Abstract Objective: to describe the patterns of family care with the elderly in the condition of disability and poverty of three culturally diverse groups in Colombia. Methodology: qualitative study of secondary data analysis based on 35 collected documents from 2017 to 2016. The material was organized in the N-Vivo program. The analysis followed the four phases proposed by Leininger. Main results: the cultural pattern “Caring between suffering, generosity and gratitude” shows the intense suffering of the caregiver by “seeing it like this” in the situation of the older adult by the three Colombian groups, the emotional tension for the caregiver and the belief system that mobilizes the caregiver to provide care, constant emotional tension to avoid complications in an environment of meager resources, as well as the gratitude of the elderly. Main conclusion: the family pattern of the three groups in Colombia is determined by the meaning attributed to the situation of the elderly and the values, expectations and feelings of obligation and reciprocity that move to give and receive care. However, the context of social unprotectedness must be considered in the attention to this type of population.

Resumen Objetivo: describir los patrones de cuidado familiar con adultos mayores en condición de discapacidad y pobreza de tres grupos culturalmente diversos en Colombia. Metodología: estudio cualitativo de análisis de datos secundarios basado en 35 documentos recopilados entre el 2007 al 2016. El material fue organizado en el programa N-Vivo. El análisis siguió las cuatro fases propuestas por Leininger. Resultados principales: el patrón cultural “Cuidar entre sufrimiento, generosidad y agradecimiento” evidencia el intenso sufrimiento del cuidador por “verlo así” a la situación del adulto mayor por los tres grupos colombianos, la tensión emocional para el cuidador y el sistema de creencias que moviliza el cuidador para ofrecer cuidado, la constante tensión emocional para evitarle complicaciones en un entorno de exiguos recursos, así como, la gratitud del adulto mayor. Conclusión: el patrón familiar de los tres grupos en Colombia está determinado por el significado atribuido a la situación del adulto mayor y los valores, expectativas y sentimientos de obligación y reciprocidad que mueven a dar y recibir el cuidado. Sin embargo, el contexto de desprotección social debe ser considerado en la atención a éste tipo de población.

Resumen Introducción: En la actualidad temas como la vejez, discapacidad y poblaciones vulnerables son relevantes y demandan programas de apoyo social. Objetivo: Describir el efecto de un programa de apoyo social para cuidadoras familiares de personas mayores afrocolombianas con discapacidad en Guapi-Cauca. Metodología: Cuantitativa de tipo cuasi-experimental, sin grupo control, con preprueba y posprueba. Muestra intencional de 50 cuidadoras familiares afrocolombianas. El programa de apoyo social, culturalmente congruente, fue aplicado por la enfermera investigadora y dos lideresas de la comunidad. Información recolectada con cuestionario MOS-Apoyo social, procesado y analizado con métodos descriptivos y prueba de rango signado de Wilcoxon. Consideró aspectos éticos. Resultados: En su mayoría las mujeres cumplen el rol de cuidadoras familiares (95%) especialmente las hijas (49%), que dedican más de 8 horas al cuidado del familiar (35%), las personas mayores presentan dependencia severa (60%), moderada (36%) y leve (4%). Predominan familias nucleares con personas mayores (66%) y extensa modificada (34%). El programa indicó efectos estadísticamente significativos de apoyo social global y por dimensiones a las cuidadoras familiares (Valor-p < 0,001). Conclusión: El programa de apoyo social abordado desde la perspectiva cultural es una oportunidad para cocrear diversidad terapéutica con mediación entre saberes populares y profesionales y mostró efectos estadísticamente significativos sobre el apoyo social global (Valor-p < 0,001) y por dimensiones en las cuidadoras familiares (Valor-p < 0,001).

