Abstract: Innovation is an essential element for development and growth, but it consists of a long process of knowledge accumulation, so technology transfer is used to accelerate this process. This study mapped the particularities of the technology transfer process for the COVID-19 vaccine between AstraZeneca and the Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals (Bio-Manguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, and identified enablers, obstacles, and gaps. Our analysis investigated the process from selection of the most suitable partner to incorporation of the new technology based on a comprehensive literature review on this topic, combined with a case study. The results showed that, although many actions still have to be performed to maximize technology capacity gains, the lessons learned from the technology transfer process will be used in future and ongoing agreements.

Resumen: La innovación es un elemento fundamental para el desarrollo y el crecimiento, pero consiste en un proceso de acumulación de conocimiento que requiere mucho tiempo. Una de las formas de acelerar este proceso es mediante la transferencia de tecnología. Este artículo mapeó las particularidades del proceso de transferencia de tecnología para la vacuna contra la COVID-19, celebrado entre AstraZeneca y el Instituto de Tecnología en Inmunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundación Oswaldo Cruz, además de reconocer los facilitadores, obstáculos y brechas. Para ello se realizó un análisis, desde la etapa de selección del socio más adecuado hasta la incorporación de la nueva tecnología. La metodología utilizada se basó en una amplia revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, combinada con el estudio de caso. Los resultados mostraron que, si bien aún es necesario llevar a cabo muchas acciones para maximizar las ganancias de capacidad tecnológica, las lecciones aprendidas del proceso de transferencia de tecnología servirán como lecciones y se utilizarán en acuerdos futuros y en curso.

Resumo: A inovação é um elemento fundamental para o desenvolvimento e crescimento, mas constituída por um processo demorado de acúmulo de conhecimento. Uma das formas de acelerar tal processo é por meio da transferência de tecnologia. Este artigo mapeou as particularidades da transferência de tecnologia para a vacina contra COVID-19, celebrado entre a AstraZeneca e o Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, bem como reconheceu os seus facilitadores, seus entraves e suas lacunas. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise desde a etapa da seleção do parceiro mais adequado até a incorporação da nova tecnologia. A metodologia utilizada se baseou em uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, aliada ao estudo de caso. Os resultados apontaram que, apesar de muitas ações ainda precisarem ser realizadas para que os ganhos de capacidade tecnológica sejam potencializados, as lições aprendidas com o processo de transferência de tecnologia servirão de aprendizado e serão utilizadas nos acordos futuros e em andamento.

Resumen Con el aumento exponencial de la cantidad de datos generados diariamente, se ha intensificado el interés de las organizaciones por desarrollar estrategias para el manejo de Big Data. Un ejemplo de Big Data brasileño es la Plataforma CNPq Lattes, que permite extraer información de los currículos de los investigadores registrados en ella. Una de las limitaciones de la plataforma es que la información se ordena individualmente para cada investigador y sin un estándar de indexación, lo que hace imposible extraer datos de los investigadores simultáneamente. Para remediar este problema, se desarrolló el software ScriptLattes, utilizado en el presente estudio, para extraer información de los currículos de investigadores en oncología inyectable, con el fin de obtener una visión panorámica de sus producciones técnico-científicas. En cuanto a las actividades realizadas por estos especialistas en el período analizado, se observaron un total de: 85.465 artículos completos publicados, 24.068 producciones técnicas y 13.496 proyectos implementados. Los análisis de red realizados con la ayuda del software Gephi señalaron al Dr. Fernando de Queiroz Cunha, de la Facultad de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (USP), como el investigador más destacado del área. A pesar de las limitaciones de la Plataforma Lattes, los resultados demostraron ser eficientes, posibilitando la generación de conocimiento científico y tecnológico en oncología inyectable en varios niveles institucionales.

