Polypeptide profiles are informative about the individual gene constitution and expression, and become useful tools as molecular markers. The objective of this work was to detect genetic linkage among polypeptide profiles of the pericarp at two ripening stages and fruit quality traits in 21 tomato genotypes. Polypeptide profiles were obtained from mature green and red ripe fruits of 18 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an interspecific cross between the cultivar Caimanta of S. lycopersicum and the accession LA722 of S. pimpinellifolium, parents that were included with their hybrid as experimental testers. These 21 genotypes were also evaluated for fruit shelf life, weight, firmness, reflectance percentage, chroma index, shape index, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, pericarp width, and number of locules. Polypeptide profiles were polymorphic among ripening stages within genotypes and among genotypes within the ripening stages. Some polypeptides segregated in the Mendelian expected proportion 1:1, and showed genetic linkeage by single point analysis with fruit quality traits. Hence, eight quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated to number of locules, weight, pH, firmness and fruit shelf life, were detected in this report.

Los perfiles de polipéptidos proveen información sobre la constitución genética de un individuo y su expresión, y son útiles como marcadores moleculares. El objetivo del trabajo fue detectar ligamiento entre los perfiles de polipéptidos del pericarpio en dos estados de madurez y caracteres cuantitativos y de calidad de los frutos, analizando 21 genotipos de tomate. Se obtuvieron los perfiles polipéptidos en los estados verde y rojo maduro de frutos de 18 líneas endocriadas recombinantes (RILs, recombinant inbred lines), derivadas de un cruzamiento interespecífico entre el cultivar Caimanta de S. lycopersicum y la entrada LA722 de S. pimpinellifolium, que se incluyeron como testigos experimentales junto a su F1. En estos 21 genotipos se evaluaron también vida poscosecha, peso, firmeza, porcentaje de reflectancia, índice cromático, forma, pH, acidez titulable, contenido de sólidos solubles, espesor de pericarpio y número de lóculos de los frutos. Los perfiles mostraron polimorfismo entre los estados de madurez dentro de un mismo genotipo y entre genotipos para un mismo estado de madurez. Algunos polipéptidos segregaron de forma mendeliana (1:1) y, por análisis de un único punto, mostraron ligamiento con caracteres de calidad del fruto. Se detectaron loci de caracteres cuantitativos (QTLs, quantitative trait loci) asociados a número de lóculos, peso, pH, firmeza y vida poscosecha de los frutos.

Several research projects are developed in animal genetics and plant breeding at Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNR. A new ovine genotype has been obtained by crossing Ideal breed to Texel breed following by a breeding plan where the objectives were to improve female fertility and lamb growth rate. This new ovine genotype has the trade mark of Magrario and now this ovine new genotype is well known to produce lean meat and precocious lambs. Regarding Solanum lycopersicum species, 18 lines have been obtained introducing genes from a wild relative S. pimpinellifolium. This program included an agonistic-divergent selection to fruit weight and fruit shelf life. Molecular markers like as AFLP and SRAP to characterize these new tomato genotypes have been developed. Appropriate QTLs associated to fruit quality traits were found. Moreover, fruit protein profiles - associated to several fruit traits - were also detected. In sunflower the effort is focused on determining resistance to herbicides belonging to the family of imidazolinones (IMI) in early stages of the plants. A lot of experience was made through the development of several protocols in vivo and in vitro to detect the resistant, intermediate and susceptible genotypes. Root growth variables were useful parameters for the selection of sunflower genotypes differing in IMI resistance. This bioassay allowed the implementation of fast, reliable and low cost effective diagnosis method to assist breeding programs. Biochemical characterization of resistant process of the genotypes was also made through the quantification of ALS enzymatic activity.