Abstract Introduction: Currently, issues as elderly, disability, and vulnerable population are relevant and demand social support programs. Objective: To describe the effect of a social support program for family caregivers of afro Colombian disabled elderly in Guapi, Cauca. Methodology: Quantitative, quasi-experimental design, without control group, with pretest and post-test. Intentional sample of 50 afro Colombian family caregivers. The social support program, culturally congruent, was applied by the nurse researcher and two community leaders. The information was collected with MOS Questionnaire-Social support, and processed and analyzed with descriptive methods and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Ethical aspects were considered. Results: For the most part, women fulfill the role of family caregivers (95%), especially daughters (49%), who dedicate more than 8 hours to family (35%) caring for the relative. The elderly present severe dependency (60%), moderate dependency (36%) or mild dependency (4%). Nuclear families with elderly (66%) and extended modified families (34%) predominate. The program revealed statistically significant effects of global social support and by dimensions to family caregivers (value -p < 0,001). Conclusions: The social support program tackled from the cultural perspective is an opportunity to co-create therapeutic diversity with mediation between popular and professional knowledge, and showed statistically significant effects over global social support (Value-p < 0,001) and by dimensions in family caregivers (Value-p < 0,001).

Resumo Introdução: Na atualidade temas como a velhice, deficientes e povoados vulneráveis são relevantes e demandam programas de apoio social. Objetivo: Descrever o efeito de um programa de apoio social para cuidadoras familiares de pessoas maiores afros colombianos com deficiência em Guapi-Cauca. Metodologia: Quantitativa de tipo quase-experimental, sem grupo controle, com pré-teste e pós-teste. Amostragem intencional de 50 cuidadoras familiares afros colombianas. O programa de apoio social, culturalmente congruente, foi aplicado pela enfermeira pesquisadora e dos líderes da comunidade. Informação coletada com questionário MOS- Apoio social, processado e analisado com métodos descritivos e prova de rango atribuído de Wilcoxon. Considerou aspectos éticos. Resultados: Em sua maioria as mulheres cumprem rol de cuidadoras familiares (95%) especialmente as filhas (49%), que dedicam mais de 8 horas ao cuidado dum familiar (35%), as pessoas maiores apresentam dependência severa (60%), moderada (36%) e leve (4%). Predominam famílias nucleares com pessoas maiores (66%) e extensas modificadas (34%). O programa indicou efeitos estatisticamente significativos de apoio social global e por dimensões ás cuidadoras familiares (Valor-p < 0,001). Conclusão: O programa de apoio social abordado desde a perspectiva cultural é uma oportunidade para criar diversidade terapêutica com mediação entre conhecimentos populares e profissionais e amostrou efeitos estatisticamente significativos sobre o apoio social global (Valor-p < 0,001) e por dimensões nas cuidadoras familiares (Valor-p < 0,001).

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los resultados cualitativos del programa de Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) Centro de Desarrollo Humano Comunitario adaptado a la cultura, para el empoderamiento de líderes comunitarias afrocolombianas en Guapi, Colombia. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo, con observación participante registrada en diarios de campo. El análisis se realizó de forma inductiva interpretando el programa de APS Centro de Desarrollo Humano Comunitario, en Guapi, Colombia. Participaron 30 líderes comunitarias afrocolombianas. Resultados: Del estudio emergieron las siguientes tres categorías: Mayor espiritualidad y competencia cultural; Estabilidad y control con participación en microempresas; y Crecimiento en la toma de decisiones en equipo. Conclusiones: El programa de APS permite contribuir al empoderamiento de líderes comunitarias afrocolombianas, promoviendo el control y la participación social en virtud del autoconocimiento, la organización, la colaboración comunitaria, el trabajo intersectorial y la gestión de proyectos en crecimiento. Estos factores son claves para, mediante el progreso socioeconómico, mejorar la salud y el desarrollo integral de la comunidad.