Abstract With the exponential increase in the amount of data generated daily, the interest of organizations in developing strategies for handling Big Data has intensified. An example of Brazilian Big Data is the CNPq Lattes Platform, which allows extracting information from the curricula of researchers registered therein. One of the limitations on the platform is that the information is arranged individually for each researcher and without an indexing standard, making it impossible to extract data from researchers simultaneously. To remedy this problem, the ScriptLattes software was developed, used in the present study, to extract information from the curricula of researchers in injectable oncology, to obtain a panoramic view of their technical and scientific productions. Regarding the activities carried out by these specialists in the analyzed period, a total of: 85,465 published complete articles, 24,068 technical productions and 13,496 implemented projects were observed. Networking analyzes performed applying Gephi software pointed Dr. Fernando de Queiroz Cunha, from the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (USP), as the most prominent researcher in the area. Despite the limitations of the Lattes Platform, the results proved to be efficient, enabling the generation of scientific and technological knowledge in injectable oncology at various institutional levels.

Resumo Com o aumento exponencial na quantidade de dados gerados diariamente, têm-se intensificado o interesse das organizações em desenvolver estratégias para o tratamento do Big Data. Um exemplo de Big Data brasileiro é a Plataforma Lattes do CNPq, que permite extrair informações dos currículos dos pesquisadores nela cadastrados. Uma das limitações na plataforma é que as informações são dispostas individualmente para cada pesquisador e sem um padrão de indexação, impossibilitando a extração dos dados dos pesquisadores simultaneamente. Para sanar tal problema, foi desenvolvido o software ScriptLattes, utilizado no presente estudo, para extrair as informações dos currículos dos pesquisadores em oncológicos injetáveis, visando obter uma visão panorâmica das produções técnicas e científicas destes. Em relação às atividades realizadas por esses especialistas no período analisado, observou-se um total de: 85.465 artigos completos publicados, 24.068 produções técnicas e 13.496 projetos implementados. As análises de rede realizadas com o auxílio do software Gephi apontaram o Dr. Fernando de Queiroz Cunha, da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (USP), como o pesquisador mais proeminente na área. Apesar das limitações da Plataforma Lattes, os resultados mostraram-se eficientes, possibilitando a geração de conhecimento científico e tecnológico em oncológicos injetáveis em vários níveis institucionais.

Resumo Este artigo objetiva investigar a existência de relação causal entre as competências para inovar e a competitividade dos fabricantes de equipamentos eletromédicos instalados no Brasil. Foi realizada uma survey em 2015 junto a 34 empresas, cujos dados foram analisados quantitativa e qualitativamente. As competências para inovar foram abordadas segundo duas perspectivas. Na primeira, a capacidade de seguir, prever e agir sobre a evolução dos mercados foi a mais desenvolvida, enquanto a capacidade de vender os novos produtos, a menos desenvolvida. Na segunda, as competências técnicas mostraram-se mais desenvolvidas que as relacionais e organizacionais. Em relação à competitividade isoladamente, menos da metade dos respondentes apresentou melhoria em pelo menos um dos sete indicadores avaliados. Aplicando-se o Teste de Correlação Posto-Ordem de Spearman, não foi encontrada correlação estatística entre as duas variáveis. Ficou entendido que, na amostra estudada, a competitividade das empresas é mais associada ao desempenho comercial, por sua vez afetado pela capacidade de atender aos requisitos regulatórios.

Abstract The aim of this article is to investigate the existence of a causal relationship between innovation competences and competitiveness in electromedical device manufacturers operating in Brazil. A survey was conducted in 2015 with 34 companies, and the data gathered were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Innovation competences were addressed from two perspectives. In the first, the capacity to follow, predict, and act on market developments was the best developed capability, while the capacity to sell new products was the least developed. In the second, technical competences were found to be better developed than relational and organizational ones. Concerning competitiveness, fewer than half the respondents reported improved performance in at least one of the seven indicators evaluated. Considering the two variables together, no statistical correlation was found between innovation competences and competitiveness using Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Test. As such, the competitiveness of the companies from the sample under study was understood as being more strongly associated to their commercial performance, itself affected by their capacity to fulfill regulatory requirements.

