Abstract An increasing number of systematic reviews (SR) has investigated the association between dental caries and nutritional status in children and adolescents, thus requiring an overview to compile the information in a single piece of evidence. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate and summarize evidence from published SR on the association between dental caries and nutritional status in children and adolescents. A wide search was conducted on May 29, 2023, in six databases (Medline via PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, Embase, and the Virtual Health Library – VHL). An additional search was performed in the gray literature (Open grey and Google Scholar), SR registration databases, and the list of references of the included SR. Our inclusion criteria were based on acronym PECOS. Overall, two reviewers independently extracted the data, evaluated the risk of bias (ROBIS), and assessed the quality of the chosen studies (AMSTAR-2). Data from the included meta-analysis were summarized and certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach was performed. After removing duplicates and applying our eligibility criteria, 19 SR from 2006-2022 were included. We found that 17 SR showed high risk of bias and critically low methodological quality. We observed an association between dental caries experiences and nutritional status since seven SR found an association between obesity/overweight and dental caries; one, an association between underweight and dental caries; and eleven, no associations. The meta-analysis showed divergent results according to the study designs, used indices, and participants’ age group, and were scored as having a very low certainty of evidence. Therefore, based on the high risk of bias, low methodological quality, and very low certainty of evidence of the chosen SR, most studies found no association between children and adolescents’ nutritional status and dental caries experience.

ABSTRACT X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets is a monogenic disease, characterized by hyperphosphaturia and hypophosphatemia. Due to its rarity and wide phenotypic variability, a diagnostic delay is common in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Short stature, limb deformities, dental anomalies, craniosynostosis and chronic pain are common in this disease. Recently, burosumab, a monoclonal antibody anti-fibroblast growth factor 23, was approved for the treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. Awareness among clinicians must be increased to improve the care of these patients. We present a clinical case of a 4-year-old girl presented with deformities of the lower limbs and an abnormal gait, associated with hyperphosphaturia and hypophosphatemia. Asymptomatic Arnold Chiari malformation was identified. No dental problems were detected. The diagnosis of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets was confirmed by the identification of a PHEX mutation. The patient developed diarrhea, nephrocalcinosis, and hyperparathyroidism secondary to conventional therapy with phosphate supplements. Burosumab was initiated with a fast increase on serum phosphate levels and a decrease on alkaline phosphatase. With the description of this case, we highlight the clinical manifestations and complications of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and its treatment and we discuss new treatment strategies to improve the quality of life of these patients.

ABSTRACT The project is developed for Industrial Engineering Schools in the Latin American context, developing two critical aspects of higher education centers: the employability of students after their training and the role of the University in establishing the facilities to achieve it. The main objective of this study is to characterize the current situation of the employability of Industrial Engineering graduates through the measurement of the current working conditions for the improvement of services and processes that this study demands. Although the study is carried out on high school and undergraduate graduates of industrial engineering, the improvements of services and processes, established as a result of the study, will influence all students of the participating universities and the employability study itself will serve as a basis for future studies extended to the other careers of the institutions. The research proceeds through a quantitative approach, descriptive correlational scope, and a non-experimental transectional correlational design; in which the program curriculum and employability are evaluated by means of a content analysis and questionnaires to graduates. The solutions refer to the establishment of strategic activities towards the integral strengthening of the career, which show the interest of the career with the commitment to academic excellence, through the process of continuous improvement applied in an institution of higher education.

