ABSTRACT African mahogany (Khaya grandifoliola) is a forest species with excellent wood quality. Due to the increasing demand for viable seeds in forest production programs, the storage capacity of this species must be evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the appropriate environmental and packaging conditions for the storage of African mahogany seeds. Initially, the water content of the seeds, germination rate, and seedling length were determined in two environments (cold chamber and laboratory), two packages (polyethylene and glass), and three storage periods (72, 144, and 216 d) as well as in additional treatment without storage. The variables analyzed during storage were water content, germination capacity, germination speed index, and seedling length. The experiment was conducted in a completely random design with four repetitions in a split-plot scheme and an additional treatment of 2 × 3 × 2 + 1. African mahogany seeds stored in a cold chamber (6 °C and 72% relative humidity) in a polyethylene packaging maintained their physiological quality for 216 d.

RESUMO O mogno africano (Khaya grandifoliola) é uma espécie florestal que apresenta excelente qualidade madeireira. Com a crescente demanda por sementes viáveis para atender programas de produção florestal, tem-se observado a necessidade de estudos sobre a capacidade de armazenamento dessa espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as condições adequadas de ambiente e embalagem para o armazenamento de sementes de mogno africano. Inicialmente, o grau de umidade das sementes; a germinação e o comprimento de plântulas foram determinados. Foram testados dois ambientes - câmara fria e laboratório; duas embalagens (polietileno e vidro); e três períodos de armazenamento (72, 144 e 216 dias). As variáveis analisadas no armazenamento foram: grau de umidade, porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e comprimento de plântulas. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições em parcelas subdivididas e tratamento adicional 2 × 3 × 2 + 1. As sementes de mogno africano armazenadas em ambiente de câmara fria (6 °C e 72% UR) em embalagem de polietileno mantiveram a qualidade fisiológica por 216 dias.

ABSTRACT Given the recalcitrant nature of peach palm seeds, which results in high sensitivity to desiccation, more effective approaches to seed quality monitoring are extremely important and justify the need to provide an efficient method to determine their moisture content. For seeds which are considered to be larger (thousand seed weight > 200 g), seed preparation is required, but it is impractical owing to endocarp hardness. The objective of this work was to compare methods of evaluating the moisture content of peach palm seeds, aiming to identify an straightforward method for the species. Different seed preparation and drying methods (oven method at 105 ± 3 °C, low temperature at 103 ± 2 °C, and high temperature at 130 ± 2 °C) were tested. For all methods tested, the beginning of weighing took place after the first hour, and continued until the mass of each repetition became constant for two consecutive measurements. The data were analyzed by nonlinear quadratic plateau regression to evaluate the stabilization period of water content. Thus, the oven method at 130 °C for four hours (with whole seeds) is recommended.

RESUMO O comportamento altamente recalcitrante das sementes de pupunheira justifica a adequação de um método eficiente para determinação do seu teor de água, uma vez que estas são sensíveis à dessecação. Visto que as sementes de pupunha são consideradas grandes (peso de mil sementes > 200 g) os métodos atuais de determinação do teor de água exigem preparo das sementes, o que é inviabilizado devido a resistência do endocarpo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar diferentes métodos de determinação do teor de água de sementes de pupunheira, visando identificar o mais eficiente para a espécie. Foram testadas diferentes formas de preparo da semente e métodos de secagem. Para todos os tratamentos testados, o início da pesagem ocorreu após a primeira hora, continuando até que a massa de cada repetição se tornasse constante por duas medidas consecutivas. Os dados foram analisados por uma regressão não linear quadrática em platô para avaliar o período de estabilização do teor de água. Assim, o método de estufa a 130 ºC durante quatro horas (com sementes inteiras) é recomendado.