The paper presents basic concepts on nanotechnology and the use of this in an oil and gas research and development (R&D) center, the Research and Development Center Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello of Petrobras (CENPES). The aim of this paper is to present a proposal of an observatory of trends in the area of nanotechnology at CENPES, to generate information, such as the state of the art technologies, technological trajectories, movements of competitors and partners, and aspects relating to regulations and incentives for decision making in the technology management process. The model consists of five steps that should occur in a continuous cycle: literature review, expert consultation, analysis of opportunities and threats, timelines or roadmaps, and monitoring. In conclusion, the proposed observatory includes a set of topics (variables), sources, techniques of competitive technical intelligence and technological foresight, systematized in order to support decision making in technology management.

ABSTRACT The main aim of this paper was to contribute to reflections in Brazil on the need to transfer knowledge held at universities and R&D institutions over to companies, i.e. to transfer scientific knowledge of chemistry to technology. It discusses how the competitiveness of countries is increasingly dependent on their technological capacity. The chemicals industry is a fundamental driver of social, environmental, economic and industrial indicators of sustainable development. In Brazil, the chemicals industry's deficit has grown over the last three decades. Patents are important sources of information because patent documents contain 75% of all technological information available. The National Institute of Industrial Property in Brazil has created a Technology Observatory with the purpose of identifying and analyzing technological information contained in patent documents within the ambit of partnerships with government entities or business associations, in order to support their technology-related decision-making processes. The paper gives examples of ethanol and biotechnology patent documents, including pharmaceuticals, of which there are very few in Brazil. However, a few of the patent applications identified are filed in Brazil, giving the country the opportunity to transform this scientific knowledge into technology by means of partnership agreements with companies. Finally, the paper presents information on the patent applications filed by the world's leading chemicals companies as measured by their revenues, and the respective numbers of patent applications in the last five years in organic chemistry and polymers, sectors in which Brazil is currently dependent on imports for over 50% of its needs. The patent assignees in these sectors in Brazil are also identified, and the paper concludes that Brazil needs to invest in the development of professionals, providing clearly-defined career paths in technology innovation teams at R&D institutions, and to foster more initiatives such as the creation of a new research and innovation entity, EMBRAPII, since investing in science and technology is a prerequisite for knowledge production, industrial property, economic development and, consequently, the competitiveness of the country.

The growing concerns regarding the future of global energy supplies have encouraged R&D in alternative sources to complement the global energy matrix. Brazil has earned notoriety as one of the largest producers of ethanol and biomass. This has aroused other countries’ interest in Brazil’s capabilities. However, the technologies for converting biomass into ethanol are not sufficiently mature, and have been developed in a decentralized manner. The lignocellulosic ethanol technologies can be divided into the following three groups: pretreatment, enzymes and ethanol production. One of the most efficient methods for mapping such technologies is through patent applications because the applications provide important information on trends in long-term technological development. Among all the patent applications deposited in the Brazilian database, pretreatment technologies were the most exploited followed by enzymes and ethanol production. The large number of documents from USA and European countries efforts the importance of Brazil in this technological scenario.

This paper presents a study on knowledge management and the analysis of scientific biotechnology trends in Venezuela. It provides an overview of the science profile as well as its regional development and its relation to issues of topics covered by biotechnology, based on the analysis of scientific publications for the period 1995-2010. The survey was accomplished through the database ISI Web of Science, using 60 terms selected by experts in biotechnology. A set of 803 registers has been organized. Scientific indicators were produced using data/text mining tools in order to perform an analysis of knowledge management and scientific trends. This made possible the finding of a greater number of scientific publications in areas such as Ecology and Health, showing a greater frequency in terms competence (such as DNA, PCR and Biodiversity). Results pointed out that the United States is the main foreign partner-country of scientific publications, followed by Spain and France. A cooperation network with other Latin American countries (Brazil, Colombia and Chile) was also verified. Results showed that scientific knowledge is being developed by certain public institutions such as universities and government research centers, especiall the Universidad Central de Venezuela and the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas.