RESUMEN El proyecto se desarrolla para Escuelas de Ingeniería Industrial del contexto Latinoamericano, desarrollando dos aspectos críticos de los centros de Educación superior: la empleabilidad de los estudiantes tras su formación y el papel de la Universidad en establecer las facilidades para lograrlo. El objetivo principal de este estudio es caracterizar la situación actual de la empleabilidad de las personas egresadas de la carrera de Ingeniería Industrial a través de la medición de las condiciones laborales actuales para la mejora de los servicios y procesos que este estudio demande, si bien el estudio se realiza sobre graduados de bachillerato y licenciatura de ingeniería industrial, las mejoras de servicios y procesos, establecidas como consecuencia del estudio, influirán en todos los estudiantes de las universidades participantes y el propio estudio de empleabilidad servirá de base a futuros estudios extendidos a las demás carreras de las instituciones. Se procede a través de una investigación con enfoque cuantitativo, alcance descriptivo correlacional, y un diseño no experimental transeccional correlacional; en la cual el currículo del programa y la empleabilidad, se evalúan por medio de un análisis de contenido y cuestionarios a egresados. Las soluciones se refieren al establecimiento de actividades estratégicas hacia el fortalecimiento integral de la carrera, que ponen de manifiesto el interés de la carrera con el compromiso con la excelencia académica, a través del proceso de mejora continua aplicada en una institución de educación superior.

ABSTRACT: Introduction Nursing personnel are one of the groups which have been most affected by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Although mental health problems have been reported in this population, it is important to study resilience, in order to identify its strengths. The purpose was to study resilience in Mexican nurses and the mental health and sociodemographic factors associated with it. A cross-sectional study was used. Method: A sociodemographic and COVID-19 related questionnaire, the Resilience Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire-28, was sent via online. 556 nurses were included, the majority were women (80%), single (60.8%), aged between 26-35 years (38.3%). Results: Lower resilience was found among nurses who were younger (p<0.001, ɳ2=0.05), single (p<0.001, ɳ2=0.02) and with lower levels of education (p=0.001, ɳ2=0.02). Predictors of resilience included the search for mental health information (β =-0.152, p <0.001), higher education (β = 0.142, p<0.001), low levels of depression (β=-0.307, p<0.001) and low levels of social dysfunction (β =-0.261, p<0.001). Conclusion: This findings allowed to identify the factors which are associated with resilience among nurses and how this plays an important role in their mental. Likewise, this data allows for the identification of high psychosocial risk groups, to better guide mental health strategies aimed at increasing resilience.

RESUMEN: Introducción: El personal de enfermería es uno de los grupos más afectados por la actual pandemia por COVID-19. Se han reportado problemas de salud mental en esta población, sin embargo, también es importante estudiar la resiliencia, para identificar sus fortalezas. El objetivo de este estudio fue estudiar la resiliencia en enfermeros mexicanos y los factores sociodemográficos y de salud mental asociados a ella. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal. Método: Se envió vía online un cuestionario sociodemográfico y relacionado a COVID-19, así como el Inventario de Resiliencia y el Cuestionario General de Salud-28. Se incluyeron 556 enfermeros, la mayoría fueron mujeres (80%), solteras (60.8%) y con edades entre 26-35 años (38.3%). Resultados: Se encontraron niveles bajos de resiliencia en los enfermeros más jóvenes (p<0.001, ɳ2=0.05), solteros (p<0.001, ɳ2=0.02) y con menor nivel educativo (p=0.001, ɳ2=0.02). Los predictores de resiliencia fueron la búsqueda de información sobre salud mental (β =-0.152, p <0.001), nivel educativo más alto (β = 0.142, p<0.001), niveles bajos de depresión (β=-0.307, p<0.001) y bajos niveles de disfunción social (β =-0.261, p<0.001). Conclusión: Estos hallazgos permiten identificar los factores asociados a la resiliencia en los enfermeros y cómo estos juegan un rol muy importante en su salud mental. Asimismo, estos datos permiten la identificación de grupos con mayor riesgo psicosocial, con la finalidad de guiar estrategias en salud mental orientadas a aumentar la resiliencia.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre poder e qualidade na decisão. Participaram 50 funcionários de uma empresa organizacional, divididos em dois grupos (Elevado-Poder, N = 24; Baixo-Poder, N = 26) em função da sua posição de poder hierárquico na organização. Para avaliar a qualidade das decisões, todos os participantes realizaram tarefas envolvendo escolhas entre alternativas em duas fases no mesmo dia: manhã (início do período de trabalho) e final de tarde (a terminar o período de trabalho). Foram recolhidos dados adicionais de medidas subjetivas (fadiga, alerta, esforço) e de atividade eletrodérmica. Os resultados indicaram que o elevado poder na organização associou-se a melhor tomada de decisão, controlando os níveis subjetivos de fadiga, alerta, esforço e ativação fisiológica. Não foram encontrados efeitos da fase do dia na tomada de decisão. Consistente com a investigação experimental, o poder facilitou o desempenho na tomada de decisão num contexto organizacional.

