The present work studied the influence of annealing on a Ni-Ti alloy submitted to uniaxial compression. The stress-strain curve under compression showed the absence of the Stress-Induced-Martensite (SIM) plateau and 42% of remaining austenitic phase (B2). identified by the Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) technique on a Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM). Annealing at 150 ºC increased the volume fraction of austenite to 70%. Annealing at 200 ºC reduced the volume fraction of austenite to 33% and increased the classical Vickers hardness and the dynamic elastoplastic hardness. This increase suggests the presence of a phase with higher indentation resistance, which can be the R phase reported in the literature. Annealing at 250 ºC decreased the classical Vickers hardness and the dynamic elastoplastic hardness, probably due to recovery. Annealing at 300 ºC advanced the recovery process and promoted some recrystallization, as suggested by the large standard deviation observed in the hardness results.

Vesiculoviruses (VSV) are zoonotic viruses that cause vesicular stomatitis disease in cattle, horses and pigs, as well as sporadic human cases of acute febrile illness. Therefore, diagnosis of VSV infections by reliable laboratory techniques is important to allow a proper case management and implementation of strategies for the containment of virus spread. We show here a sensitive and reproducible real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection and quantification of VSV. The assay was evaluated with arthropods and serum samples obtained from horses, cattle and patients with acute febrile disease. The real-time RT-PCR amplified the Piry, Carajas, Alagoas and Indiana Vesiculovirus at a melting temperature 81.02 ± 0.8ºC, and the sensitivity of assay was estimated in 10 RNA copies/mL to the Piry Vesiculovirus. The viral genome has been detected in samples of horses and cattle, but not detected in human sera or arthropods. Thus, this assay allows a preliminary differential diagnosis of VSV infections.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The genus Flavivirus includes several pathogenic species that cause severe illness in humans. Therefore, a rapid and accurate molecular method for diagnosis and surveillance of these viruses would be of great importance. Here, we evaluate and optimize a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for the diagnosis of the Flavivirus genus. METHODS: We evaluated different commercial kits that use the SYBR Green system for real-time RT-PCR with a primer set that amplifies a fragment of the NS5 flavivirus gene. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were tested using twelve flaviviruses and ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcribed from the yellow fever virus. Additionally, this assay was evaluated using the sera of 410 patients from different regions of Brazil with acute febrile illness and a negative diagnosis for the dengue virus. RESULTS: The real-time RT-PCR amplified all flaviviruses tested at a melting temperature of 79.92 to 83.49°C. A detection limit of 100 copies per ml was determined for this assay. Surprisingly, we detected dengue virus in 4.1% (17/410) of samples from patients with febrile illness and a supposedly negative dengue infection diagnosis. The viral load in patients ranged from 2.1×107to 3.4×103copies per ml. CONCLUSIONS: The real-time RT-PCR method may be very useful for preliminary diagnoses in screenings, outbreaks, and other surveillance studies. Moreover, this assay can be easily applied to monitor viral activity and to measure viral load in pathogenesis studies.

RESUMOCrambe (Crambe abyssinica) has a cropping cycle of around 90 days, being suitable as an alternative to the second grain crop planted after soybean is harvested in the Center West region of Brazil. It is necessary to understand the growth and development dynamics of crambe plants in order to allow correct management of the production factors. This study aimed to describe the growth and development parameters of crambe plants under presence or absence of interspecific competition. The experiment was installed in the fall-winter 2011 in an Oxisoil, in completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised crambe plants growing either in presence or absence of interspecific simulated competition, throughout the cropping cycle. Plants were collected for the growth analysis every 15 days from harvest until 75 days after emergence. Growth parameters leaf area (AF), dry mass of stems/culms (MSC), leaves (MSF) and total (MST) dry mass, leaf area index (IAF), absolute (TCA) and relative (TCR) growth rates, net assimilation rate (TAL), specific leaf area (AFE), leaf area duration (DAF), leaf area ratio (RAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF) were determined for the crop plants, subjected or not to competition, as well as for the simulated competitor. Crambe is a low competitive crop, being the competition more severe until 60-70 days after emergence. Besides, crop performance under field conditions was properly described by the net assimilation rate (TAL), which is also affected by the leaf area duration (DAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF).

ABSTRACTCrambe (Crambe abyssinica) has a cropping cycle of around 90 days, being suitable as an alternative to the second grain crop planted after soybean is harvested in the Center West region of Brazil. It is necessary to understand the growth and development dynamics of crambe plants in order to allow correct management of the production factors. This study aimed to describe the growth and development parameters of crambe plants under presence or absence of interspecific competition. The experiment was installed in the fall-winter 2011 in an Oxisoil, in completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised crambe plants growing either in presence or absence of interspecific simulated competition, throughout the cropping cycle. Plants were collected for the growth analysis every 15 days from harvest until 75 days after emergence. Growth parameters leaf area (AF), dry mass of stems/culms (MSC), leaves (MSF) and total (MST) dry mass, leaf area index (IAF), absolute (TCA) and relative (TCR) growth rates, net assimilation rate (TAL), specific leaf area (AFE), leaf area duration (DAF), leaf area ratio (RAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF) were determined for the crop plants, submitted or not to competition, as well as for the simulated competitor. Crambe is a low competitive crop, being the competition more severe until 60-70 days after emergence. Besides, crop performance under field conditions was properly described by the net assimilation rate (TAL), which is also affected by the leaf area duration (DAF) and leaf mass ratio (RMF).