Este artigo apresenta um estudo da gestão do conhecimento e análise de tendências científicas em Biotecnologia na Venezuela, provendo uma visão do perfil de desenvolvimento regional científico e em relação aos temas que englobam as áreas abrangidas pela Biotecnologia, ambos baseados na análise de publicações científicas do país no período de 1995 a 2010. A pesquisa foi realizada na base de dados ISIWeb of Science utilizando 60 termos selecionados por especialistas em Biotecnologia. Um conjunto de 803 registros foi organizado e indicadores científicos foram produzidos através da utilização de ferramentas de mineração de dados/textos e uma análise da gestão do conhecimento e tendências científicas foi realizada. Foi possível observar número maior de publicações nas áreas: Ecologia e Ciências da Vida, com maior freqüência de termos em competência PCR, DNA e Biodiversidade. Os resultados apontam os Estados Unidos como principal país parceiro externo nas publicações científicas, seguido da Espanha e da França. Também foi possível verificar grande rede de cooperações com outros países latino-americanos como Brasil, Colômbia e Chile. Constatou-se que o conhecimento científico em Biotecnologia na Venezuela é desenvolvido por instituições públicas: universidades e centros de pesquisas governamentais, destacando-se: Universidad Central de Venezuela e Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas.

This paper presents a study on knowledge management and analysis of scientific Biotechnology trends in Venezuela, providing an overview of the science profile as well as regional development and its relation to issues of topics covered by Biotechnology based on the analysis of scientific publications for the period of 1995 to 2010. The survey was accomplished in database ISI/Web of Science using 60 terms selected by experts in Biotechnology and 803 register has been organized. Scientific indicators were produced using data/ text mining tools. It was possible to find a greater number of scientific publications in areas such as Ecology and Health, showing a greater frequency in these terms: DNA, PCR and Biodiversity. Results pointed out The United States of America as the main foreign partner-country of scientific publications followed by Spain and France. It was possible to verify cooperation network with others Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia and Chile.

History shows that public health actions to combat epidemics are most effective when there is constant synergy of both government and society, exemplified by prevention actions in the fight against dengue fever, H1N1 influenza etc. Private-public-partnerships (PPP) can also provide more dynamic and consistent results in production through interaction among Government, University and Enterprise actors. This article puts forward proposals to tackle the problem of neglected tropical diseases via the formation of a Management Council using Etzkowitz's Triple Helix concept to attenuate this public health issue in Brazil.

The present work provides an overview of patent protection for second medical use of known chemical compounds, in Brazil and other countries, through the approach of the main controversies related to this theme. That issues encompass aspects related to the legality of the protection granted by the patent, the general requirements of patenteability, the ethic and social concepts and the politic and economic factors involved. This work also introduces the diverging views of the two Brazilian government agencies involved in the procedure for granting patent in the pharmaceutical area, INPI and ANVISA.

The Brazilian government has a Unified Health System, founded by the 1988 constitution and regulated in 1990 (The 8080 Act). The Brazilian Government devised the medical assistance programs for enhancing the public health in Brazil, in which the public pharmaceutical production plays an important role. The objective of this study was to obtain an overview of the Unified Health System, focusing efforts on pharmaceutical care programs and the contribution of the Brazilian Public Pharmaceutical Production Network. To this end, all laboratories were invited to interviews in addition to literature reviews and data obtained from government secretariats and ministries. Twenty two healthcare programs, the cost of drugs and mounted capacity of the public laboratories were identified. The Ministry of Health spent 12 % of its budget in drugs and the mounted capacity of the public pharmaceutical manufacture network amounted to 16.6 billions of pharmaceuticals

