Resumen Objetivo Analizar las variaciones en las prevalencias de diferentes conductas de riesgo para la salud, según la ocupación, en la población empleada en España. Método Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud española de 2017. El análisis incluye adultos de 18-65 años con empleo en el momento de la encuesta. Las conductas de riesgo para la salud son obesidad, inactividad física en el tiempo libre, consumo de tabaco y consumo excesivo de alcohol. La variable explicativa principal es la ocupación, utilizando la Clasificación Nacional de Ocupaciones de 2011. Se incluyen las siguientes características sociodemográficas: sexo, edad, país de nacimiento y nivel educativo. Se han calculado las prevalencias (P) de las conductas de riesgo, así como las odds ratios crudas y ajustadas (ORa). Resultados Las cifras más altas de obesidad se observan en operadores de instalaciones y maquinaria, y en montadores (P: 20,0%; ORa: 1,26; intervalo de confianza aproximado del 95% [IC95%A]: 1,04-1,52). El mayor nivel de inactividad física durante el tiempo libre aparece en ocupaciones elementales (P: 83,4%; ORa: 1,70; IC95%A: 1,45-1,99). El consumo de tabaco es más alto en operadores de instalaciones y maquinaria, y en montadores (P=37,4%; ORa: 1,22; IC95%A: 1,05-1,43). El consumo excesivo de alcohol aparece en mayor medida en trabajadores cualificados en el sector agrícola, ganadero, forestal y pesquero (P: 3,9%. ORa: 1,51; IC95%A: 0,83-2,75). Conclusiones Los resultados indican una mayor relación entre las conductas de riesgo para salud y las ocupaciones manuales o de menor cualificación.

Abstract Objective This study aims to analyze the variations in the prevalence of different health risk behaviors according to occupation in working population in Spain. Method Cross-sectional study with data from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2017. The analysis includes adults between 18 and 65 years with employment at the time of the survey. Health risk behaviors are obesity, physical inactivity in free time, tobacco consumption and excessive alcohol consumption. The primary explanatory variable is the occupation, using the National Classification of Occupations of 2011. Sociodemographic characteristics are gender, age, country of birth and educational level. The prevalences (P) of risk behaviors have been calculated, as well as the odd and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). Results The highest figures of obesity are observed in operators of installations and machinery and assemblers (P: 20.0%; ORa: 1.26; A95%CI: 1.04-1.52). The higher level of physical inactivity during free time appears in elementary occupations (P: 83.4%; ORa: 1.70; A95%CI: 1.45-1.99). Tobacco consumption is higher in operators of installations and machinery and assemblies (P: 37.4%; ORa: 1.22; A95%CI: 1.05-1.43). Excessive alcohol consumption appears to a greater extent on skilled workers in the agricultural sector, livestock, forestry and fisheries (P: 3.9%; ORa: 1.51; A95%CI: 0.83-2.75). Conclusions The results indicate a greater relationship between risk behaviors for health and manual or lower-skilled occupations.

