ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with the lifestyle profile of public basic education teachers in Minas Gerais during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Epidemiological websurvey carried out with public basic education teachers in Minas Gerais. Data collection took place from August to September2020 via digital form. Anthropometric, sociodemographic, work, and lifestyle characteristics were evaluated. Poisson Regression was used. Results: 15,641 teachers participated and 31.1% had inadequate health habits. There was a higher prevalence among men (PR=1.38; 95%CI:1.31;1.45), older age (PR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.07;1.34), greater weekly workload (RP=1.10; 95%CI:1.03;1.17) and those dissatisfied with work (RP=1.21; 95%CI:1.15;1.27). As a protective factor, professors with longer teaching experience (RP=0.92; 95%CI:0.87;0.98) and those hired or appointed (PR=0.89; 95%CI:0.85) ;0.94). Conclusion: Lifestyle inadequacy was found among older male teachers, with longer working hours and job dissatisfaction.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al perfil de estilo de vida de los docentes de educación básica pública de Minas Gerais durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Encuesta epidemiológica de tipo websurvey realizada con profesores de educación básica pública en Minas Gerais. La recolección de datos ocurrió de agosto a septiembre2020 a través de formulario digital. Se evaluaron características antropométricas, sociodemográficas, laborales y de estilo de vida. Se utilizó la Regresión de Poisson. Resultados: Participaron 15.641 docentes y el 31,1% presentaba hábitos de salud inadecuados. Hubo mayor prevalencia en hombres (RP=1,38; IC 95%: 1,31; 1,45), mayor edad (RP=1,20; IC 95%: 1,07; 1,34), mayor carga de trabajo semanal (RP=1,10; IC 95%: 1,03). ;1,17) y los insatisfechos con el trabajo (RP=1,21; IC95%:1,15;1,27). Como factor protector, profesores con mayor experiencia docente (RP=0,92; IC95%:0,87;0,98) y contratados o nombrados (RP=0,89; IC95%:0,85;0,94). Conclusión: Se encontró inadecuación en el estilo de vida entre los maestros hombres y mayores, con jornadas laborales más largas e insatisfacción laboral.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados ao perfil do estilo de vida dos professores da educação básica pública de Minas Gerais na pandemia da COVID-19. Método: Inquérito epidemiológico websurvey realizado com professores da educação básica pública de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados ocorreu de agosto a setembro/2020 via formulário digital. Foram avaliadas as características antropométricas, sociodemográficas, laborais e estilo de vida. Utilizou-se a Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Participaram 15.641 professores e 31,1% apresentaram hábitos inadequados de saúde. Houve maior prevalência entre homens (RP=1,38; IC95%:1,31;1,45), maior idade (RP=1,20; IC95%: 1,07;1,34), maior carga semanal de trabalho (RP=1,10; IC95%:1,03;1,17) e os insatisfeitos com o trabalho (RP=1,21; IC95%:1,15;1,27). Como fator de proteção encontraram-se os professores com mais tempo de trabalho docente (RP=0,92; IC95%:0,87;0,98) e contratados ou designados (RP=0,89; IC95%:0,85;0,94). Conclusão: Verificou-se inadequação do estilo de vida entre os professores homens mais velhos, com maior jornada laboral e insatisfação com o trabalho.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze caries experience depending on periodontitis affection concomitant or not with cardiovascular risks or mental health issues with the hypothesis that worse accumulated caries experience is not necessarily the result of the presence of concomitant overall health issues. Material and Methods: All subjects of this cross-sectional study were participants of the Dental Registry and DNA Repository project. Variables age, ethnicity, sex, caries experience, periodontitis and mental disease statuses and blood pressure assessment, dental clinical data (DMFT, DMFS and periodontitis) were evaluated and collected from the clinical records. We used chi-square, Fisher's exact, or Student's t-tests to determine differences in frequencies of sex, age, ethnicity, and dental clinical data depending on caries experience, periodontitis, mental health status, and cardiovascular risks. The established alpha was 5%. Results: Of the total 1,437 subjects included in this study, 407 were individuals with high blood pressure and 1,030 were individuals without high blood pressure. Also, 558 were individuals with mental disease and 879 were individuals without mental disease. High blood pressure patients were mostly men (47.17%) and women were the majority when analyzing patients with mental illness (60.04%). Most of the patients in the different groups were white, with a mean age ranging from 15.4 to 88 years. Conclusion: We concluded that caries experience concomitant or not with periodontitis affection does not associate with high blood pressure and mental disease.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the association between environmental factors during pregnancy and early childhood with the presence and severity of Molar Incisor Hipomineralization (MIH). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 120 patients between 7 and 14 years of age. MIH was evaluated according to EAPD criteria. Data collected included the child’s medical history and the mother’s health. Chi-square and logistic regression were performed to determine any statistical evidence of the environmental factors, with the significance level set at 5%. Results: The participants were divided into groups with MIH (n=60) and without MIH (n=60), with average ages of 9.9 (±1.9) and 9.7 (±1.7) years, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between intercurrences during pregnancy (OR=3.55; IC95%=1.35-10.57) and medication taken by the child (OR=3.01; IC95%=1.74-8.42) and the presence of MIH. In addition, other variables were also associated with the MIH (p≤0.05). However, there was no association with variables and degree of MIH severity (p>0.05). Conclusion: The use of medications in childhood and complications during pregnancy can be association to the presence of MIH. However, these factors do not interaction to MIH severity.