OBJETIVO: Este estudo retrospectivo avaliou a freqüência do uso da bacteriologia do escarro no manejo clínico de pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) em um hospital geral, e se a utilização deste método modificou a mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Os prontuários de pacientes internados no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, em Porto Alegre (RS) Brasil, para tratamento de PAC entre maio e novembro de 2004 foram revisados quanto aos seguintes aspectos: idade; sexo; gravidade da pneumonia (escore de Fine); presença de expectoração; bacteriologia do escarro; história de tratamento; resposta clínica; troca de tratamento; e mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 274 pacientes com PAC, sendo 134 do sexo masculino. Dentre os 274 pacientes, 79 (28,8%) apresentavam, de acordo com o escore de Fine, classe II; 45 (16,4%), classe III; 97 (35,4%), classe IV; e 53 (19,3%), classe V. Em 92 pacientes (33,6%), uma amostra de escarro foi colhida para exame bacteriológico. Obtivemos amostra válida em 37 casos (13,5%) e diagnóstico etiológico em 26 (9,5%), o que resultou em modificação do tratamento em apenas 9 casos (3,3%). A mortalidade geral foi 18,6%. Idade acima de 65 anos, a gravidade da PAC e a ausência de escarro associaram-se à maior mortalidade. A bacteriologia do escarro não influenciou o desfecho clínico, nem a taxa de mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: O exame do escarro foi uma ferramenta diagnóstica utilizada na minoria dos pacientes, e não trouxe benefício detectável no manejo clínico dos pacientes com PAC tratados em ambiente hospitalar.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of the use of sputum examination in the clinical management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a general hospital and to determine whether its use has an impact on mortality. METHODS: The medical records of CAP patients treated as inpatients between May and November of 2004 at the Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, located in Porto Alegre, Brazil, were reviewed regarding the following aspects: age; gender; severity of pneumonia (Fine score); presence of sputum; sputum bacteriology; treatment history; change in treatment; and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 274 CAP patients (134 males and 140 females) were evaluated. Using the Fine score to quantify severity, we classified 79 (28.8%) of those 274 patients as class II, 45 (16.4%) as class III, 97 (35.4%) as class IV, and 53 (19.3%) as class V. Sputum examination was carried out in 92 patients (33.6%). A valid sample was obtained in 37 cases (13.5%), and an etiological diagnosis was obtained in 26 (9.5%), resulting in a change of treatment in only 9 cases (3.3%). Overall mortality was 18.6%. Advanced age (above 65), CAP severity, and dry cough were associated with an increase in the mortality rate. Sputum examination did not alter any clinical outcome or have any influence on mortality. CONCLUSION: Sputum examination was used in a minority of patients and was not associated with any noticeable benefit in the clinical management of patients with CAP treated in a hospital setting.

Nurses use papain for the treatment of several types of wounds. However, evidences demonstrating its effect on the debridement of wounds and the stimulation of healing are necessary. The purpose of this literature review was to compile studies accomplished by Brazilian nurses or nursing students, found in the national literature and indexed in the databases LILACS, BDENF and DEDALUS, in order to ascertain the available evidences about the utilization of papain. Seven articles from 1987 to 2000 were analyzed. It has been verified a short nursing scientific production on the subject and the absence of studies showing strong evidences of the therapeutic effect of papain on wounds. There is a need of new experimental researches to effectively prove papain efficacy.

La papaína ha sido utilizada por el enfermero para el tratamiento de heridas. Sin embargo, se necesita de evidencias que demuestren su efecto en el desbridamiento y aceleración de la cicatrización. Esta investigación, por medio de revisión de literatura, tuvo como objetivo compilar estudios realizados por enfermeros brasileños o universitarios de enfermería en la literatura nacional e indexados en los Bancos de Datos de Enfermería, Bibliográficos de la Universidad de São Paulo y Literatura Latinoamericana en Ciencias de la Salud para averiguar las evidencias disponibles sobre la utilización de la papaína. Fueron analizados siete artículos de 1987 a 2000. Se constató reducida producción científica de enfermería y ausencia de estudios con fuerte evidencia del efecto terapéutico de la papaína en heridas, siendo necesarias más investigaciones con dibujos experimentales para la efectiva comprobación de su eficacia.

A papaína tem sido utilizada pelo enfermeiro para o tratamento de diversas feridas. No entanto, necessita-se de evidências que demonstrem seu efeito no desbridamento e aceleração da cicatrização. Esta investigação, por meio de revisão de literatura, teve como objetivo compilar estudos realizados por enfermeiros brasileiros ou graduandos de enfermagem na literatura nacional e indexados nos Bancos de Dados de Enfermagem, Bibliográficos da Universidade de São Paulo e Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde, para averiguar as evidências disponíveis sobre a utilização da papaína. Foram analisados sete artigos de 1987 a 2000. Constatou-se reduzida produção científica de enfermagem e ausência de estudos com forte evidência do efeito terapêutico da papaína em feridas, sendo necessárias mais pesquisas com desenhos experimentais para a efetiva comprovação de sua eificácia.