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RESUMO. O tratamento antirretroviral tem aumentado significativamente a sobrevida de pacientes contaminados pelo HIV-1. Entretanto, com o aumento da sobrevida, observam-se frequentemente alterações cognitivas associadas ao HIV nessa população. As manifestações clínicas das alterações do HIV podem variar em decorrência de diversos aspectos, entre eles a via de transmissão do vírus. Diversos estudos têm apontado alterações neurológicas prematuras em pacientes contaminados por via vertical, enquanto a manifestação de danos cognitivos em adultos pode levar um tempo maior. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência das alterações cognitivas em pacientes com HIV via transmissão vertical após a era da terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa e o desempenho cognitivo desses pacientes comparado ao de um grupo de pacientes contaminados por via sexual. Métodos: Foram avaliados 48 pacientes, sendo 25 com transmissão vertical e 23 com transmissão sexual no período entre maio de 2013 e fevereiro de 2015, no Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas. Foram aplicados testes neuropsicológicos para avaliar o desempenho cognitivo, escalas para avaliar sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e questionário sociodemográfico. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que a frequência de comprometimento cognitivo em pacientes contaminados via transmissão vertical foi maior do que naqueles contaminados via transmissão sexual. Conclusões: Essas descobertas sugerem que os efeitos deletérios do vírus HIV na formação do sistema nervoso central repercutem de forma mais acentuada do que em pacientes que o adquiriram após a vida adulta.

ABSTRACT. Antiretroviral treatment has significantly increased the survival of patients infected with HIV-1. However, with increased survival, cognitive changes associated with HIV are frequently observed in this population. The clinical manifestations of HIV changes can vary as a result of several aspects, including the virus transmission route. Several studies have pointed out premature neurological changes in vertically infected patients, while the manifestation of cognitive damage in adults may take a longer time. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of cognitive changes in patients with HIV via vertical transmission after the highly active antiretroviral therapy and the cognitive performance of these patients compared to a group of sexually infected patients. Methods: A total of 48 patients were evaluated, 25 with vertical transmission and 23 with sexual transmission, between May 2013 and February 2015 at the Institute of infectology Emilio Ribas. Neuropsychological tests were applied to assess cognitive performance, scales to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression, and sociodemographic questionnaire. Results: The results demonstrate that the frequency of cognitive impairment in vertically transmitted patients was higher than in sexually transmitted patients. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the deleterious effects of the HIV virus on the development of the central nervous system reverberate more strongly than in patients who acquire it after adulthood.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2021-0023

Increasing awareness of human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 infection: a serious, invisible, and neglected health problem in Brazil
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Puccioni-Sohler, Marzia

; Grassi, Maria Fernanda Rios

; Galvão-Castro, Bernardo

; Caterino, Adele

; Proietti, Anna Bárbara de Freitas Carneiro

; Vicente, Ana Carolina Paulo

; Galvão-Castro, Ana Verena

; Vallinoto, Antonio Carlos

; Paiva, Arthur

; Penalva, Augusto

; Rosadas, Carolina

; Miyashiro, Denis

; Barbosa, Edel Figueiredo

; Carvalho, Edgar Marcelino de

; Batista, Everton da Silva

; Smid, Jerusa

; Casseb, Jorge

; Vidal, Jose

; Sousa, Maisa Silva

; Viana, Maria Graça de Castro

; Bastos, Michele de Souza

; Lírio, Monique

; Boa-Sorte, Ney

; Ferreira Jr, Orlando C.

; Takayanagui, Osvaldo

; Moura, Patrícia

; Rocco, Regina

; Cunha, Rodrigo Guimaraes

; Haddad, Simone Kashima

; Assone, Tatiane

; Araújo, Thessika Hialla Almeida

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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2019, Volume 52 elocation e20190343

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0343-2019 953 downloads

Chronic skull osteomyelitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans: first case report in an HIV-infected patient
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Adiwardana, Natanael Sutikno

; Morás, Juliana de Angelo

; Bernardo, Leandro Lombo

; Klautau, Giselle Burlamaqui

; Queiroz, Wladimir

; Vidal, Jose Ernesto

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Nov 2018, Volume 22 Nº 6 Páginas 499 - 502