Abstract Objective: To describe qualitative results of a culture-oriented Primary Health Care (PHC) Centro de Desarrollo Humano Comunitario program for the empowerment of Afro-Colombian community leaders in Guapi, Colombia. Methodology: Qualitative study with participant observation recorded in field diaries. The analysis was performed inductively interpreting the aps Community Human Development Center program in Guapi, Colombia. Participated 30 Afro-Colombian community leaders. Results: From the study three categories emerged as follows: Greater spirituality and cultural competence; Stability and control with micro-enterprises participation; and Growth in decisions-making as a team. Conclusions: The PHC program contributes to the empowerment of Afro-Colombian community leaders, promoting control and social participation according to self-knowledge, organization, community engagement, intersectoral work, and expanding project management. These are key factors for improving, by means of socio-economic progress, health and the integral development of the community.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever resultados qualitativos do programa de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) Centro de Desarrollo Humano Comunitario adaptado à cultura para o empoderamento de líderes comunitárias afro-colombianas em Guapi, Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, com observação participante registrada em diários de campo. A análise se fez de forma indutiva interpretando o programa APS Centro de Desarrollo Humano Comunitario, em Guapi, Colômbia. Trinta líderes comunitárias afro-colombianas participaram do estudo. Resultados: No estudo surgiram as seguintes três categorias: Maior espiritualidade e competência cultural; Estabilidade e controle com a participação nas microempresas e Crescimento na tomada de decisões em equipe. Conclusão: O programa do APS contribui com o empoderamento de líderes comunitárias afro-colombianas, promovendo o controle e a participação social através do autoconhecimento, organização, colaboração comunitária, o trabalho intersetorial e a gestão de projetos em crescimento. Esses fatores são fundamentais para, mediante o progresso socioeconômico, melhorar a saúde e o desenvolvimento integral da comunidade.

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto en la funcionalidad familiar de un programa de Atención Primaria en Salud desde abuelos y nietos, en Guapi-Cauca. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental sin grupo control. Participaron 50 familias afrocolombianas. El programa fue construido con la comunidad, con acciones de cuidado adaptadas culturalmente y en entornos saludables. Información recolectada con la Escala de Efectividad del Funcionamiento Familiar (ASF-E 20), procesada y analizada con métodos descriptivos y prueba de rango signado de Wilcoxon. Resultados: El programa de APS obtuvo un efecto estadísticamente significativo en la funcionalidad de las familias desde los nietos (Valor-p < 0,001) y abuelos (Valor-p 0.004). Conclusiones: El programa de APS con estrategia de entornos saludables y cuidados culturalmente congruentes, tiene un efecto en la efectividad de la funcionalidad familiar en los abuelos y nietos de las familias afrocolombianas del Municipio de Guapi Cauca. Favoreció la funcionalidad familiar acciones de promoción de la salud a través de alianzas estratégicas y oportunidades en el desarrollo individual y colectivo de niños y abuelos.

Objective: To determine the effect of a Primary Health Attention program on family functionality from grandparents and grandchildren in the municipality of Guapi in the department of Cauca. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study without control group was performed where 50 Afro-Colombian families participated. The program was built with the community by using culturally adapted care actions and healthy environments. The information was collected with the scale of Effectiveness of Family Functioning (ASF-20), and it was processed and analyzed with descriptive methods and range test signed of Wilcoxon. Results: The PHC program obtained a statistically significant effect on the functionality of families from grandchildren (Value-p <0,001) and grandparents (Value-p <0,004). Conclusions: The PHC program with strategy of healthy environments and culturally congruent care has effect over effectiveness of family functionality in grandparents and grandchildren in Afro-Colombian families in the municipality of Guapi, Cauca. It favored family functionality actions for the promotion of health through strategic alliances and opportunities for individual and collective development of children and grandparents.