The aim of this study was to analyze the link between power and the quality of decision. Participants were 50 employees from an organizational company, consisting of two groups (High-Power, N=24; Low-Power, N=26) based on the organization's hierarchical power position. To evaluate the quality of the decisions, all participants performed tasks involving choice among several alternatives in two separate moments of the same day: in the morning (at the beginning of the workday) and late afternoon (at the end of the workday). Additional subjective measures (fatigue, alertness, effort) and skin conductance were obtained. Results indicated that having high power in the organization was related to making better decisions, over and above the subjective levels of fatigue, alertness, effort, and physiological arousal. No effects of time-of-day were found on the decision making. Consistent with experimental research, having power facilitated decision-making performance in an organizational context.

Abstract: Probiotic therapy is a viable alternative to chlorhexidine, a widely used antiseptic in dentistry that produces significant adverse effects. This systematic review aimed to analyze the effects of probiotics on experimental gingivitis in humans. Two independent reviewers conducted a comprehensive literature search until March 2019. Randomized clinical trials and controlled clinical trials were selected. Outcome data were extracted and critically analyzed. A total of five articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. No meta-analysis could be conducted due to the heterogeneity of the selected studies. The use of probiotics showed a slight improvement in clinical parameters. Changes in gingival crevicular fluid volume were lower in the presence of the probiotic than in the placebo group. All the studies showed that the immediate, positive effects of probiotics during the period of discontinued mechanical oral hygiene were due to the modulation of the host response, not the anti-plaque effect. Investigators should conduct randomized clinical trials to elucidate the mechanisms of probiotic action and develop improved delivery systems.

ABSTRACT In the Nevado de Toluca, Mexico the indiscriminate use of pesticides for food production (principally potato) has generated negative impacts on the physical and chemical properties of soil, which represents an imminent risk to environmental and human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the total concentration and geoavailability fraction of the main potentially toxic elements (As, Pb and Cd) from the most used pesticides in agricultural soils of the Nevado de Toluca. The determination of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) was carried out by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductive coupling and in the case of the As, by atomic absorption spectroscopy with hydride generation. The results revealed a considerable total concentration of potentially toxic elements in the area whose geoavailability is evident. Therefore, there is evidence of global in the short term by the abuse of pesticides in this important region of the Nevado of Toluca, Mexico.

RESUMEN En el Nevado de Toluca, México, el uso indiscriminado de plaguicidas para la producción de alimentos (principalmente papa) ha generado impactos negativos en las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, lo que representa un riesgo inminente para la salud ambiental y humana. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la concentración total y la fracción geodisponible de los principales elementos potencialmente tóxicos (As, Pb y Cd) provenientes de los plaguicidas más utilizados en suelos agrícolas del Nevado de Toluca. La determinación de metales pesados (Pb y Cd) se realizó mediante espectroscopia de emisión atómica por plasma de acoplamiento inductivo y para As, mediante espectroscopia de absorción atómica por generación de hidruros. Los resultados mostraron una concentración total considerable de elementos potencialmente tóxicos en la zona, así como una ostensible geodisponibilidad. Por tanto, hay evidencia de riesgo en el corto plazo por el abuso de plaguicidas en esta importante región del Nevado de Toluca, México.

