Ten spyte van hul diversiteit en kompleksiteit in struktuur en betekenis is daar nog min navorsing oor die sistematiese voorstelling van argumentstruktuurkonstruksies (ASK's) in Engelse aanleer-derswoordeboeke (EAW'e) gedoen. Om hierdie gaping te vul, is daar in hierdie artikel gefokus op die hantering van V N ADJ ASK's in die "Groot Vyf" aanlyn EAW'e teenoor gebruiksdata. Eers is 'n lys van 40 doelwerkwoorde verkry deur twee gebeurlikheidswaardes (d.i. betroubaarheid en kollo-struksionele sterkte) met behulp van kollostruksionele analise van V N ADJ ASK's in die Britse Nasionale Korpus te gebruik, en daarna is die verwante ASK's ten opsigte van hul makro- en mikro-strukturele voorstelling in geselekteerde woordeboeke ontleed. Daar is bevind dat die meeste EAW'e ASK's belangrik ag, veral die LDOCE, wat frasestatus aan baie van die ASK's toeken. Die hantering van ASK's in huidige EAW'e is nogtans ontoereikend. Eerstens is die insluiting van ASK's in die meeste EAW'e glad nie voldoende nie. Tweedens is daar in sommige gevalle 'n wanverhouding tussen 'n valensiepatroonillustrasie en 'n illustratiewe voorbeeld. Laastens, maar nie die minste nie, is die meeste EAW'e nie konsekwent rakende hul beleid van opname en enkodering van ASK's nie asook nie ten opsigte van die toekenning van frasestatus aan hierdie ASK's nie. Ons doen binne die raamwerk van die gebruiksgebaseerde konstruksiegrammatika enkele voorstelle vir die optimalisering van die hantering van ASK's aan die hand.

Despite their diversity and complexity in structure and meaning, little research has been conducted into the systematic presentation of argument structure constructions (ASCs) in English learners' dictionaries (ELDs). To fill in the gap, this paper focused on the treatment of V N ADJ ASCs in the "Big Five" online ELDs against usage data. First a list of 40 target verbs was obtained using two measures of contingency (i.e., faithfulness and collostruction strength) through collo-structional analysis of V N ADJ ASCs in the British National Corpus, and then the related ASCs regarding their macro- and micro-structural presentation in selected dictionaries were examined. It was found that most ELDs attach importance to ASCs, notably LDOCE, which assigns many of them the status of phrases. Nevertheless, the treatment of ASCs in current ELDs is inadequate. First, the inclusion of ASCs in most ELDs is far from sufficient. Second, in some cases, there is a mismatch between a valency pattern illustration and an illustrative example. Last but not least, most ELDs are not consistent with respect to their policy of listing and encoding ASCs, and assigning them the status of phrases. We proposed, in the framework of the usage-based construction grammar, some suggestions for optimizing the treatment of ASCs.

Children's dictionaries have existed for more than one thousand years in China, and play an important role in children's learning. However, many of those produced in China are deficient in the selection of the wordlist, in exemplification, and in definition. This paper aims at improving the compilation of English-Chinese children's dictionaries (ECCDs) from a children's cognitive perspective. Children's dictionaries should not only be an abridgement or simplification of dictionaries for adults, because their target user group is immature, uninformed and untrained children. Informed by some innovations in current English learner's dictionaries, this paper proposes that the making of ECCDs needs to be improved in the following aspects. Firstly, instead of lexicographers' intuition, the selection of headwords should be based on an English corpus for Chinese children. Secondly, the words used in examples should be congruent with children's limited cognitive and learning abilities. Thirdly, a multifaceted method of explanation should be provided in order to assist children in understanding the meaning of headwords.

This article discusses how the Grand dictionnaire chinois-français contemporain (GDCFC, 2014), one of the largest Chinese-French dictionaries, was designed and compiled. Due to the limited resources in the language pair of Chinese and French, GDCFC was designed as a bidirectional bilingual dictionary. To meet the needs of Chinese-speaking learners of French, the main user group, GDCFC extends the lemma list, and enriches the information of French equivalents in terms of their frequency, grammar and register. To be geared to the needs of French-speaking learners of Chinese, the secondary user group, GDCFC includes some headwords that fall into regional varieties of Chinese, and also provides useful information on the formulaicity and flexibility of Chinese characters (classifiers in particular). Some other features, such as the indication of POS and equivalents in context, and establishment of a semantic network of the nomenclature, were designed to benefit both groups of users. The making of this dictionary has implications for the compilation of other less-resourced bilingual dictionaries.