Abstract Objective This study aims to analyze the variations in the prevalence of different health risk behaviors according to occupation in working population in Spain. Method Cross-sectional study with data from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2017. The analysis includes adults between 18 and 65 years with employment at the time of the survey. Health risk behaviors are obesity, physical inactivity in free time, tobacco consumption and excessive alcohol consumption. The primary explanatory variable is the occupation, using the National Classification of Occupations of 2011. Sociodemographic characteristics are gender, age, country of birth and educational level. The prevalences (P) of risk behaviors have been calculated, as well as the odd and adjusted odds ratios (aOR). Results The highest figures of obesity are observed in operators of installations and machinery and assemblers (P: 20.0%; ORa: 1.26; A95%CI: 1.04-1.52). The higher level of physical inactivity during free time appears in elementary occupations (P: 83.4%; ORa: 1.70; A95%CI: 1.45-1.99). Tobacco consumption is higher in operators of installations and machinery and assemblies (P: 37.4%; ORa: 1.22; A95%CI: 1.05-1.43). Excessive alcohol consumption appears to a greater extent on skilled workers in the agricultural sector, livestock, forestry and fisheries (P: 3.9%; ORa: 1.51; A95%CI: 0.83-2.75). Conclusions The results indicate a greater relationship between risk behaviors for health and manual or lower-skilled occupations.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las variaciones en las prevalencias de diferentes conductas de riesgo para la salud, según la ocupación, en la población empleada en España. Método Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud española de 2017. El análisis incluye adultos de 18-65 años con empleo en el momento de la encuesta. Las conductas de riesgo para la salud son obesidad, inactividad física en el tiempo libre, consumo de tabaco y consumo excesivo de alcohol. La variable explicativa principal es la ocupación, utilizando la Clasificación Nacional de Ocupaciones de 2011. Se incluyen las siguientes características sociodemográficas: sexo, edad, país de nacimiento y nivel educativo. Se han calculado las prevalencias (P) de las conductas de riesgo, así como las odds ratios crudas y ajustadas (ORa). Resultados Las cifras más altas de obesidad se observan en operadores de instalaciones y maquinaria, y en montadores (P: 20,0%; ORa: 1,26; intervalo de confianza aproximado del 95% [IC95%A]: 1,04-1,52). El mayor nivel de inactividad física durante el tiempo libre aparece en ocupaciones elementales (P: 83,4%; ORa: 1,70; IC95%A: 1,45-1,99). El consumo de tabaco es más alto en operadores de instalaciones y maquinaria, y en montadores (P=37,4%; ORa: 1,22; IC95%A: 1,05-1,43). El consumo excesivo de alcohol aparece en mayor medida en trabajadores cualificados en el sector agrícola, ganadero, forestal y pesquero (P: 3,9%. ORa: 1,51; IC95%A: 0,83-2,75). Conclusiones Los resultados indican una mayor relación entre las conductas de riesgo para salud y las ocupaciones manuales o de menor cualificación.

Background: The day after COVID-19 quarantine started, we initiated patient care through Tele-dermatology. Aim: To report the experience of the implementation of Telemedicine in dermatology and to assess its impact on the number of dermatological visits compared with the pre-pandemic period. Material and methods: The study was conducted between March 27th, 2020, and April 30th, 2020. All patients submitted clinical images of their skin condition via secure email before the telemedicine visit. All telemedicine visits were conducted using the Zoom video conferencing platform. Patient demographics and medical history were recorded. If the dermatologist was unable to reach a diagnosis, the patient was sent for an in-person visit, skin biopsy, or additional laboratory workup. Results: We recorded 1,357 Tele dermatology visits from 1,222 patients aged 29 ± 18 years (38% males). Visits increased from 104 to 298 from the first to the last week, corresponding to 17% of the patient volume seen before the pandemic (1,709 in-person patients/week). A preliminary diagnosis was made in 95% of cases. Ninety percent of patients sent photos. Fifty eight percent of cases were chronic diseases, and were classified as inflammatory in 68%, infectious in 15%, neoplastic/tumoral in 7%, or other conditions in 11%. Less than 1% of these visits were COVID-19 related. Conclusions: In this prospective study of Tele-dermatology lasting five weeks, a preliminary diagnosis could be made in approximately 95% of cases and in the first five weeks of implementation, a volume of consultations equivalent to 17% of those made in the pre-pandemic period was carried out. Therefore, Tele-dermatology can be implemented quickly and successfully in practices when healthcare access is limited.