Resumo Várias campanhas antitabágicas são usadas para reduzir o consumo de tabaco. No entanto, até ao momento não existe um consenso sobre a eficácia da indução de emoções específicas nestas campanhas. Este estudo testou os efeitos de dois tipos de campanhas antitabágicas, induzindo Medo ou Humor, nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia das campanhas, no apoio a políticas antitabágicas, no desejo de fumar, e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os participantes (N = 108; 54 fumadores), de ambos os sexos, foram aleatoriamente distribuídos para uma das seguintes campanhas indutoras de emoções: medo (N = 52) ou humor (N = 56). Durante a exposição, registou-se o fluxo contínuo das emoções autorreportadas e as respostas fisiológicas. Após a exposição avaliou-se o impacto das campanhas nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia, nas políticas antitabágicas, no desejo e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os resultados evidenciaram que as campanhas indutoras de medo foram percecionadas como mais eficazes e reduziram o desejo de fumar em fumadores. Políticas antitabágicas foram mais apoiadas por não fumadores. Futuramente deverá considerar-se que induzir diferentes emoções em campanhas antitabágicas pode ter efeitos distintos a nível afetivo e cognitivo, com possível relevância para a mudança comportamental.

Abstract Several anti-smoking campaigns have been used for decades to reduce smoking consumption. However, so far, there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of inducing distinct emotions in reducing smoke consumption. This study tested the effects of two types of anti-smoking ads, inducing fear or humor, on emotions, perceived effectiveness, support for tobacco control policies, urges to smoke, and susceptibility to smoke. Participants (N = 108; 54 smokers) of both genders were randomly assigned to one of the two following emotion ads condition: fear (N = 52) or humor (N = 56). During exposure, the continuous flow of their emotions by self-report and physiologically was collected. Measures of ads impact on emotions, perceived effectiveness, urges and susceptibility to smoking, and support for tobacco policies were applied after exposure. The results have shown that fear ads were perceived as more effective and reduced the urges to smoke in smokers. Non-smokers were more supportive of tobacco control policies. In conclusion, this study showed that fear campaigns can reduce the urge to smoke among smokers and are perceived to be more effective. This perceived effectiveness can be partially explained by feelings of fear, regardless the other emotions it also triggers, and of the smoking status.

Resumo Várias campanhas antitabágicas são usadas para reduzir o consumo de tabaco. No entanto, até ao momento não existe um consenso sobre a eficácia da indução de emoções específicas nestas campanhas. Este estudo testou os efeitos de dois tipos de campanhas antitabágicas, induzindo Medo ou Humor, nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia das campanhas, no apoio a políticas antitabágicas, no desejo de fumar, e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os participantes (N = 108; 54 fumadores), de ambos os sexos, foram aleatoriamente distribuídos para uma das seguintes campanhas indutoras de emoções: medo (N = 52) ou humor (N = 56). Durante a exposição, registou-se o fluxo contínuo das emoções autorreportadas e as respostas fisiológicas. Após a exposição avaliou-se o impacto das campanhas nas emoções, na perceção de eficácia, nas políticas antitabágicas, no desejo e na suscetibilidade para fumar. Os resultados evidenciaram que as campanhas indutoras de medo foram percecionadas como mais eficazes e reduziram o desejo de fumar em fumadores. Políticas antitabágicas foram mais apoiadas por não fumadores. Futuramente deverá considerar-se que induzir diferentes emoções em campanhas antitabágicas pode ter efeitos distintos a nível afetivo e cognitivo, com possível relevância para a mudança comportamental.