Hierdie artikel bespreek hoe die Grand dictionnaire chinois-français contemporain (GDCFC, 2014), een van die grootste Chinees-Franse woordeboeke, ontwerp en saamgestel is. Weens die beperkte hulpbronne in die taalpaar Chinees en Frans, is die GDCFC as 'n tweerigting- tweetalige woordeboek ontwerp. Om te voorsien in die behoeftes van Chineesspre-kende aanleerders van Frans, die hoofgebruikersgroep, het die GDCFC die lemmalys, sowel as die inligting oor Franse ekwivalente in terme van hul frekwensie, grammatika en register, uitgebrei. Om aan te pas by die behoeftes van Franssprekende aanleerders van Chinees, die sekondêre groep, het die GDCFC sommige trefwoorde wat geklassifiseer kan word as streeksvariante van Chinees ingesluit, en ook nuttige inligting oor die formulisme en plooibaarheid van Chinese karakters (in die besonder klassifiseerders), verskaf. Sommige ander kenmerke soos die aanduiding van woord-soort en ekwivalente in konteks, en die daarstelling van 'n semantiese netwerk van terminologie, is ontwerp om albei gebruikersgroepe daarby te laat baat vind. Die samestelling van hierdie woorde-boek het ook implikasies vir die samestelling van ander hulpbronbeperkte tweetalige woordeboeke.

A produção de arroz japonica no norte da China desempenha um papel importante na segurança alimentar para o mundo. Transferência de genes mediada por Agrobacterium está se tornando uma abordagem poderosa para gerar germoplasma e desenvolver variedades. No entanto, a eficiência transgênica das variedades de arroz japonica no norte da China tem sido completamente desconhecida, o que obstrui o desenvolvimento da criação de transgênicos e a exploração das funções dos genes. Neste estudo, as eficiências da transgenia de seis variedades de arroz japonica desenvolvidas no Norte da China são avaliadas. As taxas de indução de calo primário e secundário das variedades são semelhantes. Contudo, a eficiência transgênica e a capacidade de regeneração das variedades são bem distintas. Foi estabelecida uma plataforma para a transformação das variedades de arroz e proposta uma variedade adequada, SN9816, para transferência de genes. SN9816 pode ser aplicada como um germoplasma-elite para melhoramento transgênico e pesquisa básica de biologia molecular no norte da China ou em uma área na mesma latitude.

The production of japonica rice in northern China plays an important role in food security for the world. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is becoming a powerful approach to generate germplasm and develop varieties. However, the transgenic efficiency of the japonica rice varieties in northern China has been completely unknown, which obstructs the development of transgenic breeding and the exploration of gene functions. In this study, the transgenic efficiencies of six japonica rice varieties developed in northern China are evaluated. The rates of primary and secondary callus induction of the varieties are similar. However, transgenic efficiency and the regeneration ability of the varieties are greatly different. The results have established a platform for transformation of the rice varieties and proposed a suitable variety, SN9816, for gene transfer. SN9816 can be applied as an elite germplasm for transgenic breeding and basic research of molecular biology in northern China or an area in the same latitude.

Objective: to investigate the species and breeding density of acaroid mites in stored fruit-derived Chinese medicinal materials in Anhui province. Methods: samples of stored fruit-derived Chinese medicinal materials were collected from 30 herb stores and storehouses in 17 Anhui cities, where the breeding acaroids mites were detected. Results: 20 species of acaroids mites were found in 33 samples, belonging to 15 genus, 5 families of the acaridae respectively, among which T. putrescentiae, A. farinae, C. lactis, and C. berlesei are predominant species. Conclusion: stored fruit-derived Chinese medicinal materials in Anhui areas suffer from serious acaroid mites pollution. Therefore, proactive measures should be taken to control acaroid mites from breeding in an effort to reduce the harm on medicinal materials.

Objetivo: investigar las especies y la densidad de reproducción de ácaros en productos medicinales chinos almacenados derivados de la fruta en la provincia de Anhui. Métodos: muestras de productos medicinales chinos almacenados derivados de la fruta fueron recogidos a partir de 30 herbolarios y almacenes en 17 ciudades de Anhui, donde se detectó la reproducción de ácaros. Resultados: se detectaron 20 especies de ácaros en 33 muestras, pertenecientes a 15 géneros, 5 familias de ácaros respectivamente, entre los cuales T. putrescentiae, A. farinae, C. lactis y C. berlesei son las especies predominantes. Conclusión: los productos medicinales chinos almacenados derivados de la fruta en la zona de Anhui sufren una grave contaminación por ácaros. Por lo tanto, se deben tomar medidas dinámicas para controlar la reproducción de ácaros en un esfuerzo por reducir los daños en los productos medicinales.