Resumo A homeostasia entre cálcio e fósforo salivares é importante para a manutenção da saúde bucal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se polimorfismos genéticos no receptor de estrógeno alfa (ESR1), receptor de estrógeno beta (ESR2) e no microRNA17 (microRNA17) estão associados com os níveis salivares de cálcio e fósforo. Saliva de 276 crianças com 12 anos de idade foi coletada com estímulo mastigatório e os níveis de cálcio e fósforo foram determinados por Espectrofotometria de Massa. O DNA genômico foi extraído da saliva remanescente e os polimorfismos genéticos em ESR1 (rs12154178, rs1884051, rs9340799 e rs2234693), em ESR2 (rs4986938 e rs1256049) e no miRNA17 (rs4284505) foram genotipados pela reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real utilizando sondas TaqMan. As diferenças estatísticas nas distribuições alélicas e genotípicas entre “baixo” e “alto” níveis de cálcio e fósforo foram determinadas usando os testes qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher. As análises foram ajustadas por sexo (alfa de 5%). O polimorfismo rs9340799 em ESR1 foi o genótipo menos comum associado com altos níveis de cálcio (p=0,03). O alelo menos comum em ESR1 rs1884051 foi associado com baixos níveis de fósforo (p=0,005) e houve um excesso de heterozigotos para miRNA17 rs4284505 entre os indivíduos com baixos níveis de cálcio salivar (p=0,002), ambos ajustados pelo sexo. Este estudo fornece evidências de que polimorfismos genéticos em ESR1 e miRNA17 estão envolvidos na determinação dos níveis de cálcio e fósforo salivares.

Abstract Homeostasis between salivary calcium and phosphorus is important for maintaining oral health. The aim of this study was to evaluate if polymorphisms in ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor Alpha), ESR2 (Estrogen Receptor Beta) and miRNA17 (microRNA17) are associated with calcium and phosphorus levels in saliva. Saliva from 276 12-year-old children were collected by masticatory stimulation and calcium and phosphorus levels were determined by Mass Spectrometry. Genomic DNA was extracted from remaining saliva and genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 (rs12154178, rs1884051, rs9340799 and rs2234693), in ESR2 (rs4986938 and rs1256049) and in miRNA17 (rs4284505) were genotyped using TaqMan chemistry and a real-time PCR equipment. Statistical differences in genotype and allele distributions between ‘low’ and ‘high’ calcium and phosphorus levels were determined using chi-square or Fisher´s exact tests. The analysis was also adjusted by sex (alpha of 5%). ESR1 rs9340799 had the less common genotype associated with higher calcium levels (p=0.03). The less common allele of ESR1 rs1884051 was associated with lower phosphorus levels (p=0.005) and there was an excess of heterozygotes for miRNA17 rs4284505 among individuals with lower calcium levels (p=0.002), both adjusted by sex. This study provides evidence that genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 and miRNA17 are involved in determining salivary calcium and phosphorus levels.

Aim: To describe the management of dental education in three dental schools during the COVID-19 crisis. Methods: Adopted strategies in the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Brazil, University of Pittsburgh (UP), USA, and Griffith University (GU), Australia were detailed. Results: In the UFPB, all on-site teaching was suspended, and resources for distance learning set up as a supplementary semester to be available as face to face classes later. A protocol for clinical care followed safety measures recommended by Brazilian official health institutions. The adequacy of the physical structure, human resources, and personal protective equipment (PPE) acquisition for the return to clinical activities are currently under discussion. In the UP, learning activities were shifted to virtual teaching using lecture recordings and live sections. All elective patients care was postponed. Urgent dental cases were discussed via teledentistry. The physical layout of the dental clinics and pre-clinical laboratories were changed, allowing a safe distance between students. In the GU, all clinical and pre-clinical activities were cancelled, and theoretical activities were maintained online for all students. Several clinically based scenarios where created and delivered in the format of online problem-based learning. The reception area was redesigned, ensuring social distancing. Safety measures follow the Australia Dental Association. Conclusions: Dealing with dental education depends on the stage of the epidemic and the characteristics of each country.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on acetylated cashew gun (aCG) nanoparticles parameters and to assess their antimicrobial activity. C1 nanoparticles presented smaller size (81.3 nm) than compared to C2 (115.7 nm). Although, acetone formed particles with lower PDI value. Both C1 and C2 presented negative zeta potential (-39.8 and -31.7 respectively). Particle tracking analysis showed that C1 was slightly more concentrated than C2. No statistical differences (p < 0.05) between the same samples after 5 months were found. Both samples did not exert inhibitory effect on E. coli, on the contrary S. aureus, in which both C1 (36.9%) and C2 (19.9%) provided important inhibitory effect. C1 presented a more pronounced antifungal effect (81.2%), compared to C2 (18.8%), indicating a promising platform to be used in several biomedical application.