Abstract Several anti-smoking campaigns have been used for decades to reduce smoking consumption. However, so far, there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of inducing distinct emotions in reducing smoke consumption. This study tested the effects of two types of anti-smoking ads, inducing fear or humor, on emotions, perceived effectiveness, support for tobacco control policies, urges to smoke, and susceptibility to smoke. Participants (N = 108; 54 smokers) of both genders were randomly assigned to one of the two following emotion ads condition: fear (N = 52) or humor (N = 56). During exposure, the continuous flow of their emotions by self-report and physiologically was collected. Measures of ads impact on emotions, perceived effectiveness, urges and susceptibility to smoking, and support for tobacco policies were applied after exposure. The results have shown that fear ads were perceived as more effective and reduced the urges to smoke in smokers. Non-smokers were more supportive of tobacco control policies. In conclusion, this study showed that fear campaigns can reduce the urge to smoke among smokers and are perceived to be more effective. This perceived effectiveness can be partially explained by feelings of fear, regardless the other emotions it also triggers, and of the smoking status.

Aplicada à saúde, a literacia aumenta a capacidade dos cidadãos tomarem decisões para uma gestão autónoma da saúde. Com este position paper, pretende-se defender a tese de que se encontram reunidas as condições para criar, em Portugal, uma estratégia nacional para a literacia em saúde ao longo do percurso de vida, fortalecida pelo contacto com a modernização do Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS). Em primeiro lugar, foi conduzida uma revisão sobre literacia em saúde, e em seguida foram recolhidos dados sobre a Estratégia Nacional para a Literacia em Saúde e sobre as diferentes ações relacionadas com a mesma. O Programa de Literacia em Saúde e Integração de Cuidados, alinhado com o programa de modernização do Serviço Nacional de Saúde “SNS+ Proximidade,” tem vindo a ser desenvolvido em função de uma abordagem ao longo do percurso de vida. Por outro lado, a Estratégia Nacional para a Literacia em Saúde, para além de englobar diferentes dimensões da literacia em saúde, desde o nível individual e comunitário até aos sistemas de saúde, apresenta também oportunidades estratégicas de intervenção em contextos associados aos diferentes determinantes da saúde. A Biblioteca de Literacia em Saúde do Portal SNS é a primeira ferramenta que integra esta estratégia, sendo um repositório digital de recursos de apoio à promoção da literacia em saúde, acessíveis em permanência. Estes recursos incluem livros digitais interativos sobre saúde e o “Diário da Minha Saúde,” incentivando as pessoas a organizar a sua informação sobre saúde e a assumir o controlo da sua saúde ao longo da vida. A estratégia inclui ainda planos para levar estes recursos às pessoas em vários contextos quotidianos, como bibliotecas, escolas e centros de dia, permitindo a sua ativação. Paralelamente, a modernização digital do SNS permite a disponibilização de informação sobre saúde na Área do Cidadão, por exemplo, facilitando o acesso de cada cidadão à sua informação sobre saúde de forma confidencial. Todo o processo de implementação da estratégia de literacia em saúde é dinâmico e pretende incentivar todos os cidadãos a participar na sua construção e avaliação e, consequentemente, na sua adaptação e melhoria contínua.

Applied to health, literacy enhances the capacity to make the decisions that are necessary for autonomous health management. With this position paper, we intend to defend the thesis that the conditions for creating a national strategy for health literacy in Portugal along the life course are strengthened by the modernization of the National Health Service (SNS). First, we conducted a scope review on health literacy, and then we collected data on the National Strategy for Health Literacy and the different actions around it. The Literacy Program in Health and Care Integration, aligned with the modernization program of the National Health Service “SNS + Proximidade,” has been developed based on a life course approach. On the other hand, the National Strategy for Health Literacy, in addition to encompassing different dimensions of health literacy, from the individual and community level to the health systems, also presents strategic opportunities for intervention in contexts associated with different determinants of health. The digital Health Literacy Library of the SNS Portal is the first tool to integrate this strategy, being a digital repository of resources to support the promotion of health literacy, accessible at all times. These resources include interactive digital health books and the “My Health Journal,” encouraging people to organize their health information and take control of their health throughout their lives. The strategy also includes plans to bring these resources to people in various everyday contexts, such as public libraries, schools, and day centers, enabling their activation. At the same time, the digital modernization of the SNS allows health information to be made available in the Citizen Area of the SNS Portal, for example, by facilitating each citizen's access to their health information in a confidential way. The entire process of implementing the health literacy strategy is dynamic and aims to encourage all citizens to participate in its construction and evaluation, and consequently in its adaptation and continuous improvement.