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Osteomyelitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans are described in mostly 10% of patients with disseminated cryptococcosis, being direct inoculation even more uncommon. We report the case of an HIV-infected patient with history of recurring itching on his scalp and repetitive local trauma. For eighteen months, he noticed a painful and slow growing lump on his scalp. He was submitted to an excisional biopsy of the lesion but no etiological diagnosis was identified. After this procedure, the post-surgical wound never completely healed. At admission, the patient presented nausea and headache for three days and an open orifice into his skull. Investigations confirmed meningitis and skull osteomyelitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. He was treated with bone debridement and combined systemic antifungals, showing good clinical and laboratorial outcome. Cryptococcal disease should be included in the differential diagnoses of chronic osteomyelitis in HIV-infected patients and trauma is a possible source of infection.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2018.11.004 997 downloads

Molecular diagnosis of symptomatic toxoplasmosis: a 9-year retrospective and prospective study in a referral laboratory in São Paulo, Brazil
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Camilo, Lilian Muniz

; Pereira-Chioccola, Vera Lucia

; Gava, Ricardo

; Meira-Strejevitch, Cristina da Silva

; Vidal, Jose Ernesto

; Mattos, Cinara Cássia Brandão de

; Frederico, Fábio Batista

; De Mattos, Luiz Carlos

; Spegiorin, Lígia Cosentino Junqueira Franco

; Murata, Fernando Henrique Antunes

; Ferreira, Marina Neves

; Barbosa, Deusenia Machado Ulisses

; Gonçalves, Fausto da Silva

; Dias, Cristiane Moraes

; Catelan, Marcia Wakai

; Siqueira, Rubens Camargo

; Previato, Mariana

; Barbosa, Amanda Pires

; Cavallini, Danilo

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Dez 2017, Volume 21 Nº 6 Páginas 638 - 647

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Symptomatic forms of toxoplasmosis are a serious public health problem and occur in around 10-20% of the infected people. Aiming to improve the molecular diagnosis of symptomatic toxoplasmosis in Brazilian patients, this study evaluated the performance of real time PCR testing two primer sets (B1 and REP-529) in detecting Toxoplasma gondii DNA. The methodology was assayed in 807 clinical samples with known clinical diagnosis, ELISA, and conventional PCR results in a 9-year period. All samples were from patients with clinical suspicion of several features of toxoplasmosis. According to the minimum detection limit curve (in CT), REP-529 had greater sensitivity to detect T. gondii DNA than B1. Both primer sets were retrospectively evaluated using 515 DNA from different clinical samples. The 122 patients without toxoplasmosis provided high specificity (REP-529, 99.2% and B1, 100%). From the 393 samples with positive ELISA, 146 had clinical diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and positive conventional PCR. REP-529 and B1 sensitivities were 95.9% and 83.6%, respectively. Comparison of REP-529 and B1 performances was further analyzed prospectively in 292 samples. Thus, from a total of 807 DNA analyzed, 217 (26.89%) had positive PCR with, at least one primer set and symptomatic toxoplasmosis confirmed by clinical diagnosis. REP-529 was positive in 97.23%, whereas B1 amplified only 78.80%. After comparing several samples in a Brazilian referral laboratory, this study concluded that REP-529 primer set had better performance than B1 one. These observations were based after using cases with defined clinical diagnosis, ELISA, and conventional PCR.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.07.003 837 downloads

LATERAL FLOW ASSAY FOR CRYPTOCOCCAL ANTIGEN: AN IMPORTANT ADVANCE TO IMPROVE THE CONTINUUM OF HIV CARE AND REDUCE CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS-RELATED MORTALITY
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VIDAL, Jose E.

; BOULWARE, David R.