Abstract Based on the premise that dealing with archives is a fertile and viable alternative for educational research, this article focuses on the book Disorderly Families, written by Michel Foucault and Arlette Farge, about a set of eighteenth century French royal letters/orders (lettres de cachet). Firstly, we focused the trajectories of both thinkers and the commonalities that culminated in that initiative. Thereafter, the empirical treatment of the study is detailed, with emphasis on the procedural and argumentative aspects of the analysis therein. Finally, we advocate for researching as a transfiguring encounter between the researcher and the unsuspected forces of the archive mobilized by him/her.

Resumo Baseado na premissa de que a lida com arquivos consiste em uma alternativa fecunda e viável para a pesquisa educacional, este artigo debruça-se sobreA desordem das famílias, obra de Michel Foucault e Arlette Farge em torno de um conjunto de cartas/ordens régias (lettres de cachet) do século XVIII francês. Primeiramente, são focalizadas as trajetórias de ambos os pensadores e os pontos comuns que culminaram naquela iniciativa. Em seguida, o tratamento empírico do estudo é pormenorizado, com ênfase nos aspectos procedimentais e argumentativos da análise ali realizada. Por fim, advoga-se em favor da pesquisa como um encontro transfigurador entre o/a pesquisador/a e as forças insuspeitas do arquivo mobilizado por ele/a.

ABSTRACT: The species Pinus taeda is largely used in intensive silviculture worldwide. This species has propagation through seeds, which requires determining seeds viability for their commercialization. The germination test recommended for this species usually requires up to 63 days to provide results on the quality of freshly harvested seeds, delaying commercialization and favoring contamination during the conduction of the test. The authors of this study aimed to establish the developmental stages of P. taeda seedlings to determine a criterion for interpreting the germination test with greater speed and efficiency to obtain results. The seeds were sown in transparent plastic boxes on two sheets of blotting paper and placed in a germinator at 22 °C with constant lighting. Five morphological stages of seedling development were defined with daily counts of the number of normal seedlings for each criterion, distribution in time, and the accumulated percentage of normal seedlings adjusted to time-to-event nonlinear regression. The new interpretation criterion proposed in this study is efficient, and P. taeda seedlings can be considered normal when cotyledon leaves differ by approximately 3 mm between the integument and hypocotyl, reducing the time to conduct the germination test by up to ten days compared to the criterion usually used in the routine analysis of seed laboratories.

Resumo: Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud. é uma espécie florestal nativa do Brasil, propagada naturalmente por sementes, cuja avaliação da qualidade pode estar sendo subestimada pela utilização de métodos não adequados para condução do teste de germinação. Diante do potencial de utilização desta planta e da importância de se conservar espécies nativas, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo definir as condições mais adequadas para condução do teste de germinação em sementes de louro-pardo, durante três anos consecutivos de avaliações. Para tanto, foram testados: temperaturas (20, 25 e 30 °C) e substratos (papel mata-borrão, papel filtro, areia e vermiculita) em sementes coletadas em diferentes safras. Os testes foram excecutados sob delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial (temperaturas x substratos), sendo os dados obtidos submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Foram determinados a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de germinação, além da análise de sanidade das sementes. Conclui-se que o teste de germinação para sementes de louro-pardo deve ser conduzido entre vermiculita, a 30 °C, sem fornecimento de luz, sendo a primeira contagem realizada aos 26 dias e a última aos 48 dias após a instalação do teste.

Abstract: Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud. is a forest species native to Brazil, naturally propagated by seeds, whose quality assessment may be underestimated by the use of inappropriate methods for conducting the germination test. Given the potential use of this plant and the importance of conserving native species, the present work aimed to study parameters for conducting the germination test in louro-pardo seeds, during three consecutive years of evaluations. For this purpose, temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C) and substrates (blotter paper, filter paper, sand and vermiculite) were tested in seeds collected in different crop seasons. The tests were carried out under a completely randomized experimental design, with four replications, in a factorial scheme for the germination test (temperatures x substrates), with the data obtained being subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05). Germination percentage and speed index were determined, and seed health analysis was performed. It is concluded that the germination test for louro-pardo seeds should be carried out between vermiculite, at 30 °C, without light supply, with the first count carried out at 26 days and the last count at 48 days after setting up the test.