Resumo Atualmente as investigações têm focado na identificação de Polimorfismos de Núcleo Único (SNP) envolvidos na resposta do hospedeiro e sua capacidade de gerar uma deficiência de imunidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática (RS) e uma meta-análise para avaliar a associação entre o polimorfismo do gene TNF-α (-308 G> A) e os fenótipos de periodontite apical (PA). Esta RS foi registrada na base de dados PROSPERO, CRD42016035688, e foi conduzida seguindo o método PRISMA. Foi realizada uma ampla pesquisa de estudos. Foram utilizadas as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e BVS (Medline, SciELO, Ibecs e Lilacs). Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores (MeSH) “Periapical Periodontitis,” “Periapical Abscess,” “Polymorphism, Genetic,” and “Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide”. Sinônimos, termos relacionados e termos livres foram incluídos. Foram selecionadas investigações clínicas de indivíduos com diferentes fenótipos de PA em dentes permanentes. Após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, os estudos selecionados foram classificados através da avaliação da qualidade metodológica. Foi utilizado um modelo de efeito fixo para a metanálise. A pesquisa inicial identificou 71 referências. Após a exclusão de resumos duplicados, 33 foram selecionados. Destes, dois eram elegíveis para a avaliação da qualidade e foram classificados como sendo de evidência moderada. Os estudos incluídos não demonstraram associação entre PA e o TNF-α-308 G>A. No entanto, a metanálise demonstrou associação entre a distribuição do genótipo e os fenótipos da PA (OR = 0,49, intervalo de confiança=0,25, 0,96; p=0,04). O papel do TNF-α-308 G>A em fenótipos da PA é discutível. São necessários mais estudos para confirmar e compreender os mecanismos subjacentes à associação identificada.

Abstract Currently, investigations have focused on the identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) involved in host response and its ability to generate an immunity deficiency. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between TNF-α -308 G>A polymorphism and apical periodontitis (AP) phenotypes. A broad search for studies was conducted. The following databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and VHL (Medline, SciELO, Ibecs, and Lilacs). The MeSH terms “Periapical Periodontitis,” “Periapical Abscess,” “Polymorphism, Genetic,” and “Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide” were used. MeSH synonyms, related terms, and free terms were included. Clinical investigations of individuals with different AP phenotypes in permanent teeth were selected. After application of the eligibility criteria, selected studies were qualified by assessing their methodological quality. A fixed effect model was used for the meta-analysis. The initial search identified 71 references. After excluding duplicate abstracts, 33 were selected. From these, two were eligible for quality assessment and were classified as being of moderate evidence. The included studies did not demonstrate association between AP and TNF-α -308 G>A SNP. However, the meta-analysis demonstrated an association between the genotype distribution and AP phenotype (OR= 0.49; confidence interval= 0.25, 0.96; p=0.04). The role of TNF-α -308 G>A SNP in AP phenotypes is debatable. Further studies are needed to confirm and understand the underlying mechanisms of the identified association.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine physicochemical characteristics, its origin, marketing and sales conditions of fresh cheese marketed in Toluca´s municipality, State of Mexico, Mexico. Additionally information on the milk industry and its link to the artisan cheese production as a traditional food and its regional economic importance were provided. A cross-sectional study conducted by convenience, with a sample of 64 pieces of fresh cheese purchased on fixed and itinerant markets (flea markets) during a period from August to October 2014. Temperature and pH data of the cheeses was determined at point sale. Then following the official standard methods, it was tested dry content, ash, fat, protein and sodium chloride. The origin of the cheese was established from the supplier in each region and studied as follows: (A) Toluca Valley; (B) other municipalities in Mexico´s State; (C) unknown origin and (D) other states. It was observed that the presentation of the sampled cheeses were of circular shape at all points of sale with a weight range of 100 to 200 g. The ranges for physicochemical parameters were pH (4.84-6.07), moisture (42.71-66.66 %), dry matter (33.3-68.9 %), ash (2.65-5.24 %), fat (12-32 %), protein (16.81-26.62 %) and NaCl (0.29-1.44 %). It was concluded that the Toluca fresh cheese could be regarded as an artisan product with its own peculiar qualities from the whole region that should be preserved as an interest in the gastronomic heritage and culture and their regional social economic and safety food importance.