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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Set 2015, Volume 57 Supl. 19 Páginas 38 - 45

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMOA meningite criptocócica continua causando um substancial índice de óbitos em pacientes infectados por HIV em países de baixa e média renda. Ferramentas diagnósticas para detecção do antígeno capsular polissacarídico criptocócico (CrAg) em soro e líquor tais como o teste de aglutinação de látex (latex-CrAg) ou o imunoensaio (EIE) têm sido utilizadas por muitos anos. Técnicas diagnósticas mais aprimoradas seriam cruciais nas fases assintomática e sintomática da criptococose para reduzir a mortalidade. Recentemente, o ensaio de fluxo lateral para detecção do antígeno criptocócico (LFA CrAg) foi incluído no arsenal diagnóstico. Contrariamente aos outros testes, LFA CrAg é um ensaio imunocromatográfico em formato similar ao teste de gravidez, e requer pouca ou nenhuma infraestrutura laboratorial. Este teste preenche os critérios ASSURED (Affordable, Sensitive,Specific, User friendly,Rapid/ robust,Equipment-free,Delivered) da Organização Mundial da Saúde e pode ser utilizado em soro, plasma, sangue total ou líquor para o diagnóstico da criptococose. LFA CrAg tem melhor sensibilidade analítica para o C. gattii que o teste de látex-CrAg ou EIE. A prevenção da doença criptocócica constituiria uma nova aplicação do LFA CrAg, mediante a triagem de amostras de sangue para a identificação de infecção sub-clínica em pacientes infectados pelo HIV que não apresentam sintomas, possuem contagem de CD4 < 100 células/mL e não recebem terapia antirretroviral eficaz. A triagem de CrgA em amostras de plasma remanescente da contagem de CD4 pode identificar pacientes com infecção assintomática que precisam urgentemente de tratamento preemptivo com fluconazol, evitando assim a progressão para doença sintomática e/ou óbito.

SUMMARYAIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis continues to cause a substantial burden of death in low and middle income countries. The diagnostic use for detection of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen (CrAg) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid by latex agglutination test (CrAg-latex) or enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) has been available for over decades. Better diagnostics in asymptomatic and symptomatic phases of cryptococcosis are key components to reduce mortality. Recently, the cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (CrAg LFA) was included in the armamentarium for diagnosis. Unlike the other tests, the CrAg LFA is a dipstick immunochromatographic assay, in a format similar to the home pregnancy test, and requires little or no lab infrastructure. This test meets all of the World Health Organization ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User friendly, Rapid/robust, Equipment-free, and Delivered). CrAg LFA in serum, plasma, whole blood, or cerebrospinal fluid is useful for the diagnosis of disease caused by Cryptococcusspecies. The CrAg LFA has better analytical sensitivity for C. gattii than CrAg-latex or EIA. Prevention of cryptococcal disease is new application of CrAg LFA via screening of blood for subclinical infection in asymptomatic HIV-infected persons with CD4 counts < 100 cells/mL who are not receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. CrAg screening of leftover plasma specimens after CD4 testing can identify persons with asymptomatic infection who urgently require pre-emptive fluconazole, who will otherwise progress to symptomatic infection and/or die.

https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652015000700008 8230 downloads

Molecular diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in cerebrospinal ﬂuid: comparison of primer sets for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complex
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Martins, Marilena dos Anjos

; Brighente, Kate Bastos Santos

; Matos, Terezinha Aparecida de

; Vidal, Jose Ernesto

; Hipólito, Daise Damaris Carnietto de

; Pereira-Chioccola, Vera Lucia

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Fev 2015, Volume 19 Nº 1 Páginas 62 - 67

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Aim:This study evaluated the use of polymerase chain reaction for cryptococcal meningitis diagnosis in clinical samples.Materials and methods:The sensitivity and speciﬁcity of the methodology were evaluated using eight Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattiispecies complex reference strains and 165 cere- brospinal ﬂuid samples from patients with neurological diseases divided into two groups: 96 patients with cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS; and 69 patients with other neurological opportunistic diseases (CRL/AIDS). Two primer sets were tested (CN4-CN5 and the multiplex CNa70S-CNa70A/CNb49S-CNb-49A that amplify a speciﬁc product for C. neoformansand another for C. gattii).Results:CN4-CN5 primer set was positive in all Cryptococcusstandard strains and in 94.8% in DNA samples from cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS group. With the multiplex, no 448-bp product of C. gattiiwas observed in the clinical samples of either group. The 695 bp products of C. neoformanswere observed only in 64.6% of the cryptococcal meningitis and AIDS group. This primer set was negative for two standard strains. The speciﬁcity based on the negative samples from the CTL/AIDS group was 98.5% in both primer sets.Conclusions:These data suggest that the CN4/CN5 primer set was highly sensitive for the identiﬁcation of C. neoformans/C. gattiispecies complex in cerebrospinal ﬂuid samples from patients with clinical suspicion of cryptococcal meningitis.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2014.09.004 1616 downloads

Invasive meningococcal disease
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Strelow, Vanessa L.