En el ámbito de la Cátedra de Genética de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la UNR se desarrollan proyectos de genética y mejoramiento en ovinos, tomate y girasol. En ovinos se ha logrado un nuevo genotipo por retrocruzas de la raza Ideal hacia la Texel, seguido por un programa de mejora para la fertilidad femenina y la tasa de crecimiento en corderos. Este genotipo está registrado como Magrario y se lo reconoce como productor de carne magra. Con respecto al tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) se han obtenido 18 nuevos genotipos con la incorporación de genes de la especie silvestre S. pimpinellifolium en un cultivar a través de la selección antagónica-divergente para el peso y la vida poscosecha de los frutos. Se han identifcado marcadores de AFLP, SRAP, SSR y proteicos que permiten discriminar entre el genotipo cultivado y el silvestre para distintos atributos de calidad del fruto. En girasol se cuenta con una línea de investigación para la detección de genotipos resistentes a herbicidas de la familia de las imidazolinonas. Está basada en el desarrollo de protocolos in vivo e in vitro para detectar genotipos resistentes, medianamente resistentes y susceptibles, inspeccionando el desarrollo radicular de la planta. También se completó la caracterización bioquímica de la resistencia a través de la cuantificación de la actividad enzimática de ALS.

A incorporação de germoplasma selvagem tal como S. pimpinellifolium é uma estratégia alternativa para prolongar a vida de prateleira de frutas do tomate (VP), sem reduzir a qualidade de frutas. Um conjunto de linhas puras recombinantes com valores discrepantes de VP e peso (PE) foi derivado por seleção antagônica divergente de um cruzamento interespecífico. O objectivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar a interação genótipo x ano (GA) e marcador x ano (MA) neste novo material para ambas as características. Os efeitos principais de genótipo e de ano e a interação GA foram estatisticamente significativas para VP. Os efeitos principais de genótipo e de ano foram significativos para PE, mas não a interação GA. O efeito principal marcador foi significativo para VP e PE, mas o efeito principal de ano e de interação não. Embora VP tenha sido muito influenciado pelas condições de ano, algumas regiões do genoma pareceram manter efeito estável em anos de avaliação. Peso de frutos, em vez disso, foi mais independente do efeito ano.

Incorporating wild germplasm such as S. pimpinellifolium is an alternative strategy to prolong tomato fruit shelf life (SL) without reducing fruit quality. A set of recombinant inbred lines with discrepant values of SL and weight (FW) were derived by antagonistic-divergent selection from an interspecific cross. The general objective of this research was to evaluate Genotype x Year (GY) and Marker x Year (MY) interaction in these new genetic materials for both traits. Genotype and year principal effects and GY interaction were statistically significant for SL. Genotype and year principal effects were significant for FW but GY interaction was not. The marker principal effect was significant for SL and FW but both year principal effect and MY interaction were not significant. Though SL was highly influenced by year conditions, some genome regions appeared to maintain a stable effect across years of evaluation. Fruit weight, instead, was more independent of year effect.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate molecular markers and some quantitative fruit traits, in a complete diallel cross without reciprocals, among five tomato recombinant inbred lines and their hybrids. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and pericarp polypeptide profiles were obtained in four stages of fruit maturity of 15 genotypes. Among other traits, fruit weight, titratable acidity, pH, shelf life, and firmness were evaluated. The percentages of polymorphism for molecular markers and for the genetic variability for quantitative characters were calculated in the recombinant lines, hybrids and total genotypes. Cluster analyses were done for each level of genetic variation. The percentage of polymorphism varied between 34 and 54% for AFLP, and between 40 and 78% for polypeptide profiles. Higher polymorphism was observed in the group of hybrids. The genetic variability was 100% for titratable acidity and 34% for firmness, and the highest values were found in the parents. The genetic similarity varied among genotypes according to the level of genetic variation; however, the clustering consistency of some recombinant lines and their hybrids was conserved, which evidenced associations among molecular and phenotypic data.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar marcadores moleculares y caracteres cuantitativos en un cruzamiento dialélico completo sin recíprocos, entre cinco líneas recombinantes de tomate y sus híbridos. Se obtuvieron perfiles de AFLP ("amplified fragment length polymorphism") y de polipéptidos del pericarpio en cuatro estados de madurez del fruto de 15 genotipos. Se evaluaron, entre otros: peso, acidez titulable, pH, vida poscosecha y firmeza. Se calculó el porcentaje de polimorfismo para los marcadores moleculares y el porcentaje de variabilidad genética para los caracteres cuantitativos en el grupo de líneas recombinantes, el de híbridos y el conjunto de genotipos. Se realizaron análisis de agrupamiento con cada nivel de variación genética. Para AFLP, el porcentaje de polimorfismo varió entre 34 y 54% y, para los perfiles polipeptídicos, entre 40 y 78%. Mayor polimorfismo fue observado en el grupo de híbridos. La variabilidad genética fue de 100% para acidez y 34% para firmeza, con los mayores valores en los parentales. La similitud genética varió entre los genotipos según el nivel de variación genética; pero la consistencia en el agrupamiento de algunas líneas recombinantes y sus híbridos fue conservada, lo que evidenció asociaciones entre los datos moleculares y fenotípicos.