RESUMEN La fabricación artesanal del queso, es una actividad integradora del sistema producto leche. Para evaluar las condiciones de comercialización y caracterización del queso fresco en mercados y tianguis de Toluca, Estado de México, se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia, obteniendo 64 piezas de queso fresco de mercados establecidos e itinerantes, y se aplicó una encuesta abierta a comerciantes durante el periodo agosto a octubre de 2014. La procedencia de los quesos se obtuvo de las regiones: (A) Valle de Toluca, (B) otros municipios de la entidad, (C) de origen desconocido y (D) otros estados del país. Los valores de pH y temperatura del queso se midieron en el punto de venta. El contenido de materia seca, cenizas, grasa, proteína y NaCl se realizó por métodos oficiales. El origen del queso en los mercados fue mayoritariamente de la región A; la presentación comercial común fue de forma circular con un peso de 100 a 250 g. Los rangos de los parámetros evaluados fueron: pH (4.84-6.07), humedad (42.71-66.66 %), materia seca (33.3-68.9 %), cenizas (2.65-5.24 %), grasa (12-32 %), proteína (16.81-26.62 %) y NaCl (0.29-1.44 %). Las condiciones de comercialización y el abasto regional en los mercados son afectadas por un manejo inadecuado del producto y la competencia de quesos industrializados. El queso fresco comercializado en el municipio de Toluca, puede ser considerado un queso artesanal genuino propio de la región del valle de Toluca, que debe ser preservado por su interés como patrimonio en la gastronomía mexicana y su importancia socioeconómica y alimentaria regional.

Este estudo analisou a identificação de expressões emocionais de dor, tristeza e alegria na face e na voz junto de Médicos de Medicina Geral, em função da exaustão emocional percebida. A amostra foi composta por 72 médicos e o estudo realizado em dois momentos. Na primeira fase, aplicou-se vários questionários que incluíram a versão portuguesa do Maslach Burnout Inventory para medir a exaustão emocional. Após uma semana, foram realizadas duas tarefas: identificação de emoções em expressões faciais (tarefa 1) e identificação da emoção expressa pela voz na expressão facial (tarefa 2). Como esperado, os participantes identificaram mais rápida e corretamente a emoção alegria, seguida da dor, em ambas as tarefas. Na segunda tarefa houve um número inferior de acertos, principalmente na identificação da tristeza, e maiores enviesamentos para a identificação de dor nas expressões vocais. Os resultados nesta tarefa diferiram ainda em função da exaustão emocional percebida: os médicos com maior exaustão emocional foram mais rápidos e apresentaram maior número de acertos. No geral, os resultados sugerem uma elevada sensibilidade dos médicos para a identificação de dor na face e na voz e destaca a importância da exaustão emocional no reconhecimento de expressões vocais em faces.