Objetivo: Establecer la asociación de la depresión de cuidadores familiares campesinos con el tiempo de cuidado y la dependencia de la persona anciana cuidada. Materiales y método: Estudio de tipo transversal con alcance correlacional. La muestra intencional fue de 50 cuidadores. Fueron aplicados: una encuesta sociodemográfica, la escala de Yesavage para medir la depresión, el Índice de Barthel (IB) para medir el grado de dependencia funcional. Resultados: El cuidado es principalmente de mujeres (76%) y por lo general son hijos/hijas (40%), otros parientes (36%) o esposas/esposos (22%); mayores de 60 años (50%), casados (40%) y solteros (30%); de nivel socioeconómico bajo (94%) y bajo nivel educativo (66%); el 84 por ciento viven solos (as) con el familiar que cuidan; 64% han estado a cargo de su familiar durante más de ocho años y el 18% por ciento ha cuidado a su pariente durante un período de 4 a 8 años. Se encontró asociación significativa entre depresión del cuidador y el grado de dependencia (p =0,019). No se encontró asociación significativa entre la depresión y el tiempo como cuidador (p = 0,867). Conclusiones: La severidad de la dependencia podría ser predictor de la depresión moderada o severa. Sin embargo, aspectos culturales pueden influir en la experiencia y construcción de significados del rol de cuidador y tener efectos en los resultados de la depresión según el tiempo como cuidador.

Objetive: To stablish the connection between peasant family caregivers depression and the time of care and dependence of the elderly taken care of. Materials and method: Cross-sectional study with correlational scope. The intended sample was of 50 caregivers. Socio-demographic survey, Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale, and the Barthel Index (BI) to measure the grade of functional dependency were applied. Results: Care comes mainly from women (76%) and generally they are sons/daughters (40%), other relatives (36%) or spouses (22%); they are adults over 60 years old (50%), married (40%) and single (30%), from low socioeconomic level (94%) and low educational level (66%); 84 percent live alone with the relative they take care of and they have been in charge of their relative for more than eight years (64%); 18 % have been taking care of their relative for a period of 4 to 8 years. Significant connection between depression of caregiver and the degree of dependence (p =0.019) was found. No significant association between depression and time as a caregiver (p = 0.867) was found. Conclusions: The severity of dependence could be predictor of moderate to severe depression. Nevertheless, cultural aspects could affect the experience and construction of meaning of the role of care giver and have effects in the results of depression depending on the time as a care giver.

Objetivo: Estabelecer a associação da depressão de cuidadores familiares camponeses com o tempo de cuidado e a dependência da pessoa anciã cuidada. Materiais e método: Estudo de tipo transversal com alcance correlacional. A amostra intencional foi de 50 cuidadores. Foram aplicados: uma enquete sócio-demográfica, a escada de Yesavage para medir a depressão, o Índice de Barthel (IB) para medir o grau de dependência funcional. Resultados: O cuidado é principalmente de mulheres (76%) e pelo geral são filhos/filhas (40%), outros parentes (36%) o esposas/esposos (22%); maiores de 60 anos (50%), casados (40%) e solteiros (30%); de nível socioeconômico baixo (94%) e baixo nível educativo (66%); o 84 por cento moram sós (as) com o familiar quem cuidam; 64% Tem estado a cargo de sua familiar durante mais de oito anos e o 18% por cento tem cuidado a seu parente durante um período de 4 a 8 anos. Encontrou se associação significativa entre depressão do cuidador e o grau de dependência (p =0,019). Não se achou associação significativa entre a depressão o tempo como cuidador (p = 0,867). Conclusões: A severidade da dependência poderia ser preditor da depressão moderada ou severa. Porem, aspetos culturais podem influir na experiência e construção de significados do rol de cuidador e ter efeitos nos resultados da depressão segundo o tempo como cuidador.