Abstract This study was performed to evaluate the interplay between dental caries, nutritional status, and genetic polymorphisms in TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 (taste receptor, type 1, member 1 and 2) in preschool children and pre-adolescents. We included 525 subjects (306 preschool children and 219 pre-adolescents). Parents/caregivers answered a self-administered questionnaire about their children’s systemic health, characteristics, oral hygiene habits, and diet. Clinical examination was performed to evaluate dental caries and nutritional status. Saliva samples were collected for DNA extraction. The genotyping of rs17492553 ( TAS1R1 ), rs3935570, and rs4920566 ( TAS1R2 ) polymorphisms was performed using real-time PCR with Taqman Genotyping Master Mix and SNP assay. Both univariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses with robust variance were used for the data analysis. In preschool children, consumption of sweets between meals increased the prevalence of dental caries by 85% (PR c = 1.85; 95%CI 1.39–2.46; p < 0.001), whereas in pre-adolescents, this prevalence increased by 34% (PR a = 1.34; 95%CI 1.11–1.62; p = 0.002), regardless of genetic polymorphisms . Moreover, individuals carrying at least one allele C in rs17492553 presented 23% more prevalence of dental caries (PR a = 1.23; 95%CI 1.02–1.49 p = 0.030). Nutritional status was not associated with dental caries, neither with genetic polymorphisms . Consumption of sweets between meals increased the prevalence of dental caries. In pre-adolescents, rs17492553 genetic polymorphism in TAS1R1 was associated with dental caries.

Abstract The study of dental development in individuals born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) serves to determine when orthodontic intervention should start. Objective To evaluate the permanent second molar development in children born with cleft lip and palate according to Demirjian’s and Nolla’s methods. Methodology Out of a total of 513 digital panoramic radiographs, 113 pairs of children aged 3 to 16 years were selected. The exams were from children born with or without cleft lip and palate, of the same sex, with an age difference of up to 30 days. The images were analyzed by three examiners and reliability was checked through intra-examiner agreement by the Kappa test. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon's and Mann-Whitney tests according to each dataset. Results The findings indicated delayed development of the permanent second molars in children with CLP (P<0.001). The development of the right permanent second molar was delayed compared to the left molar in children with CLP. Moreover, mandibular teeth showed significantly earlier development than maxillary teeth in both the case and control groups. There was no significant difference in the development of permanent second molars between sexes. Conclusion Children with CLP presented delay in the development of permanent second molars.

Abstract Objective: To describe and compare how three dental schools from different countries (Australia, Brazil, and the USA) have managed experiences in dental education during the COVID-19 crisis. Material and Methods: It is a descriptive study reporting the experience that three distinct dental schools faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. They represent countries that adopted different measures to tackle the pandemic and were undergoing different stages of the disease. Results: After the WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal University of Paraíba suspended all on-site teaching, research, and service activities. For the return to teaching activities, the use of information and communications technology resources for distance learning was recommended. At the School of Dental Medicine (University of Pittsburgh), all research activities were suspended or, otherwise, could not be interrupted because of the employment of unique materials or supplies. When the pandemic started, Australia was one of the first countries to introduce strong regulations related to social distancing, travel restrictions, testing and tracking of infected patients. As such, the universities started to be closed from mid-March, cancelling all clinical and pre-clinical activities, maintaining online theoretical activities, such as seminars, lectures, and journal clubs. Conclusion: Numerous and critical difficulties have arisen as a result of the pandemic for individuals, communities and institutions that will have long-lasting effects. Our students face disruption to their education and career; our professional colleagues will be challenged rebuilding their practices, while staff at all Dental Schools are experiencing various hardships.

Abstract Objective: To determine if there are differences in protein profiles in saliva depending if children of caries-free versus caries affected. Material and Methods: A cohort of 91 children with ages between 6 and 19 years, along clinical status of caries experience. Protein profiles in saliva were determined using electrophoresis and the calculation of the percentage of a specific band at a specific molecular weight in relationship to the total protein in that sample (% of total) using molecular weight standards. This quantification was repeated for each protein band across a range of molecular weights for each sample. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and Student t-tests were used to compare the distributions between caries-free and caries affected children (α=0.05). Results: Histatin was more likely to be non-detectable or reduced in caries-free children (OR=7.56; 95% CI 1.62-35.13) and these children had on average one less gel band detected by the assay we used. Conclusion: We have found differences in proteins between caries affected and caries-free children, suggesting that this line of investigation holds the promise of providing new tools for caries management.