Abstract Paper aims This work aims to develop a systematized approach for the reduction of medical appointment waiting lists, proposing an optimization decision-making model followed by continuous people engagement towards a systematic approach for waiting list problem-solving. Originality There are several studies related to waiting lists in healthcare contexts, however, the present study presents an innovative approach for waiting list problem-solving by proposing prescriptive decision-making models followed by continuous improvement and people engagement. Research method A research approach with the following phases was developed: system analysis, problem quantification, and development of an optimization model. After these phases, the model was applied, and the results were analysed, as contributions to a systematized model. Main findings The model was applied to the screening waiting list for orthopaedics appointments followed by the fundamental involvement of medical doctors, which made it possible to implement the optimal solution generated by the model, resulting in a reduction of 90% by 56 days in waiting time for the screening process. Implications for theory and practice This model contributes for theory and for practice as a way to deal with different scenarios for waiting list reduction in the upcoming days during and after the pandemic.

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus cloeziana is one of the highest-density wood species offering significant added value, frequently used in the construction and furniture industries. Despite its suitability, it may be overlooked on account of its propagation difficulties due either to its low rooting cutting capacity or to its seeds having a low germination rate perhaps attributable to the high proportion of indistinguishable impurities within the seed lots. This study aimed to develop an efficient technique for Eucalyptus cloeziana seed processing to increase the physical purity and, consequently, the physiological quality of the seed lot. Three seed lots, separated by size in sieves with 1.18, 1.00, and 0.84 mm square openings, were used. X-ray analyses were carried out, the number of normal seedlings and germination rate identified and the percentage and speed of seedling emergence under greenhouse conditions ascertained. The greenhouse evaluation showed that the seed retained in the 1.18 mm sieve presented viability and vigor twice that of the control. Therefore, the processing technique by size classification is efficient in terms of improving the physical and physiological performance of Eucalyptus cloeziana seed lots.

RESUMO: Para comercialização das sementes de Bactris gasipaes Kunth, é necessária a realização do teste de germinação, cuja metodologia já se encontra estabelecida e tem duração de 120 dias. Em função do comportamento recalcitrante, a semente possui curta longevidade no armazenamento, em geral 30 a 45 dias, o que dificulta a seleção de sementes viáveis para a comercialização. O trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer uma metodologia para condução do teste de tetrazólio em sementes de pupunha para obter resultados rápidos e que possam ser relacionados com o teste de germinação. Foram realizadas avaliações do teor de água, teste de germinação e teste de tetrazólio, considerando-se diferentes formas de pré-condicionamento, preparo e coloração, as áreas vitais da semente e estabelecendo as classes de viabilidade. O teste de tetrazólio, em função dos resultados obtidos para o lote estudado, forneceu resultados correlacionados ao teste de germinação mediante sua condução com pré-condicionamento por imersão em água (20 °C por 24 h), corte longitudinal adjacente ao embrião e imersão de metade da semente (embrião + endosperma) em solução a 1,0%, por 4 h a 30 °C. Assim, foi possível separar as sementes de pupunha em duas classes (viáveis e não viáveis).

ABSTRACT: Prior to commercialization, seeds of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) have to undergo the germination test, whose well-established methodology takes 120 days. Due to their recalcitrant behavior, the seeds have short longevity when stored (around 30-45 days), which makes it challenging to select the most viable ones for marketing. This study aimed to determine a methodology for the tetrazolium test to be carried out in peach palm seeds, in order to fast deliver results that can be correlated to the germination test. Different forms of pre-conditioning, preparation, and staining were investigated via moisture content, germination, and tetrazolium tests, so as to define the vital parts of the seed and sort out the viability classes. For the seed lot under study, the tetrazolium test delivered results supported by the germination test when the following procedures were adopted: pre-conditioning by water submersion (20 °C for 24 h), longitudinal cut adjacent to the embryo, and half-seed immersion (embryo + endosperm) in a 1.0% tetrazolium solution for 4 h at 30 °C. Having fulfilled these criteria, it became possible to separate the peach palm seeds into two classes (viable or non-viable).