; Vidal, Jose E.

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria

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Set 2013, Volume 71 Nº 9B Páginas 653 - 658

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

A doença meningocócica invasiva (DMI) é um problema de saúde pública e continua causando importante mortalidade e morbidade. O sorotipo C é o mais frequente no Brazil. O espectro clínico da DMI é amplo (meningite, meningococcemia ou ambos) e a evolução clínica pode ser imprevisível. As principais características associadas a mortalidade são: idade acima de 50 anos, convulsões, choque, e meningococcemia sem meningite. Culturas de sangue devem ser obtidas imediatamente. Punção lombar pode ser realizada sem tomografia computadorizada (TC) prévia na maioria dos casos. Características clínicas podem ajudar a predizer pacientes com elevada probabilidade de apresentar TC alterada. Cultura e Gram no líquido cefalorraquiano devem ser sempre solicitadas. Aglutinação do látex apresenta sensibilidade muito variável. Reação em cadeia da polimerase é especialmente útil quando os outros métodos são negativos ou demorados. O uso de ceftriaxona não deve ser retardado enquanto se esperam os resultados do líquor ou TC. Dexametasona pode ser utilizada na meningite meningococóca. Suspeita precoce de DMI, antibiótico no primeira atendimento, antes da admissão hospitalar, transporte rápido para hospital, e estabilização em unidade de terapia intensiva reduz substancialmente a taxa de letalidade. Vacinas contra os sorotipos A, C, W-135, e Y estão disponíveis, entretanto, vacinas contra o sorotipo B são esperadas.

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a major public health and continues to cause substantial mortality and morbidity. Serotype C is the most frequent in Brazil. The clinical spectrum of IMD is broad (meningitis, meningococcemia or both) and the clinical evolution may be unpredictable. Main features associated with mortality are: age higher than 50 years old, seizures, shock, and meningococcemia without meningitis. Blood cultures should be obtained immediately. Lumbar puncture can be performed without previous computed tomography scan (CT) in most cases. Clinical features can be useful to predic patients where an abnormal CT scan is likely. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and Gram stain should always be required. Latex agglutination sensitivity is highly variable. Polymerase chain reaction is specially useful when other methods are negative or delayed. Usually ceftriaxone should not be delayed while awaiting CSF study or CT. Dexamethasone can be used in meningococcal meningitis. Early suspicion of IMD and antibiotic in primary care before hospitalization, rapid transportation to a hospital, and stabilization in an intensive-care unit has substantially reduced the case-fatality rate. Vaccines against serotypes A, C, W-135, and Y are available while vaccines against serotype B are expected.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X20130144 8562 downloads

Strategies to reduce mortality and morbidity due to AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis in Latin America
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Vidal, Jose E.

; Oliveira, Augusto C. Penalva de

; Dauar, Rafi F.

; Boulware, David R.

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Jun 2013, Volume 17 Nº 3 Páginas 353 - 362

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Latin America is the region with the third most AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis infections globally. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the number of infections; however, the number of deaths and the case-fatality rate continues to be unacceptable. In this review, we focus on the burden of AIDS-related cryptococcosis in Latin America and discuss potential strategies to reduce early mortality from Cryptococcus. In this review, we highlight the importance of: (1) earlier HIV diagnosis and HAART initiation with retention-in-care to avoid AIDS; (2) pre-HAART cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) screening with preemptive fluconazole treatment; (3) better diagnostics (e.g. CRAG testing); and (4) optimal treatment with aggressive management of intracranial pressure and induction therapy with antifungal combination. Implementation of these strategies can reduce cryptococcal-related deaths, improve care, and reduce healthcare costs.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.10.020 3119 downloads

AIDS-related cerebral toxoplasmosis in São Paulo State, Brazil: marked improvements in the highly active antiretroviral therapy-era but the challenges continue
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Vidal, Jose E.