This study examined the emotion recognition of pain, sadness, and happiness in the face and voice by General Practice Doctors, as a fuction of their perceived emotional exhaustion. The sample consisted of 72 physicians, and the study carried out in two stages. In the first stage, several questionnaires applied, including the Maslach Burnout Inventory to assess participant’s emotional exhaustion. One week later, two tasks were presented: a facial emotion recognition (task 1) and a vocal emotion recognition in facial expressions (task 2). As expected, participants were faster and displayed a high recognition accuracy for happiness, followed by pain, in both tasks. In task 2, there was a lower accuracy, specially in the recognition of sadness, and a higher bias in the recognition of vocal pain expressions. The results from this second task were dependent on emotional exhaustion: physicians with higher emotional exhaustion were faster and showed high recognition accuracy. Overall, the results sugested a high sensitivity of physicians for the recognition of pain in both facial and vocal expression, and highlighted the important role of emotional exhaustion in the emotion recognition of vocal expressions in faces.

Berberis hartwegii Benth., Berberidaceae, Hamelia patens Jacq., Rubiaceae, Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne & Planch., Araliaceae, Erythrina herbacea L., Fabaceae, and Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam., Rutaceae, acetone extracts were selected on the basis of their use in traditional Mexican medicine to treat scabies or skin diseases. Anti-dermatophyte activity in vitro was evaluated using the agar dilution assay, and the therapeutic efficacy of B. hartwegii and Z. caribaeum were tested against experimental tinea pedis. The infected animals were treated intragastrically daily for seven days with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of acetone extracts. The acetone extract of H. patens exhibited 100% growth inhibition against T. mentagrophytes and E. floccosum at 100.0 and 50.0 µg/ml, respectively, and B. hartwegiiinhibited growth of M. canis and T. mentagrophytes at 100.0 µg/ml. Effective treatments with 2.5 mg/kg of Z. caribaeum and B. hartwegii extract were comparable with 1 mg/kg of clotrimazole in mice. Liver profile tests and histological analyses did not exhibit any signs of toxicity and the Ames test indicated that both extracts were safe when evaluated in strains TA98, TA100 and TA102. Our results suggest the potential for the future development of new antifungal drugs from B. hartwegii or Z. caribaeum.

O presente estudo pretende contribuir para a compreensão das atitudes e opiniões das crianças acerca dos cuidados de saúde, com enfoque nos procedimentos médicos, instituições e eficácia dos profissionais. Participaram no estudo 381 crianças, recrutadas em diversas instituições escolares da área de Lisboa. As atitudes mais negativas foram atribuídas às instituições, enquanto as mais positivas incidiram na eficácia dos profissionais. Os procedimentos médicos foram considerados menos dolorosos comparativamente aos potenciais acidentes do quotidiano. Os níveis mais elevados de dor percebida foram reportados pelas crianças do sexo feminino e pelas do 1º ciclo de escolaridade. Os medos médicos mediaram significativamente a relação entre a perceção de dor e as atitudes infantis face aos cuidados de saúde. A maior perceção de dor mostrou estar associada a atitudes mais negativas, porém, esta relação ficou enfraquecida quando contemplados os medos infantis face a temáticas médicas. Em suma, é fundamental poder avaliar as atitudes infantis face aos cuidados de saúde, o que poderá contribuir para o desenvolvimento de programas de intervenção no âmbito da promoção de comportamentos.

This study sought to contribute to a better understanding of children's attitudes and opinions regarding health care, mainly in terms of medical procedures, institutions and the efficacy of health professionals. The sample included 381 children, recruited from different schools in Lisbon. The more negative attitudes were attributed to institutions, while positive attitudes were related to the efficacy of health professionals. Medical procedures were considered less painful compared to potential day-to-day accidents. Higher levels of pain were reported by children of the female sex and by children during the primary education phase. Medical fears mediated the relationship between the perception of pain and children's attitudes with respect to health care. Higher levels of pain perception were seen to be related to more negative attitudes regarding health care. However, this relationship was diminished when children's fears about medical issues were contemplated. In conclusion, a translated instrument to assess children's attitudes regarding health care is needed, as it may even contribute to the development of intervention programs within the scope of the promotion of attitudes towards health care.