The objective of this work was to study recombination of the productive and fruit quality traits in the segregating generation of the hybrid between a cultivated variety of Lycopersicon esculentum homozygous for nor and the accession LA1385 of L. esculentum var. cerasiforme using multivariate statistical analysis. F1 and F2 generations and the parents were evaluated for vegetative and productive traits (internode length, stem perimeter at the basal, middle and apical parts, number of flowers per cluster, number of clusters per plant and days to harvest) and quality fruit traits (weight, shape, soluble solids content, acidity, firmness, color and shelf life). A canonical correlation between vegetative and productive traits and those of fruit quality and clustering for fruit traits performed with the F1 and F2 and the parents were used. The productive and fruit quality traits showed recombination in the segregating generation. Shelf life was the most outstanding fruit trait to discriminate groups in the F2. For three cluster levels each group of F2 individuals behaved each one of the parents and the F1.

El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar en la generación segregante del híbrido entre una cultivar de Lycopersicon esculentum homocigota para el gen nor y la accesión LA1385 de L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, la recombinación de caracteres productivos y de calidad de fruto a través de las metodologías de análisis multivariado. En las generaciones F1 y F2 y en los progenitores se evaluaron caracteres vegetativos y productivos (longitud de entrenudos, perímetro del tallo en las partes basal, media y apical, número de flores por inflorescencia, número de inflorescencias por planta y días a cosecha) y de calidad de fruto (peso, forma, sólidos solubles, acidez, firmeza, color y vida poscosecha). Se utilizaron las correlaciones canónicas entre los caracteres vegetativos y productivos y los de calidad de fruto y también un análisis de agrupamiento para las características del fruto, incluyendo los progenitores, la F1 y la F2. Estos análisis permitieron demostrar que las características productivas y de calidad de fruto recombinaron en la generación segregante. La vida poscosecha fue la característica de los frutos más importante para discriminar grupos en la F2. Para tres niveles de agrupamiento cada grupo de individuos F2 se comportó como alguno de los progenitores o la F1.

The genetic variability for the fruit's shelf-life and weight was evaluated in twenty-six F3 families derived from an interspecific hybrid between the cv. Caimanta of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and the line LA722 of L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. The means for fruit's shelf-life were 8, 15, 18 and 13 days and for fruit weight were 52.17 g; 0.94 g; 4.45 g and 6.41 g in 'Caimanta', LA722, the F1 and in the F3 generations, respectively. No family was similar to the progenitor 'Caimanta' for fruit's shelf-life and only one family showed a shelf-life similar to the F1 generation mean. For fruit weight, four families were similar to the F1 generation mean and the F3 families differed from both parent means. The F3 family with the greatest values for fruit weight and shelf-life showed a fruit weight mean of 20.15 g and shelf-life period of 21.55 days. The smaller fruit weight was 2.81 g and the smaller shelf-life period for another family was 9.98 days. The wide genetic variability found for both traits between the families will permit to select divergent genotypes.