El Gobierno Brasileño cuenta con un Sistema de Salud Unificado, creado por la Constitución de 1988 y reglamentado en el año de 1990 (Ley de 8080). El Gobierno brasileño creó los programas de asistencia para mejorar la salud pública en Brasil, en la que la industria farmacéutica desempeña un papel importante. Este estudio tiene por objetivo proporcionar un panorama general del Sistema de Salud Unificado, concentrando los esfuerzos en los programas de atención farmacéutica y la contribución de la Red de Producción Pública de Medicamentos Brasileña. Para esto se invitó a todos los laboratórios para entrevistas, más allá de una investigación bibliográfica, datos de las secretarías y ministerios gubernamentales. Se pudieron identificar 22 pogramas de salud, el costo de los medicamentos y la capacidad instalada de los laboratorios públicos, el gasto en medicamentos de 12 % del presupuesto del Ministerio de Salud y la capacidad instalada en la Red Pública de la Producción de Medicamentos en el orden de 16,6 billones de unidades de productos farmacéuticos.

The Brazilian government has a Unified Health System, founded by the 1988 constitution and regulated in 1990 (The 8080 Act). The Brazilian Government devised the medical assistance programs for enhancing the public health in Brazil, in which the public pharmaceutical production plays an important role. The objective of this study was to obtain an overview of the Unified Health System, focusing efforts on pharmaceutical care programs and the contribution of the Brazilian Public Pharmaceutical Production Network. To this end, all laboratories were invited to interviews in addition to literature reviews and data obtained from government secretariats and ministries. Twenty two healthcare programs, the cost of drugs and mounted capacity of the public laboratories were identified. The Ministry of Health spent 12 % of its budget in drugs and the mounted capacity of the public pharmaceutical manufacture network amounted to 16.6 billions of pharmaceuticals.

El Gobierno Brasileño cuenta con un Sistema de Salud Unificado, creado por la Constitución de 1988 y reglamentado en el año de 1990 (Ley de 8080). El Gobierno brasileño creó los programas de asistencia para mejorar la salud pública en Brasil, en la que la industria farmacéutica desempeña un papel importante. Este estudio tiene por objetivo proporcionar un panorama general del Sistema de Salud Unificado, concentrando los esfuerzos en los programas de atención farmacéutica y la contribución de la Red de Producción Pública de Medicamentos Brasileña. Para esto se invitó a todos los laboratórios para entrevistas, más allá de una investigación bibliográfica, datos de las secretarías y ministerios gubernamentales. Se pudieron identificar 22 pogramas de salud, el costo de los medicamentos y la capacidad instalada de los laboratorios públicos, el gasto en medicamentos de 12 % del presupuesto del Ministerio de Salud y la capacidad instalada en la Red Pública de la Producción de Medicamentos en el orden de 16,6 billones de unidades de productos farmacéuticos.

Given that innovation is fundamental for competitiveness, and that it is intrinsically linked to knowledge, it has become essential to foster effective interaction between the Brazilian productive sector and universities and R&D centers. This interface should be created by means of the model used in developed countries: Observatory of Industrial Activities and Trends in Science, Technology and Innovation. The present work describes its main functions, using examples of activities undertaken by the Chemical Industry Information System of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro related to production systems of primary and high-tech industries, examining the diffusion of knowledge to decision-makers.

Technological innovation connects competitiveness and knowledge. In Brazil, knowledge is mainly concentrated in the universities which undertake R&D. This article aims to show the importance of Brazilian university extension activities, which transfer knowledge to society, contributing, in the case of the chemical sector, to a reduction in the country's total trade deficit of around US$8.5 billion, which is result of the importation of innumerable products. On the other hand, developed countries are resorting to technical barriers, which impose documentation and regulations based on testing products for conformity with standards. This demands a technical and scientific infrastructure, concentrated in the universities.