ABSTRACT Background: Due to the high economic and morbimortality burden associated to alcohol use, in the last decades, public health services have developed several programs to detect and to intervene on at risk drinkers in primary care settings and emergency departments (ED). The aim of this study is to determine the proportion of detected and registered risky drinkers in an ED of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Methods: All patients over 18 years old, presenting to the ED and reporting risky drinking, were asked to participate. We did a descriptive analysis of the data after revising clinical records. Results: We detected 247 risky drinkers after assessing more than 2,047 patients with AUDIT-C scale. From these, 200 accepted to participate. Only 65 (32.5%) of these patients were properly detected and registered as risky drinkers, while the majority of them (122, 61%) had no record about their alcohol use in their clinical records. Conclusions: Risky drinkers are properly detected and registered in less than 35% of the patients. It is necessary to evaluate which barriers are restricting the implementation of screening programs to detect at risk drinkers.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: El consumo excesivo de alcohol es uno de los factores de riesgo de morbimortalidad más importantes en nuestro entorno, por lo que en los últimos años se han desarrollado múltiples programas para la detección e intervención sobre los consumidores de riesgo en los centros de atención primaria y de Urgencias. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la tasa de detección y registro del consumo excesivo de los pacientes atendidos en un servicio de Urgencias. Métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con un consumo de riesgo de alcohol, mayores de 18 años, atendidos en un servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos, tras evaluar los informes de alta de los pacientes. Resultados: Se evaluaron 2.047 pacientes mediante la escala AUDIT, detectándose 247 consumidores de riesgo, de lo que 200 aceptaron participar. De estos, solamente se realizó una adecuada detección y registro en el 32,5%. En 122 historias clínicas no había ninguna referencia sobre el consumo de alcohol, y en 13 la referencia era inexacta y no informaba sobre si la cantidad de alcohol consumida era excesiva. Conclusiones: El consumo de riesgo de alcohol se registra de manera adecuada en menos del 35% de los pacientes. Es necesario evaluar las barreras que están obstaculizando la detección y registro para una mejor identificación de estos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Background: Due to the high economic and morbimortality burden associated to alcohol use, in the last decades, public health services have developed several programs to detect and to intervene on at risk drinkers in primary care settings and emergency departments (ED). The aim of this study is to determine the proportion of detected and registered risky drinkers in an ED of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Methods: All patients over 18 years old, presenting to the ED and reporting risky drinking, were asked to participate. We did a descriptive analysis of the data after revising clinical records. Results: We detected 247 risky drinkers after assessing more than 2,047 patients with AUDIT-C scale. From these, 200 accepted to participate. Only 65 (32.5%) of these patients were properly detected and registered as risky drinkers, while the majority of them (122, 61%) had no record about their alcohol use in their clinical records. Conclusions: Risky drinkers are properly detected and registered in less than 35% of the patients. It is necessary to evaluate which barriers are restricting the implementation of screening programs to detect at risk drinkers.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: El consumo excesivo de alcohol es uno de los factores de riesgo de morbimortalidad más importantes en nuestro entorno, por lo que en los últimos años se han desarrollado múltiples programas para la detección e intervención sobre los consumidores de riesgo en los centros de atención primaria y de Urgencias. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la tasa de detección y registro del consumo excesivo de los pacientes atendidos en un servicio de Urgencias. Métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con un consumo de riesgo de alcohol, mayores de 18 años, atendidos en un servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos, tras evaluar los informes de alta de los pacientes. Resultados: Se evaluaron 2.047 pacientes mediante la escala AUDIT, detectándose 247 consumidores de riesgo, de lo que 200 aceptaron participar. De estos, solamente se realizó una adecuada detección y registro en el 32,5%. En 122 historias clínicas no había ninguna referencia sobre el consumo de alcohol, y en 13 la referencia era inexacta y no informaba sobre si la cantidad de alcohol consumida era excesiva. Conclusiones: El consumo de riesgo de alcohol se registra de manera adecuada en menos del 35% de los pacientes. Es necesario evaluar las barreras que están obstaculizando la detección y registro para una mejor identificación de estos pacientes.