Resumo: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (guanandi) é uma espécie nativa com potencial medicinal e também com expectativa para exploração comercial (madeira) e recuperação de áreas degradadas. As sementes apresentam dormência física e mecânica, exigindo técnicas para superação, e necessitam de conhecimento da morfologia de sementes e plântulas que subsidie as análises em laboratório e a propagação da espécie. O objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever as estruturas morfológicas de sementes e plântulas normais e anormais de guanandi, e também investigar se a completa extração do endocarpo e do tegumento, para superação de dormência, interfere na morfologia e no desenvolvimento inicial da planta e, consequentemente, na produção de mudas. Sementes de guanandi são grandes (peso de mil sementes de 1.480,9 g), envoltas em endocarpo rígido; cotilédones respondem pela maior parte do embrião e têm função de reserva; eixo embrionário é pequeno (1,0-2,0 mm) em relação à semente, porém diferenciado. As plântulas apresentam germinação hipógea criptocotiledonar, com pecíolos cotiledonares, raiz pivotante, epicótilo desenvolvendo em haste longa e ápice protegido por catafilos. As principais anormalidades observadas em plântulas são relacionadas ao sistema radicular. A extração do endocarpo e do tegumento não altera a morfologia da plântula e proporciona maior desenvolvimento, podendo ser uma estratégia vantajosa.

Abstract: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (guanandi) is a native species with medicinal potential and also generates expectation for commercial use (wood) and for recovery of degraded areas. These seeds have physical and mechanical dormancy, requiring techniques for dormancy release; knowledge of seed and seedling morphology that assists laboratory analysis and propagation of the species is also necessary. The objective of this study was to describe the morphological structures of the seeds and normal and abnormal seedlings of guanandi, and also investigate if complete extraction of the endocarp and the seed coat to overcome dormancy will affect the morphology and initial plant development, and consequently production of transplants. Guanandi seeds are large (1000 seed weight of 1480.9 g) with a hard seed coat; cotyledons account for most of the embryo and serve as a reserve; the embryonic axis is small (1.0-2.0 mm) in relation to the seed, yet it is differentiated. The seedlings have hypogeal cryptocotylar germination, with cotyledonary petioles, taproot, and epicotyl developing into a long stem and a tip protected by cataphylls. The main abnormalities in seedlings are related to the root system. Extraction of the endocarp and seed coat does not alter the morphology of seedlings and promotes their greater development, which may be an advantageous strategy.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar métodos de preparo e coloração usados no teste de tetrazólio para sementes de Pinus taeda, com definição de classes de viabilidade. Foram realizados os procedimentos descritos nas regras para análise de sementes no Brasil e na Association of Official Seed Analysts, além de um método alternativo para o teste de tetrazólio. Para cada procedimento, foram utilizadas diferentes combinações de cortes da semente, concentrações do sal de tetrazólio e tempo de exposição. O teste conduzido com o procedimento alternativo (corte longitudinal adjacente ao embrião e coloração somente da metade que contém o embrião) apresenta a maior praticidade. Os resultados obtidos permitiram classificar as sementes em duas classes de viabilidade (viável e não viável), e 0,2% de sal de tetrazólio por 4 horas é a combinação mais eficiente.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate preparation and staining methods used in the tetrazolium test for Pinus taeda seeds, with the definition of viability classes. The procedures carried out were those described in the rules for seed testing in Brazil and Association of Official Seed Analysts, as well as an alternative method for the tetrazolium test. For each procedure, different combinations of types of seed cuts, concentrations of tetrazolium salt, and exposure periods were used. The test conducted with the alternative procedure (longitudinal cut adjacent to the embryo and staining of only the half with the embryo) is the most practical. The obtained results allowed classifying seeds into two different viability classes (viable and nonviable), and 0.2% tetrazolium salt for 4 hours is the most effective combination.