Andisols are characterized by a high phosphorus (P) fixation capacity, which is a limiting factor for plant production. Continuous application of P fertilizer may result in an accumulation of P associated with soil organic matter (SOM), which further acts to reduce the availability of the added P. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the impact of P fertilizer inputs on the quantities and chemical forms of P, and (2) to investigate relationships between P forms SOM and land use. Topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm) samples were taken from two Andisols series under grassland and arable cropping. Soil P forms were determined using sequential fractionation, while SOM analysis involved a combination of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and pyrolysis-GC-mass spectrometry. Fertilization increased total P, total organic P, organic carbon, and inorganic P fractions, mainly in arable soils. Labile P was higher in grassland (3% of total P) than in arable soils (1% of total P). A clear effect of fertilization was observed on organic matter compounds measured by pyrolysis in both soil depths. Interestingly, the polysaccharide-derived compounds increased in fertilized soils and lipid-derived compounds decreased. Thus fertilization principally affected labile P and labile SOM forms, whereas recalcitrant forms of P and SOM remained unchanged.

Volcanic ash derived soils represent between 50-60% of the total arable land area of southern of Chile, and they are the most important soils for pasture production. In these soils, high phosphorus (P) fixation and, in turn, low P availability and high aluminium (Al) soluble concentrations (at low pH) are the most limiting factors for pasture production. At the same time, the complexes between Al-or iron- (Fe) and organic matter as well as short-range order alumino-silicates (allophane) allow the retention of huge quantities of soil P. The aim of this work was to assess the status of P by both sequential extraction procedure (Hedley) and 31P-NMR analysis as influenced by Al and Fe in volcanic grasslands Andisols (Pemehue, Gorbea, Piedras Negras and Llastuco Soil Series) from Southern Chile. We applied Hedley chemical sequential fractionation to soils in order to examine the potential differences in extractable soil inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po) fractions. We also determined total P and Olsen P in these grassland Andisols. Oxalate and pyrophosphate were employed to determine the active and organic matter complexed Al and Fe, respectively. Furthermore, we quantified Al and Fe in extracts of the Hedley P fractions. We found that Al extracted in oxalate was correlated positively with labile Po concentration, specifically with both the NaHCO3-Po(r=0.45, P≤0.01), and the NaOH-Po (r=0.43, P≤0.01) fractions. This observation was reinforced by 31P-NMR analysis that showed higher monoester P and myo-IP6 content in soils with higher amounts of oxalate Al. Hedley sequential fractionation procedure confirmed the role of Al in the NaOH-Po fraction for promoting Po storage, as both fractions were correlated (r=0.33, P≤0.05). In addition, Fe plays a substantial role in recalcitrant P accumulation as we found a high correlation between residual P and oxalate Fe (r=0.55, P≤0.01).

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their consequent effect on global warming are an issue of global environmental concern. Increased carbon (C) stabilization and sequestration in soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the ways to mitigate these emissions. Here we evaluated the role of nanoclays isolated from soil on C stabilization in both a C rich Andisols and C depleted Cambisols. Nanoclays were analyzed for size and morphology by transmission electron microscopy, for elemental composition and molecular composition using pyrolysis-GC/MS. Moreover, nanoclays were treated with H2O2 to isolate stable SOM associated with them. Our result showed better nanoclay extraction efficiency and higher nanoclay yield for Cambisol compared to Andisols, probably related to their low organic matter content. Nanoclay fractions from both soils were different in size, morphology, surface reactivity and SOM content. Nanoclays in Andisols sequester around 5-times more C than Cambisols, and stabilized 6 to 8-times more C than Cambisols nanoclay after SOM chemical oxidation. Isoelectric points and surface charge of nanoclays extracted from the two soils was very different. However, the chemical reactivity of the nanoclay SOM was similar, illustrating their importance for C sequestration. Generally, the precise C stabilization mechanisms of both soils may be different, with nanoscale aggregation being more important in Andisols. We can conclude that independent of the soil type and mineralogy the nanoclay fraction may play an important role in C sequestration and stabilization in soil-plant systems.

Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo familiar total y el grado de salud familiar de las familias desplazadas residentes en el municipio de Bugalagrande (Valle del Cauca, Colombia). Materiales y Método: Estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, la muestra n = 59 familias desplazadas residentes en el área urbana del municipio, de estrato socioeconómico 1, 2, 3. Se utilizó el instrumento de Riesgo Familiar Total: RFT 5-33, previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Los resultados indican que más de la mitad son familias nucleares (85%), con predominio de familias amenazadas (59%) y en alto riesgo (27%), influidas principalmente por las subcategorías de situación económica (46% en alto riesgo y 54% amenazadas) y servicios y prácticas de salud (31% alto riesgo y 69% amenazadas), manejo de menores (17% en alto riesgo y 83% amenazadas), vivienda y vecindario (15% en alto riesgo y 85% amenazadas) y ambiente psicoafectivo (10% en alto riesgo y 90% amenazadas). Se encontró correlación entre la situación socioeconómica y las prácticas y servicios de salud (0,483). Conclusiones: Todas las familias desplazadas están amenazadas y en alto riesgo, por lo que requieren atención en salud en todos los niveles de cuidado, dada su condición de vulnerabilidad.

Objective: To determine the total family risk and the degree of family health of displaced families resident in the municipality of Bugalagrande (Valle del Cauca, Colombia). Materials and Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study with a quantitative approach; the sample was n = 59 displaced families resident in the urban area of the municipality from socio-economic strata 1, 2, and 3. Family Risk instrument Total RFT was used: 5-33, prior informed consent. Results: The results indicate that more than half the participants are nuclear families (85%), with predominance of endangered families (59%) and at high risk (27%), influenced mainly by the subcategories of economic situation (46% in high risk and 54% threatened) and health services and practices (31% high risk and 69% threatened), management of children (17% in high risk and 83% threatened) housing and neighborhood (15% in high risk and endangered 85%) and psychological environment (10% in high risk and 90% threatened). Correlation was found between socio-economic status and health services and practices (0.483). Conclusions: All displaced families are threatened and at high risk, therefore they need health care at all levels, because of their vulnerability status.

Objetivo: Determinar o risco familiar total e o grau de saúde familiar das famílias deslocadas residentes no município de Bugalagrande (Vale do Cauca, Colômbia). Materiais e Método: Estudo de tipo descritivo transversal com abordagem qualitativo, a amostra n = 59 famílias deslocadas residentes na área urbana do município, de estrato socioeconômico 1, 2, 3. Utilizou se o instrumento de Risco Familiar Total: RFT 5-33, prévio consentimento informado. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que mais da metade são famílias nucleares (85%), com predomínio de famílias ameaçadas (59%) e o alto risco (27%), influídas principalmente pelas subcategorias de situação econômica (46% em alto risco e 54% ameaçadas) e serviços e práticas de saúde (31% alto risco e 69% ameaças), gestão de menores (17% em alto risco e 83% ameaçadas), vivenda e vizinhança (15% em alto risco e 85% ameaçadas) e ambiente psicoafetivo (10%em alto risco e 90% ameaçadas). Encontrou se correlação entre a situação socioeconômica e as praticas e serviços de saúde (0,483). Conclusões: Todas as famílias deslocadas e em alto risco, pelo que requerem atenção em saúde em todos os níveis de cuidado, dada sua condição de vulnerabilidade.

Grassland introduction into intensively managed agricultural landscapes may enhance soil organic matter (SOM) content and ecosystem services. However, the magnitude of this effect depends on grassland management practices, and their influence the soil system. The aim of this paper is to highlight these impacts and their consequences for SOM dynamics and element cycling. We focused in particular on the effect of different grassland management practices in terms of grazing regime, fertilization, and species choice. While carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles are more strongly coupled under grassland as compared to permanent cropping, uncoupling of elemental cycles may occur through management intensification. Grazing regime, fertilization and species choice affect elemental coupling and SOM turnover via organic matter input and rhizosphere activity to different extent, thereby resulting in contrasting SOM storage. Grazing may be more beneficial for SOM contents compared to mowing up to a certain animal density depending on soil type and pedoclimatic context. SOM storage may be increased in some cases through specific fertilizer additions, whereas in others no change was observed. Species choice, e.g. high diversity or introduction of legumes, influence element budgets and soil nutrient availability through plant physiological constraints as well as intra- or interspecific interactions. The effect of different plant species mixtures on soil parameters has rarely been elucidated. We conclude that the impact of grassland management practices on SOM of different soil types and the resulting ecosystem services, such as C and nutrient storage need further research in contrasting pedoclimatic contexts. More studies on the controls of belowground biogeochemical cycling of elements are necessary in order to fully understand and manage belowground processes via aboveground plant communities.

