Resumo A resistência de Rhipicephalus microplus a carrapaticidas gera a necessidade de alternativas de controle. Uma das formas de diminuir o uso de carrapaticida em um rebanho é o controle seletivo do carrapato (CS). O presente estudo avaliou o CS em rebanho leiteiro, constituído de diferentes grupos genéticos: Holandês, Jersey, mestiço e Girolando. Carrapatos foram contados na região do terço anterior direito, totalizando nove avaliações em cerca de 90 vacas, a intervalos ao redor de 21 dias. Carrapaticida comercial pour-on foi aplicado somente quando a infestação fosse igual ou superior a oito carrapatos maiores que 4 mm na região anterior. Dados de contagens foram transformados em log10 e analisados por meio de modelos mistos. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos genéticos: vacas Holandesas apresentaram maiores médias no número de carrapatos, como esperado, embora 34,3% não tenha recebido tratamento carrapaticida; nas demais, o CS proporcionou diminuição do uso de carrapaticidas de 79,1% para as mestiças, 81,5% para as Jersey e 94,9% para as Girolando. O critério utilizado para aplicar o carrapaticida manteve a população de carrapatos sob controle. A grande vantagem do CS foi a economia ao sistema, sem prejudicar os animais, com menos resíduos para animais e meio ambiente.

Abstract Alternatives for Rhipicephalus microplus control are needed in the light of its resistance to acaricides. One of the ways to decrease the use of acaricides in a herd is selective control (SC). In the present study, SC was evaluated in a dairy herd consisting of different genetic groups: Holstein, Jersey, crossbreed and Girolando. Ticks were counted in the right anterior third region on around 90 cows, totaling nine evaluations at intervals of 21 days. Commercial pour-on acaricide was applied only when the infestation was greater than or equal to eight ticks larger than 4 mm in the anterior third region. Tick counts were transformed into log10 and analyzed using mixed models. There was significant difference among groups: Holstein had the highest averages of tick numbers, as expected, although 34.3% did not receive tick treatment. In the other groups, SC reduced the use of acaricides by 79.1% for crossbreed, 81.5% for Jersey and 94.9% for Girolando. The criterion used for applying the acaricide successfully kept the tick population under control. The great advantage of SC was savings to the system, without harming the animals, in addition to generate fewer residues in the animals and in the environment.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic evolution of milk production, udder morphology, and animal behavior of Gir dairy cattle. Data were obtained on the predicted breeding values for milk yield of 60,226 cows born from 1968 to 2015 and standardized predicted breeding values for udder conformation and milking behavior of 7,635 cows born from 1987 to 2015. The influence of tested bulls on genetic trends was discussed, with special focus on the period after 1993, the year when the predicted breeding values of the first group of tested bulls were released. The traits of interest were 305-d milk yield, fore udder attachment, rear udder height, rear udder width, teat length, teat thickness, ease of milking, and reactivity. Significant genetic evolution was observed for 305-d milk yield, with increasing annual growth observed from 1993, as the number of cows sired by the best proven bulls increased. Before 1993, no genetic evolution was observed for any of the studied traits. From 1993 onward, all traits showed genetic gains, except fore udder attachment. The use of genetically-tested bulls since 1993 has led to important genetic gains in the Brazilian Dairy Gir population. Before the identification of genetically superior bulls began, many traits showed no improvement. Selection for milk yield has modified the conformation traits of the Gir mammary system. The longevity of the mammary glands of high-yield cows may be impaired due to poor fore udder attachment. Regarding behavioral traits, this population has evolved to less-reactive animals that are easier to milk.

Test-day records of milk yields from the first three lactations were used to verify consequences of incorporation of lactation with non-conventional drying-off causes in genetic evaluation of Gyr dairy cattle. The first file (File1) was composed of test-day records of lactations with conventional drying-off causes. In the second file (File2), the test-day records of lactations with non-conventional drying-off causes were included, such as drying-off by death or separation of the calf, disease, death or sale of cow, and removal of cow from milking control. Data were analyzed by mixed models, using an autoregressive process to adjust the random effects of long-term and short-term environment. The inclusion of test-day records from lactations with non-conventional drying-off causes increased the number of controls by 12% and the number of cows by 18%, and it generated an increase in the estimates of variance components. These results impacted estimates of heritability, calculated at 0.32, 0.28 and 0.26 for the first, second and third lactations in File1, respectively, while in File2 they were 0.34, 0.30 and 0.28 to the same lactation order. The estimated accuracy of predicted breeding values in File2 were higher in relation to File1, but the Pearson and Spearman correlations between predicted breeding values of animals in the two files were high. Lactations with non-conventional drying-off causes can be incorporated to the routines of genetic evaluation of Gyr dairy cattle, because they provide higher estimates of heritability and accuracy of breeding values, which could raise expectations of genetic gains with selection.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a estrutura genética da raça Sindi no Brasil, utilizando dados do registro genealógico de animais nascidos entre 1955 e 1998. O banco de dados foi separado nos seguintes períodos: 1979-1983, 1984-1988, 1989-1993 e 1994-1998. A endogamia total aumentou de 0,38 para 10,13%; a esperada sob acasalamento ao acaso, de 0,07 para 5,65%; e a endogamia atribuída à subdivisão populacional, de 0,30 para 4,74%, considerando os períodos inicial e final, indicando a existência de subdivisão genética na raça Sindi. O tamanho efetivo populacional estimado pelo coeficiente total de endogamia decresceu vertiginosamente de 161 para 9. Tendo-se como base a probabilidade de origem do gene, foram calculados os números efetivos de fundadores, de ancestrais e de genomas remanescentes, os quais decresceram, ao longo do período total, atingindo valores de 16, 9 e 7, respectivamente.