This study exposes first results about the influence of habitat management with native vegetation on the ecosystem services offered by pollinators and pest controller insects, in vineyards of Mendoza, Argentina. The work was carried out in three vineyards located in Gualtallary, department of Tupungato, which present biological corridors and inter-row coverings with different proportions of native vegetation. In order to determine relevant groups of beneficial insects present, samples with entomological net were taken in corridors and vineyards. The specimens captured were identified and richness, diversity and abundance of pollinating insects (Apidae, Andrenidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae and Syrphidae) were estimated, as well as of certain groups of predatory insects (Coccinellidae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Geocoridae, Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Crabronidae and Sphecidae), which were found in those environments. Results suggest that habitat management with intentional provision of native vegetation covers, and particularly with attracting flowering forbs, is potentially efficient to increase biodiversity of the functional groups studied and, therefore, maintain the ecosystem services offered by them.

El presente estudio expone los primeros resultados obtenidos acerca de la influencia del manejo de hábitat con vegetación nativa sobre los servicios ecosistémicos ofrecidos por insectos polinizadores y controladores de plagas, en viñedos de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. El trabajo se realizó en tres viñedos situados en Gualtallary, departamento de Tupungato, los cuales presentan corredores biológicos con diferentes proporciones de vegetación nativa y un manejo del espacio interfilar con coberturas. Con el objetivo de determinar los grupos relevantes de insectos benéficos en corredores y en viñedos, se realizaron muestreos con red entomológica. Se identificaron las especies colectadas y se estimó la riqueza, diversidad y abundancia de insectos polinizadores (Apidae, Andrenidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae y Syrphidae), así como de ciertos grupos de insectos depredadores (Coccinellidae, Nabidae, Reduviidae, Geocoridae, Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Crabronidae y Sphecidae), que se encontraron en esos ambientes. Los resultados sugieren que el manejo de hábitat con provisión intencional de coberturas de vegetación nativa, y en particular de especies con flores atractivas para insectos, es potencialmente eficiente para favorecer la biodiversidad de los grupos funcionales estudiados y, por lo tanto, el mantenimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos ofrecidos por estos.

Resumo Justificativa O protocolo ERAS - do Inglês Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - consiste em um conjunto de medidas perioperatórias destinadas a melhorar a recuperação do paciente e diminuir o tempo de internação e as complicações pós-operatórias. Avaliamos a implantação e os resultados de um protocolo ERAS para cirurgia colorretal. Métodos Estudo observacional em centro único. Os dados foram coletados de pacientes consecutivos submetidos à cirurgia colorretal aberta ou laparoscópica durante dois períodos: três anos antes (pré-ERAS) e dois anos após (pós-ERAS) a implantação de um protocolo ERAS. As características basais de ambos os grupos foram comparadas. O desfecho primário foi o número de pacientes com 180 dias de acompanhamento com complicações moderadas ou graves. Os desfechos secundários foram tempo de internação pós-cirurgia e complicações específicas. Os dados foram extraídos de prontuários dos pacientes. Resultados O grupo pré-ERAS foi composto por 360 pacientes e o grupo pós-ERAS por 319. No grupo pré ERAS, 214 pacientes (59,8%) desenvolveram pelo menos uma complicação versus 163 (51,10%) no grupo pós-ERAS. Um número maior de pacientes do grupo pré-ERAS desenvolveu complicações moderadas ou graves (31,9% vs. 22,26%, p = 0,009); e complicações graves (15,5% vs. 5,3%; p < 0,0001). A mediana do tempo de internação foi de 13 (17) dias no grupo pré-ERAS e de 11 (10) dias no grupo pós-ERAS (p = 0,034). Não houve diferença nas taxas de mortalidade (4,7% vs. 2,5%; p = 0,1554) ou de reinternação (6,39% vs. 4,39%; p = 0,31). A conformidade geral do protocolo ERAS na coorte pós-ERAS foi de 88%. Conclusões A implantação do protocolo ERAS para cirurgia colorretal foi associada a uma redução significativa das complicações pós-operatórias e do tempo de internação.