RESUMO Modelos Lineares Generalizados (GLM) são uma extensão do modelo linear e englobam às distribuições normal, Poisson e binomial negativa. Apesar de terem sido introduzidos em 1972, na maioria dos estudos em tecnologia de sementes, especialmente naqueles que envolvem dados de contagem, como o teste de germinação em sementes do gênero Eucalyptus, ainda predomina a Análise de Variância, sem análise do ajuste de outros modelos. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o modelo mais adequado, na classe dos GLM, para dados de contagem de sementes de Eucalyptus cloeziana. Os dados foram obtidos a partir da realização de teste de germinação, utilizando-se sementes de três lotes de Eucalyptus cloeziana, sendo que cada lote foi separado por meio de peneiras em três frações de material, com base no seu tamanho: pequeno (<0,84 mm), médio (entre 1,18 e 1,00 mm) e grande (>1,18 mm). A análise dos dados foi fundamentada na utilização dos GLM ajustados à distribuição normal, Poisson e binomial negativa, analisando-se ajuste pelos critérios de Akaike e Bayesiano de Schwarz, pelos gráficos de diagnóstico da distância de Cook, Half-normal. O ajuste de distribuição normal diferiu na configuração de médias submetidas ao teste de Tukey em relação aos outros ajustes e, apesar dos dados atenderem todos os pressupostos de normalidade, pode-se concluir que o ajuste com a distribuição de Poisson foi o que mais se adequou aos dados de contagem do teste de germinação de sementes de E. cloeziana.

ABSTRACT Generalized linear models (GLMs) are an extension of the linear model and include the normal, Poisson, and negative binomial distributions. Although GLMs were introduced in 1972, most seed technology studies, especially those involving count data, such as germination tests of seeds from the genus Eucalyptus, still using the analysis of variance, without analysis of the fit of other models. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the most appropriate model in the GLM class for seed count data of Eucalyptus cloeziana. Data were obtained from a germination test using seeds from three lots of E. cloeziana. Each lot was separated by sieving into three material fractions based on size: small (<0.84 mm), medium (from 1.18 to 1.00 mm), and large (>1.18 mm). The data analysis was based on the use of GLMs adjusted to normal, Poisson, and negative binomial distributions, and the models were evaluated by the Akaike and Bayesian Schwartz criteria and Cook’s distance and half-normal diagnostic graphs. Compared to other adjustments, the normal distribution adjustment differed in the configuration of means submitted to the Tukey test, and although the data met all normality assumptions, the adjustment with the Poisson distribution was the most suitable for the count data from a germination test of E. cloeziana seeds.

ABSTRACT. The objective was to study the processing of Vernonanthura discolor seeds, evaluating their physical and physiological qualities and defining parameters for purity analysis and determine the weight of one thousand seeds. The seeds extracted from the infructescences were processed in a blower, testing combinations of openings of the calibration valve and the side air passage. After processing, the seeds went through water content determination, germination tests, first count of the germination test, purity analysis, weight of one thousand seeds and percentage of full seeds. Compared to the control, seeds processed in a regulated blower with the calibrator valve in position 10 plus three 360° turns of side air passage obtained an approximately three-fold increase in germination and vigour and had 96% purity. We conclude that the processing of V. discolor seeds was best done by combining the rubbing of the seeds on circular sieves (1.8 and 1.6 mm in diameter) and then passage in an adjusted seed blower (calibration valve in position 10 plus three 360° turns of side air passage). The weight of one thousand seeds is 0.500 g, and the working sample for purity analysis must be 1.3 g.