Abstract Objective: To determine if protein profiles identified in saliva could be used to determine risk and severity of erosive tooth wear. Material and Methods: Three types of saliva sampling were performed to obtain saliva from 34 18-year old individuals that received regular dental check-ups, along with clinical status of the dentition and risk factor related to erosive tooth wear using the VEDE scale. Protein profiles in saliva were determined using electrophoresis and the calculation of the percentage of a specific band at a specific molecular weight in relationship to the total protein in that sample (% of total) using molecular weight standards. This quantification was repeated for each protein band across a range of molecular weights for each sample to test for association with erosive tooth wear status. Results: There were no differences in the number of detectable proteins sourced from the parotid gland, nor the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva. Five out of the 34 individuals had no signs of erosive tooth wear despite an acidic diet and were more likely to have proteins with molecular weight smaller than 1 KDa (p=0.03). Conclusion: There is potential for the use of protein profiling to determine risks for erosive tooth wear.

Abstract Objective: To define the prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in Brazil since the reports ranged from 2.5% to 40.2%. Material and Methods: We studied 407 children from 7 to 14 years of age. MIH was measured using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry criteria of 2003. Clinical data were collected by a calibrated dentist (Kappa=0.88) and included affected teeth and degree of MIH severity (mild/severe). Mild MIH cases were considered when the tooth presented demarcated opacity ≥ 1.0mm, without any loss of structure. While severe cases were defined by teeth in which loss of structure was present, or past or current lesion that required treatment, or presence of atypical restorations. In addition, published data (nine studies) reporting MIH in Brazilians were identified, and the heterogeneity of these studies was tested (I2 index/ p≤0.01). Results: In the original sample studied, the majority of patients were males (55.3%; n = 225), with an average age of 10.1 years (± 2.1 years). The prevalence of MIH in this group was 14.5% (59 affected in 407), and most of the affected teeth had a mild degree of alteration (77.4% or 202 in 261 teeth). Conclusion: A meta-analysis including nine published reports, and our original data showed that MIH prevalence in Brazil is 13.48 (95% CI, 8.66% -18.31%).

Resumo Introdução: a genética tem sido proposta como uma explicação para a ocorrência das más oclusões, mas isso é questionável, pois a percepção do significado de herança genética está vinculada à herança mendeliana ou monogênica. Objetivo: o presente artigo visa discorrer sobre a herança das más oclusões e ressaltar as áreas do conhecimento nas quais a pesquisa tem explorado mecanismos que explicam a ocorrência de desvios do padrão de crescimento facial. Conclusão: as más oclusões têm um padrão de herança complexo ou multifatorial, no qual mais de um gene está envolvido no desenvolvimento do fenótipo. Isso quer dizer que existe, também, uma potencial influência do ambiente nas más oclusões.

Abstract Introduction: Genetics has been suggested as an explanation for the etiology of malocclusions, although some questions, due to the perception that genetic inheritance is tied to a monogenic or Mendelian form of inheritance. Objective: This paper describes the inheritance of malocclusions, highlighting the areas of knowledge where research has explored mechanisms that explain deviations in patterns of craniofacial growth. Conclusion: Malocclusions have a complex or multifactorial pattern of inheritance, where more than one gene is involved in the development of the phenotype. There is also the possibility that the environment influences malocclusions.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the association between hypoxia during embryo development and oral clefts in an animal model, and to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in the HIF-1A gene with oral clefts in human families. Material and Methods The study with the animal model used zebrafish embryos at 8 hours post-fertilization submitted to 30% and 50% hypoxia for 24 hours. At 5 days post-fertilization, the larvae were fixed. The cartilage structures were stained to evaluate craniofacial phenotypes. The family-based association study included 148 Brazilian nuclear families with oral clefts. The association between the genetic polymorphisms rs2301113 and rs2057482 in HIF-1A with oral clefts was tested. We used real time PCR genotyping approach. ANOVA with Tukey's post-test was used to compare means. The transmission/disequilibrium test was used to analyze the distortion of the inheritance of alleles from parents to their affected offspring. Results For the hypoxic animal model, the anterior portion of the ethmoid plate presented a gap in the anterior edge, forming a cleft. The hypoxia level was associated with the severity of the phenotype (p<0.0001). For the families, there was no under-transmitted allele among the affected progeny (p>0.05). Conclusion Hypoxia is involved in the oral cleft etiology, however, polymorphisms in HIF-1A are not associated with oral clefts in humans.