Abstract Background Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols consist of a set of perioperative measures aimed at improving patient recovery and decreasing length of stay and postoperative complications. We assess the implementation and outcomes of an ERAS program for colorectal surgery. Methods Single center observational study. Data were collected from consecutive patients undergoing open or laparoscopic colorectal surgery during 2 time periods, 3 years before (Pre-ERAS) and 2 years after (Post-ERAS) the implementation of an ERAS protocol. Baseline characteristics of both groups were compared. The primary outcome was the number of patients with 180 days follow-up with moderate or severe complications; secondary outcomes were postoperative length of stay, and specific complications. Data were extracted from patient records. Results There were 360 patients in the Pre-ERAS group and 319 patients in the Post-ERAS Group. 214 (59.8%) patients developed at least one complication in the pre ERAS group, versus 163 patients in the Post-ERAS group (51.10%). More patients in the Pre-ERAS group developed moderate or severe complications (31.9% vs. 22.26%, p = 0.009); and severe complications (15.5% vs. 5.3%; p < 0.0001). The median length of stay was 13 (17) days in Pre-ERAS Group and 11 (10) days in the Post-ERAS Group (p = 0.034). No differences were found on mortality rates (4.7% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.154), or readmission (6.39% vs. 4.39%; p = 0.31). Overall ERAS protocol compliance in the Post-ERAS cohort was 88%. Conclusions The implementation of ERAS protocol for colorectal surgery was associated with a significantly reduction of postoperative complications and length of stay.

Objective: Clinical trials have shown the efficacy of adalimumab in Crohn's disease, but the outcome in regular practice remains unknown. The aim of the study was to examine clinical status, quality of life, and work productivity of Crohn's disease patients receiving adalimumab for one year in the context of usual clinical practice. Material and methods: This was a prospective, observational study with a one-year follow-up. After baseline, Crohn's disease patients were evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after starting treatment with adalimumab. Outcome variables included: clinical status (measured with CDAI), quality of life (measured with EuroQoL-5D and IBDQ), and work productivity (measured with WPAI questionnaire). These outcome variables were compared using the Student's t test or Wilcoxon test for paired comparison data according to the data distribution. Statistical significance was set at two-sided p < 0.05. Results: The sample was composed of 126 patients (age [mean] 39.1 ± [standard deviation] 13.8 years; 51% male). Significant changes were observed during the follow-up period: CDAI decreased from [median] 194 ([25-75 percentiles] 121-269) to 48.2 (10.1-122.0) (p < 0.05); the EuroQoL-5D increased from 0.735 (0.633-0.790) to 0.797 (0.726-1.000) (p < 0.05); the EuroQoL-5D visual analogue scale increased from 50.0 (40-70) to 80.0 (60-90); (p < 0.05) and the IBDQ increased from 56.7 (51.6-61.5) to 67.5 (60.1-73.6) (p < 0.05). The total work productivity impact decreased from 53% to 24% (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In regular practice, adalimumab is clinically effective in the treatment of Crohn's disease patients and results in a significant improvement in quality of life and work productivity.

Tungiasis is a cutaneous ectoparasitosis caused by the sand flea Tunga penetrans whose higher prevalence occurs in South America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa. It is clinically characterized by a papular lesion, either single or multiple, with a whitish halo and a brown-black central core, most of them localized on the feet. The lesions can be painful and itchy with the most common complication being bacterial superinfection of the skin. We report three cases of Chilean patients who presented skin lesions suggestive of tungiasis on their return from areas of high prevalence of the disease. The diagnosis is made by the clinical features of lesions in a patient from an endemic zone. Standard treatment consists of surgical extraction of the flea followed by application of a topical antibiotic and a tetanus prophylaxis. Prevention of the infestation is essential and includes the use of closed footwear and repellents.