Abstract The objective of this work was to study the inheritance of soybean resistance to Soybean Steam Necrosis (SSN) and to map the resistance gene(s), using an F2 population from the cross between the soybean cultivars BRS 133 (resistant) and CD 206 (susceptible). A phenotypic evaluation was performed under controlled conditions, in a greenhouse. In a population of 114 F2 plants, 92 were resistant, and 22 were susceptible. The result is compatible with the inheritance of one dominant gene (χ2=1.98, P = 15.97%). Analysis of F1 and backcross populations confirmed the inheritance of one dominant gene. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) was used as the mapping strategy. The resistance gene was mapped on chromosome 18 of the soybean genome, between markers Sat_308 and Satt303. This dominant gene is located on the same chromosome where the recessive SSN resistance gene rbc1 was mapped, at 8cM distance, and was named Rbc2.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a relação das características morfológicas e fisiológicas do fruto e da semente de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense) com a maturação e o ponto de coleta das sementes. O ciclo reprodutivo de uma população de plantas nativas, localizada no litoral do Estado do Paraná, foi monitorado da antese até a dispersão dos frutos, durante três anos. Realizaram-se coletas mensais, tendo-se avaliado aspectos morfológicos e físicos (cor, tamanho, massa de matéria seca e teor de água) dos frutos e dos embriões, bem como os fisiológicos (germinação e vigor) das sementes. O processo de maturação das sementes de guanandi ocorreu entre 200 e 240 dias após antese (DAA), com pico da antese em fevereiro e dispersão dos frutos em outubro. O máximo acúmulo de massa de matéria seca não esteve sincronizado com o máximo potencial fisiológico das sementes. O potencial germinativo foi atingido próximo à metade do processo de maturação, e o máximo vigor no final do ciclo. Não houve mudanças na coloração externa dos frutos a partir de 110 DAA. As características morfológicas relacionadas ao ponto de coleta são a fraca adesão da polpa do fruto e do embrião ao endocarpo e ao tegumento, respectivamente, além da coloração marrom-escura desses tecidos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the relationship of the morphological and physiological characteristics of guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense) fruit and seeds with ripening and harvesting time. The reproductive cycle of a native plant population, located in the coast of the state of Paraná, Brazil, was monitored from anthesis until fruit dispersion, during three years. Monthly harvests were performed, and the morphological and physical aspects (color, size, dry mass, and moisture content) of fruit and embryos were evaluated, as well as the physiological ones (germination and vigor) of seeds. The ripening process of guanandi seeds occurred between 200 and 240 days after anthesis (DAA), with anthesis peak in February and fruit dispersion in October. The maximum dry matter mass accumulation was not synchronized with the maximum physiological potential of the seeds. Germination potential was reached close to the middle of the maturation process, and maximum vigor at the end of the cycle. Fruit external color did not change from 110 DAA onwards. The morphological characteristics related to harvesting time are fruit pulp and embryo weakly adherent to the endocarp and to the tegument, respectively, as well as the dark-brown color of these tissues.

RESUMO: A fusariose é uma das principais doenças da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.var gasipaes Henderson). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar métodos de inoculação e a agressividade de isolados de cinco espécies de Fusarium à pupunheira. Demonstrou-se que Fusarium proliferatum pode infectar folhas, caule e raízes de pupunheira. Verificou-se que as espécies F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC), F. verticillioides, F. solani species complex (FSSC) e Gibberella. fujikuroi species complex (GFSC) são patogênicas à pupunheira e, que o uso da quirera colonizada por Fusarium para inoculação de raízes foi efetivo e reduziu o nível de injúrias às plantas.

ABSTRACT: Fusarium wilt is a major disease which affects peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.var gasipaes Henderson). This study aimed to evaluate inoculation methods and aggressiveness of isolates of five Fusarium species on peach palm. Fusarium proliferatum can infect the leaves, stem, and roots of peach palm. F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC), F. verticillioides, F. solani species complex (FSSC), and Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFSC) are pathogenic to peach palm. The use of Fusarium-colonized ground corn for root inoculation was effective and reduced the level of damage to plants.