; Oliveira, Augusto C. Penalva de

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Jun 2013, Volume 17 Nº 3 Páginas 379 - 380

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.10.030 1183 downloads

10.

High prevalence of the simultaneous excretion of polyomaviruses JC and BK in the urine of HIV-infected patients without neurological symptoms in São Paulo, Brazil
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Nali, Luiz Henrique da Silva

; Centrone, Cristiane de Campos

; Urbano, Paulo Roberto Palma

; Penalva-de-Oliveira, Augusto César

; Vidal, Jose Ernesto

; Miranda, Erique Peixoto

; Pannuti, Claudio Sérgio

; Fink, Maria Cristina Domingues da Silva

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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Ago 2012, Volume 54 Nº 4 Páginas 201 - 205

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de excreção urinaria de vírus JC (VJC) e vírus BK (VBK) em pacientes HIV+ sem sintomas neurológicos. MÉTODOS: Amostras de urina de pacientes HIV+ sem sintomas neurológicos foram testados para a presença de VJC e VBK através da técnica de PCR. As amostras foram triadas para a presença de poliomavírus com par de primers complementares a região precoce do genoma do VBK e do VJC (AgT). A presença foi confirmada através de dois outros ensaios de PCR dirigidos a região do gene VP1 de ambos os vírus. A análise estatística foi realizada com auxílio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis para dados numéricos e Pearson ou Yater para variáveis categóricas. RESULTADOS: Ao todo foram inclusos no estudo 75 pacientes. A prevalência geral de excreção de poliomavírus na urina foi de 67/75 (89,3%). O DNA do vírus VBK foi detectado em 14/75 (18,7%) das amostras de urina, e o DNA do VJC foi detectado em 11/75 (14,7%) das amostras testadas. Ambos os vírus estavam presentes simultaneamente em 42/75 (56%) das amostras de urina. CONCLUSÃO: Encontramos, no presente estudo, uma alta taxa de excreção de VJC, VBK e excreção simultânea em pacientes HIV+. Ainda, esses resultados diferem de outros disponíveis na literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of the urinary excretion of BKV and JCV in HIV-infected patients without neurological symptoms. METHODS: Urine samples from HIV-infected patients without neurological symptoms were tested for JC virus and BK virus by PCR. Samples were screened for the presence of polyomavirus with sets of primers complementary to the early region of JCV and BKV genome (AgT). The presence of JC virus or BK virus were confirmed by two other PCR assays using sets of primers complementary to the VP1 gene of each virus. Analysis of the data was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test for numerical data and Pearson or Yates for categorical variables. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients were included in the study. The overall prevalence of polyomavirus DNA urinary shedding was 67/75 (89.3%). Only BKV DNA was detected in 14/75 (18.7%) urine samples, and only JCV DNA was detected in 11/75 (14.7%) samples. Both BKV and JCV DNA were present in 42/75 (56.0%) samples. CONCLUSION: In this study we found high rates of excretion of JCV, BKV, and simultaneous excretion in HIV+ patients. Also these results differ from the others available on the literature.

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11.

Prevalence and factors associated with darunavir resistance mutations in multi-experienced HIV-1-infected patients failing other protease inhibitors in a referral teaching center in Brazil
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Vidal, Jose E

; Freitas, Angela C

; Song, Alice TW

; Campos, Silvia V

; Dalben, Mirian

; Hernandez, Adrian V

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Jun 2011, Volume 15 Nº 3 Páginas 245 - 248