The aim of this research was to describe the genetic structure of the Brazilian Red Sindhi breed using pedigree records from registered animals born from 1955 to 1998. The data file was separated in the following periods: 1979-1983, 1984-1988, 1989-1993 and 1994-1998. The total inbreeding increased from 0.38 to 10.13%, the expected inbreeding under random mating increased from 0.07 to 5.65%, and the inbreeding due to population subdivision increased from 0.30 to 4.74%, from the first to the final period, indicating that genetic subdivision in the Red Sindhi breed is relevant. The effective population size was estimated from the total inbreeding and decreased vertiginously from 161 to 9. Based on probabilities of gene origin the effective numbers of founders, ancestors and remaining genomes were calculated and decreased over the total period, reaching values of 16, 9 and 7, respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a estrutura da população do rebanho Sindi registrado no Brasil. Foram geradas estatísticas descritivas da distribuição do número de progênies, estimados o intervalo de gerações e o tamanho efetivo da população, usando o registro genealógico de animais nascidos entre 1955-1998. O intervalo de gerações médio calculado para o arquivo completo foi de 7,65 anos e para o período 1994-1998 foi de 7,96 anos. Os tamanhos efetivos da população nos quatro períodos (1979-83, 1984-88, 1989-93 e 1994-98) foram, respectivamente, 501, 26, 20 e 19.

The aim of this study was to describe the population structure of the registered Red Sindhi cattle in Brazil. Descriptive statistics of the distribution of the number of progeny are presented, and the generation interval and effective population size were estimated, using pedigree records of animals registered from 1955 to 1998. The observed generation interval for the whole time period was 7.65 yr, and for the period 1994-1998 it was 7.96 yr. The effective population size for the following periods (1979-83, 1984-88, 1989-93 and 1994-98) were, respectively, 501, 26, 20 and 19.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a estrutura da população do rebanho Gir Mocho registrado no Brasil. Foram geradas estatísticas descritivas da distribuição do número de progênies, estimados o intervalo de gerações e o tamanho efetivo da população, usando o registro genealógico de animais nascidos entre 1976-1998. Os intervalos de gerações médios estimados para os períodos (1979-1983, 1984-1988, 1989-1993 e 1994-1998) foram, respectivamente, 4,5; 6,05; 7,17 e 9,14 anos. Os tamanhos efetivos da população nos quatro períodos foram, respectivamente, 3, 22, 63 e 70.

The aim of this study was to describe the population structure of the registered Polled Gir cattle in Brazil. Descriptive statistics of the distribution of the number of progeny, the generation interval and the effective population size were estimated using pedigree records of animals registered from 1976 to 1998. The observed generation interval in each of four periods (1979-1983, 1984-1988, 1989-1993 and 1994-1998) was, respectively, 4.5, 6.05, 7.17 and 9.14 yr. The effective population size for the periods were, respectively, 3, 22, 63 and 70.

RESUMO - Os pesos econômicos para características de importância econômica dentro do "Sistema de Produção de Leite" da Fazenda Experimental Santa Rita, pertencente à EPAMIG e localizada no município de Prudente de Moraes (MG), foram calculados. Os pesos econômicos foram definidos como a derivada parcial do lucro com respeito a cada característica (1) e como a derivada parcial da razão receita/despesa com respeito a cada característica (2), avaliadas no valor médio das outras características. Os pesos econômicos expressos em equivalente litro de leite para produção de leite com 3,1% de gordura, produção de gordura acima de 3,1%, mamite, fluxo lácteo, número de serviços por concepção, idade ao primeiro parto, vida útil e peso metabólico da vaca seca foram 31,73/kg, -23,92/kg, -3341,90/caso, 1531,26/kg/min, -1005,08/serviço, -22,30/dia, 2184,38/ano e -368,33/kg, respectivamente, para o primeiro método, e 1,52/kg, -1,76/kg, -179,50/caso, 82,23/kg/min, -53,97/serviço, -1,25/dia, 117,30/ano, -29,00/kg, multiplicados por 10-4, respectivamente, para o segundo método. Como esperado, os pesos econômicos relativos foram muito semelhantes em ambos os métodos, mas os pesos absolutos foram muito diferentes.

ABSTRACT - Economic weights for important economic characteristics in the "Milk Production System" of the Santa Rita Experimental Farm, EPAMIG, located in the municipality of Prudente de Moraes, MG were calculated. The economic weights were defined as the partial derivative of profit with respect to each trait, in method (1), and as the partial derivative of the receipts/cost ratio, in method (2), evaluated at the mean value of all other traits. The economic weights, expressed in milk equivalents, for milk yield with 3.1% fat, fat yield above 3.1%, mastitis, milk flow, services/conception, age at first calving, herdlife and dry cow metabolic weight, were respectively 31.73/kg, -23.92/kg, -3341.90/case, 1531.26/kg/min, -1005.08/service, -22.30/day, 2184.38/year and -368.33/kg for the first method (1) and 1.52/kg, -1.76/kg, -179.50/case, 82.33/kg/min, -53.97/service, -1.25/day, 117,30/year and -29.00/kg, for the second method (values multiplied by 10-4 in the latter case). As expected, the relative economic weights were similar with both methods, but the absolute weights were very different.