La tungiasis es una ectoparasitosis cutánea causada por la pulga Tunga penetrans, prevalente en Sudamérica, el Caribe y África Subsahariana. Clínicamente se caracteriza por la formación de pápulas, únicas o múltiples, con un halo blanquecino translúcido y una región central pardo-negruzca, frecuentemente localizadas en los pies. Las lesiones pueden cursar con prurito o dolor leve, siendo la sobreinfección bacteriana la complicación más frecuente. Se comunican tres casos clínicos de chilenos que viajaron a zonas de alta prevalencia de tungiasis y que a su regreso presentaron lesiones dérmicas sugerentes de la enfermedad. El diagnóstico se realizó en base a las características clínicas de las lesiones en un paciente proveniente de zonas endémicas. El tratamiento de elección es la extracción quirúrgica de la pulga seguido del uso de antimicrobianos tópicos y la vacunación antitetánica. La prevención es esencial con el uso de calzado cerrado y repelentes.

The experience of the Netherlands in relation with the legalization and practice of euthanasia is better known in Spain than the Belgian experience in this matter. But the historical process of social debate in Belgium has many specific details which should be known by Spanish hehcare professionals, bioethicists, politicians and lawyers. This paper begins with a comparative analysis of both countries: Spain and Belgium and follows with a description of the milestones of the historical process of debating and, finally, passing the Belgian Law on Euthanasia in 2002. The next chapter consists of a description of the main contents of this important Law. The paper continues then with an approach to the epidemiology of the practice of euthanasia in Belgium and finishes with a description of the different positions of the actors of the process. Two positions are described more in depth: the opinion of the specialists in palliative care, and the opinion of the Catholic Church. The paper ends underlining the reason for the incorporation of the Belgian experience on euthanasia to the debate about the possibility of legalizing euthanasia in Spain.

La experiencia holandesa en relación con la legalización y la práctica de la eutanasia es más conocida en España que la experiencia belga. Sin embargo, el proceso histórico de debate social en Bélgica en torno a la eutanasia tiene una riqueza en matices que debería ser conocida por los profesionales sanitarios, bioeticistas, políticos y juristas. El presente trabajo se inaugura con un análisis sobre las similitudes y diferencias que existen entre España y Bélgica, lo que permite encuadrar el desarrollo posterior. Después se describe la historia del proceso de debate realizado en Bélgica que tiene su punto álgido en la aprobación de la ley de eutanasia en el año 2002. En el apartado siguiente se analiza de forma detallada el contenido de esta disposición legislativa, señalando los aspectos más relevantes. A continuación se exponen algunos datos epidemiológicos sobre la práctica de la eutanasia en Bélgica y se finaliza con un relato sobre la manera en que diversos grupos de población han afrontado el tema de la eutanasia. En este último apartado el trabajo se detiene en las posiciones de dos grupos especialmente relevantes: los especialistas en Cuidados Paliativos y la Iglesia Católica. Se finaliza con una exposición de los motivos por los que resulta conveniente incorporar la perspectiva y experiencia belga en futuros debates sobre la posible legalización de la eutanasia en España.

The experience of the Netherlands in relation with the legalization and practice of euthanasia is better known in Spain than the Belgian experience in this matter. But the historical process of social debate in Belgium has many specific details which should be known by Spanish hehcare professionals, bioethicists, politicians and lawyers. This paper begins with a comparative analysis of both countries: Spain and Belgium and follows with a description of the milestones of the historical process of debating and, finally, passing the Belgian Law on Euthanasia in 2002. The next chapter consists of a description of the main contents of this important Law. The paper continues then with an approach to the epidemiology of the practice of euthanasia in Belgium and finishes with a description of the different positions of the actors of the process. Two positions are described more in depth: the opinion of the specialists in palliative care, and the opinion of the Catholic Church. The paper ends underlining the reason for the incorporation of the Belgian experience on euthanasia to the debate about the possibility of legalizing euthanasia in Spain.

