employed as an adjunctive tool to the examination of fetal chromosomes.

La utilización de la técnica de hibridación in situ con fluorescencia aplicada al diagnóstico prenatal citogenético es una vía rápida para establecer un nexo entre los genes y los cromosomas sin necesidad de realizar cultivos celulares, permitiendo la detección de anomalías cromosómicas en células en interfase. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los resultados obtenidos en la introducción de este método para el diagnóstico prenatal de aneuploidías en embarazos de alto riesgo. Se examinaron 40 casos prenatales de alto riesgo por la técnica de hibridación in situ, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios en 34. Se corroboró con el resultado obtenido de la citogenética convencional en el 97 % de los casos. Se realizó el diagnóstico de aneuploidías de los cromosomas 18, 21 y 13, el 80 % de los núcleos examinados, presentó 3 señales. En los casos normales no existieron discrepancias con la citogenética respecto a los cromosomas sexuales, el número de cromosomas autosómicos (21,13 y 18) y los marcajes observados por FISH. Esta técnica debe ser aplicada en casos de alto riego de aneuploidías de los cromosomas 21, 13, 18 y X, casos con elevada ansiedad materna, y/o cuando una determinada situación clínica así lo demande. Esta técnica debe ser complementada mediante el examen cromosómico de las células fetales.