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Information about resistance profile of darunavir (DRV) is scarce in Brazil. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of DRV resistance mutations in patients failing protease inhibitors (PI) and to identify factors associated with having more DRV resistance mutations. All HIV-infected patients failing PI-based regimens with genotyping performed between 2007 and 2008 in a referral teaching center in São Paulo, Brazil, were included. DRV-specific resistance mutations listed by December 2008 IAS-USA panel update were considered. Two Poisson regression models were constructed to assess factors related to the presence of more DRV resistance mutations. A total of 171 HIV-infected patients with available genotyping were included. The number of patients with lopinavir, saquinavir, and amprenavir used in previous regimen were 130 (76%), 83 (49%), and 35 (20%), respectively. The prevalence of major DRV resistance mutations was 50V: 5%; 54M: 1%; 76V: 4%; 84V: 15%. For minor mutations, the rates were 11I: 3%; 32I: 7%; 33F: 23%; 47V: 6%; 54L: 6%; 74P: 3%; 89V: 6%. Only 11 (6%) of the genotypes had > 3 DRV resistance mutations. In the clinical model, time of HIV infection of > 10 years and use of amprenavir were independently associated with having more DRV resistance mutations. In the genotyping-based model, only total number of PI resistance mutations was associated with our outcome. In conclusion, the prevalence of DRV mutations was low. Time of HIV infection, use of amprenavir and total number of PI resistance mutations were associated with having more DRV mutations.

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12.

Chagasic meningoencephalitis: case report of a recently included AIDS-defining illness in Brazil
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Madalosso, Geraldine

; Pellini, Alessandra C. Guedes

; Vasconcelos, Marileide J.

; Ribeiro, Ana Freitas

; Weissmann, Leonardo

; Oliveira Filho, Gilberto Silva

; Oliveira, Augusto C. Penalva de

; Vidal, Jose E.

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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Ago 2004, Volume 46 Nº 4 Páginas 199 - 202

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Recentemente, a reagudização da doença de Chagas (meningoencefalite e/ou miocardite) foi incluída na lista de doenças indicativas de aids no Brasil. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente de 52 anos de idade, natural de área rural da Bahia e procedente de uma área urbana de São Paulo, sem história de doenças prévias e que apresentou meningoencefalite aguda. As sorologias e pesquisas parasitológicas diretas no sangue e no liquido cefalorraquideano (LCR) demonstraram presença de Trypanosoma cruzi, confirmando-se o diagnóstico mediante cultura do LCR. O teste rápido assim como os ELISA e Western Blot diagnosticaram infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Apesar do tratamento com benzonidazole e as medidas de suporte, o paciente faleceu 24 horas depois da admissão hospitalar. Em áreas endêmicas, a reagudização da doença de Chagas deve ser sempre considerada no diagnóstico diferencial das meningoencefalites e sua presença em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV é indicativa de aids.

Recently, reactivation of Chagas disease (meningoencephalitis and/or myocarditis) was included in the list of AIDS-defining illnesses in Brazil. We report a case of a 52-year-old patient with no history of previous disease who presented acute meningoencephalitis. Direct examination of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed Trypanosoma cruzi. CSF culture confirmed the diagnosis. Serological assays for T. cruzi and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were positive. Despite treatment with benznidazol and supportive measures, the patient died 24 hours after hospital admission. In endemic areas, reactivation of Chagas disease should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of meningoencephalitis among HIV-infected patients, and its presence is indicative of AIDS.

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Glossário e ajuda para busca

Você pode enriquecer sua busca de uma forma muito simples. Use os índices de pesquisa combinados com os conectores (AND ou OR) e especifique cada vez mais sua busca.

Por exemplo, se você deseja buscar artigos sobre
casos de dengue no Brasil em 2015, use:
ti:dengue and publication_year:2015 and aff_country:Brasil

Veja abaixo a lista completa de índices de pesquisa que podem ser usados:

Cód. do Índice	Elemento
ti	título do artigo
au	autor
kw	palavras-chave do artigo
subject	assunto (palavras do título, resumo e palavras-chave)
ab	resumo
ta	título abreviado da revista (ex. Cad. Saúde Pública)
journal_title	título completo da revista (ex. Cadernos de Saúde Pública)
la	código do idioma da publicação (ex. pt - Português, es - Espanhol)
type	tipo do documento
pid	identificador da publicação
publication_year	ano de publicação do artigo
sponsor	financiador
aff_country	código do país de afiliação do autor
aff_institution	instituição de afiliação do autor
volume	volume do artigo
issue	número do artigo
elocation	elocation
doi	número DOI
issn	ISSN da revista
in	código da coleção SciELO (ex. scl - Brasil, col - Colômbia)
use_license	código da licença de uso do artigo

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Email: scielo@scielo.org

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