La experiencia holandesa en relación con la legalización y la práctica de la eutanasia es más conocida en España que la experiencia belga. Sin embargo, el proceso histórico de debate social en Bélgica en torno a la eutanasia tiene una riqueza en matices que debería ser conocida por los profesionales sanitarios, bioeticistas, políticos y juristas. El presente trabajo se inaugura con un análisis sobre las similitudes y diferencias que existen entre España y Bélgica, lo que permite encuadrar el desarrollo posterior. Después se describe la historia del proceso de debate realizado en Bélgica que tiene su punto álgido en la aprobación de la ley de eutanasia en el año 2002. En el apartado siguiente se analiza de forma detallada el contenido de esta disposición legislativa, señalando los aspectos más relevantes. A continuación se exponen algunos datos epidemiológicos sobre la práctica de la eutanasia en Bélgica y se finaliza con un relato sobre la manera en que diversos grupos de población han afrontado el tema de la eutanasia. En este último apartado el trabajo se detiene en las posiciones de dos grupos especialmente relevantes: los especialistas en Cuidados Paliativos y la Iglesia Católica. Se finaliza con una exposición de los motivos por los que resulta conveniente incorporar la perspectiva y experiencia belga en futuros debates sobre la posible legalización de la eutanasia en España.

There has not been implemented, in Mexico, a model for the management of technological innovation, which refers to the creation or modification of a product or process in a practical way that is useful to generate economic benefits by introducing the innovation to the market. This has led to isolated and irregular efforts in this area; however, the real state sector has recognized the need to implement such management of technological innovation in order to achieve differentiation. Management of technological innovation must be understood as the process to organize resources in order to create knowledge, processes and products. This article is an effort to implement a Model for the Management of Technological Innovation (MGIT) applied to the housing sector. MGIT takes account of the trends of development in building technologies and the features of this productive sector. The purpose of this effort is to reduce time and cost on the process of seeking for technological innovation. The MGIT is validated with a case of application for the creation of a new system of building facades for residential housing.

En la actualidad, en México no se ha implementado algún modelo para la gestión de la innovación tecnológica, la cual se refiere a la creación o modificación de un producto o proceso de manera práctica que sea útil para obtener beneficios económicos al introducirla al mercado, en el sector inmobiliario. Esto ha ocasionado que los esfuerzos en dicha área sean individuales y poco repetibles, sin embargo, se ha reconocido en dicho sector la necesidad de implementar procesos para el desarrollo de innovación tecnológica con el fin de lograr una diferenciación ante la creciente competencia. Debemos entender la gestión de la innovación tecnológica como el proceso orientado a organizar los recursos con la finalidad de crear conocimiento, procesos y productos. En el presente artículo se pretende atacar esta necesidad implementando un Modelo para la Gestión de la Innovación Tecnológica (MGIT) aplicado al sector inmobiliario, tomando en cuenta las tendencias de evolución en las tecnologías de la construcción y las características distintivas de este sector productivo, con la finalidad de facilitar los lineamientos a seguir para lograr un proceso de innovación tecnológica que disminuya tiempo y costo. El MGIT se valida con un caso de aplicación para la creación de un sistema nuevo de fachadas para edificios de vivienda residencial.

The polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacity of Brazilian red grape juices and wine vinegars were analyzed. Additionally, it was analyzed the human polyphenol absorption and acute effect in plasmatic oxidative metabolism biomarkers after juice ingestion. The organic Bordo grape juice (GBO) presented a higher level of trans-resveratrol, quercitin, rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid and total flavonoids then other juices and vinegars as well as antioxidant capacity. The plasmatic polyphenol increased 27.2% after GBO juice ingestion. The results showed that juices and vinegars from Brazilian crops present similar chemical and functional properties described in studies performed in other countries.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Apesar do declínio na prevalência do tabagismo em diversos países, incluindo o Brasil, existe um número crescente de fumantes que continua a fumar em baixa quantidade diária ou com menor frequência (fumantes esporádicos). Esse grupo precisa ser mais bem caracterizado para que se possa direcionar ações preventivas e políticas de saúde pública. O objetivo foi comparar o estilo de vida, características de saúde e problemas de alcoolismo entre fumantes, fumantes esporádicos e não fumantes entre adultos jovens. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em que se incluíram voluntários da comunidade universitária e do seu entorno entre outubro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008 em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. MÉTODOS: A partir de um contato inicial com 1.240 voluntários numa cafeteria universitária, 728 participantes com idade média de 22.45 ± 3.32 anos foram selecionados para análise final. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário estruturado. RESULTADOS: Em geral, foi observado que os fumantes esporádicos apresentaram características intermediárias em relação aos fumantes e não fumantes. Entretanto, foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre fumo esporádico e abuso de álcool. Os fumantes esporádicos apresentaram uma razão de chance de 2,4 vezes (intervalo de confiança de 1,10-5,48) em relação aos fumantes diários e uma razão de chance de 3,3 (intervalo de confiança de 1,7-6,5) em relação aos não fumantes de apresentar um teste CAGE positivo indicador de abuso ou dependência de álcool. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo sugere que o tabagismo esporádico e o consumo de álcool são comportamentos concomitantes.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the decline in the prevalence of tobacco use in many countries, including Brazil, there are growing numbers of smokers who continue to smoke at a low daily rate, or less frequently (non-daily smokers). This group needs to be better characterized in order to direct preventive actions and public health policies. The aim here was to compare lifestyle, health characteristics and alcoholism problems among young adult smokers, non-daily smokers and non-smokers. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study in which volunteers from the university community and its surrounds in Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were included between October 2007 and January 2008. METHODS: Out of 1240 volunteers initially contacted in a university cafeteria, a total of 728 participants of mean age 22.45 ± 3.32 years were selected for final analysis. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. RESULTS: In general, it was observed that the non-daily smokers showed intermediate characteristics in relation to the smokers and non-smokers. However, there was a significant association between non-daily smoking and alcohol abuse. The non-daily smokers presented an odds ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.10-5.48) in relation to the daily smokers and an odds ratio of 3.3 (confidence interval: 1.7-6.5) in relation to the non-smokers, with regard to presenting a positive CAGE test, thereby indicating alcohol abuse or dependence. CONCLUSION: The study suggested that non-daily smoking and alcohol consumption were concomitant behaviors.

Introduction: Healthcare Service usually provides patients with leaflets relating to treatment. Often, this material is written not very legible and patients have difficulty understanding it. Aims: This study aims to determine the opinion of readers in relation to the requisites that should be met by this material in order to ensure legibility. Design: Qualitative method of semi-structured interviews. Method: Twelve interviews were conducted. Open-ended questions were asked in each interview. Participants had a low academic level, poor reading habits, but they usually were capable of read. Finding: Eight categories were identified that describe the opinion of the participants in relation to the requisites that the leaflets must meet in order to improve legibility: Writing like speaking, interest in the subject, direct style, order of the ideas, affirmative messages, images and clear fonts. Conclusions: Health professionals and writers of educational leaflets should involve patients in the process of designing educational material.

Antecedentes: los Servicios de salud normalmente proporcionan a los pacientes folletos u otros documentos relacionados con tratamientos. Este material no está escrito con mucha legibilidad y los pacientes tienen dificultad en entenderlos. Objetivos: determinar la opinión de los lectores en relación a los requisitos que deberían ser encontrados en este material para asegurar la legibilidad. Metodología: metodología cualitativa de entrevistas semiestructuradas. 24 participantes fueron entrevistados con preguntas abiertas. Los participantes tenían un bajo nivel académico. Resultados: ocho categorías fueron identificadas en los folletos que debían encontrarse para aumentar la legibilidad: escribir como se habla, interés por el tema, estilo directo, ordenar las ideas, mensajes afirmativos, imágenes, amplios márgenes, letra grande y clara. Conclusiones: los profesionales sanitarios y los escritores de folletos educativos deberían involucrar a los pacientes en el proceso de diseño del material educativo.