Se evaluó la variabilidad genética para la vida postcosecha y el peso de los frutos en veintiséis familias F3 de un híbrido interespecífico entre la cv. Caimanta de Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. y la línea LA722 de L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. con el objeto de obtener genotipos divergentes para ambos caracteres. Los promedios de días de vida postcosecha fueron 8, 15, 18 y 13 y de peso en gramos fueron 52,17, 0,94, 4,45 y 6,41 para cv. Caimanta, LA722, la F1 y la generación F3, respectivamente. Ninguna familia fue similar al progenitor `Caimanta' para el carácter días de vida postcosecha y sólo una familia tuvo una vida postcosecha como la F1. Para el peso de los frutos, cuatro familias fueron similares a la F1 y ninguna fue como los progenitores. La familia con peso de los frutos con 20,15 g y vida postcosecha de 21,5 días fue la que presentó mayores valores. El menor peso de los frutos fue en una familia con 2,81 g y el de menor vida postcosecha en una con 9,98 días. La amplia variabilidad genética encontrada para ambos caracteres entre las familias permitirá obtener genotipos divergentes.

Nesta experiência a estabilidade fenotípica dos caracteres métricos perímetro do culmo na base, no meio e no alto e número de flores por racemo foi medida mediante a prova de progênie com análise multivariada. Desta forma, uma nova metodologia para avaliação da estabilidade genética depois de um ciclo de regeneração in vitro foi proposta. Os componentes principais foram calculados para dois grupos de plantas de Lycopersicon spp.: o não regenerado e a progênie das plantas regeneradas. A ANOVA foi empregada como controle da análise de componentes principais. As diferenças entre grupos não foram estatisticamente significantes para nenhum caráter. Ambos os grupos apresentaram autovalores e autovetores similares. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a estrutura fenotípica das plantas não foi modificada. Assim, nenhuma variação foi causada pela cultura in vitro. A análise multivariada mostrou ser uma metodologia apropriada para a medida da estabilidade dos caracteres métricos depois de um ciclo de regeneração.

The phenotypic stability of morphometric traits in Lycopersicon spp. (stem perimeter at the base, middle and top, and number of flowers per cluster) was measured by multivariate analysis through a progeny test in order to estimate the genetic stability of these traits. Principal components were calculated for two groups of Lycopersicon spp., non-regenerated plants and the progeny of regenerated plants. Analysis of variance was performed to support principal component analysis. Both groups presented similar eigenvalues and eigenvectors, while no significant differences were found between any of the traits studied. These results indicated that the phenotypic structure was the same among the progeny of regenerated and non-regenerated plants, so that no variation would occur in in vitro culture. Multivariate analysis proved to be an appropriate methodology for the measurement of the stability of morphometric traits after one regeneration cycle.

A variabilidade intra e interespecífica foi avaliada no gênero Lycopersicon para as variáveis: taxa de produtividade (PR, número total de brotos/número total de culturas), percentagem de regeneração (%R, número de culturas que regeneraram brotos ou primórdios/número total de culturas) e percentagem de calo (%C, número de culturas que só desenvolveram calo/número total de culturas). Os explantes foliares de vários genótipos de L. esculentum, L. esculentum var. ceraciforme, L. pimpinellifolium e L. peruvianum foram colocados em meio de cultura Murashige and Skoog (Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-493, 1962) + 0.175 mg/l AIA + 2.25 mg/l BA. Detectaram-se diferenças significativas entre espécies e entre genótipos de uma mesma espécie, apresentando genótipos de diferentes espécies a mesma resposta.

Intra and interspecific variability was measured in the genus Lycopersicon for the traits: productivity rate (PR, total number of regenerated shoots/total number of cultures), regeneration percentage (%R, number of cultures regenerating shoots or primordia/total number of cultures) and callus percentage (%C, number of cultures only producing callus/total number of cultures). Leaf explants from various genotypes of L. esculentum, L. esculentum var. cerasiforme, L. pimpinellifolium and L. peruvianum were placed on Murashige and Skoog (Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-493, 1962) medium + 0.175 mg/l IAA + 2.25 mg/l BA. Significant differences among species and among genotypes within the same species were found, while genotypes from different species showed similar responses.