Approaching the health-disease process is an initial step to strengthen collective's own care. Hence, perceptions on health-disease and care paths of pauper afrocolombian families at urban zone of Tumaco (Pacific Region, Colombia) are described. Through an ethnographic qualitative perspective, pauper afrocolombian extended families at Tumaco were studied, selected by convenience sampling. Ethnographic interviews and participant observations were used as research tools. Disease emerged as deterioration of body; to be healthy meant its vitality. Care paths showed up priority health imbalances, different routes and health workers for their care. Getting close to meanings of health-disease process and to care paths rendered key concepts to guide health interventions fine-tuned to culture and to address actions in research and nursing teaching.

Acercarse al proceso salud-enfermedad es un paso inicial para el fortalecimiento del cuidado propio de los colectivos. Así, se describieron las percepciones de salud-enfermedad y las trayectorias de cuidado de las familias afrocolombianas en situación de pobreza de la zona urbana de Tumaco-región del Pacífico colombiano. Mediante un enfoque cualitativo etnográfico, se abordaron familias extensas afrocolombianas en situación de pobreza de la ciudad de Tumaco-Nariño, seleccionadas mediante un muestreo por conveniencia. Se utilizaron la entrevista etnográfica y la observación participante como instrumentos. La enfermedad emergió como el deterioro del cuerpo y estar sano, como su vitalidad. Las trayectorias de cuidado evidenciaron las alteraciones de salud prioritarias y diferentes rutas y agentes de salud para su cuidado. Acercarse a los significados del proceso salud-enfermedad y a las trayectorias de cuidado brindan elementos para orientar intervenciones en salud sensibles a la cultura y direccionar las acciones de investigación y docencia de enfermería.

Objetivo: describir los significados en torno a la discapacidad, pobreza y vejez de las personas ancianas del municipio de Guapi (Cauca, Colombia, 2009). Método: estudio de tipo etnográfico con observación participante y quince entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis de datos se realizó de manera inductiva e interpretativa. Resultados: los significados en discapacidad se enmarcan en las deficiencias físicas, limitaciones para realizar actividades y en la falta de acceso a los ámbitos de participación social. La pobreza está relacionada con aspectos espirituales y materiales. La vejez se sitúa en una polarización de significados entre la aceptación y el sufrimiento ante las enfermedades y limitaciones. Conclusiones: la comprensión de los significados culturales en las dimensiones de discapacidad, pobreza y vejez puede llevar a respuestas intersectoriales y profesionales más eficientes y eficaces para mejorar las condiciones de vida y de salud de las personas ancianas en situaciones de adversidad.

Objective: to describe the meanings about disability, poverty and old age of elderly people in the municipality of Guapi (Cauca, Colombia, 2009). Method: ethnographic study with participant observation and fifteen in-depth interviews. The analysis of the data was carried out in an inductive and interpretative manner. Results: the meanings in disability are framed in physical failure, limitations to perform activities, and lack of access to social participation spheres. Poverty is related to spiritual and material aspects. Old age is located in a polarization of meanings between acceptance and suffering when facing diseases and limitations. Conclusions: the understanding of cultural meanings in the dimensions of disability, poverty and old age may trigger in the future more efficient and effective cross-sectorial and professional responses to improve life and health conditions of elderly in situations of adversity.

Objetivo: descrever os significados em torno aos deficientes, pobreza e velhice das pessoas anciãos do município de Guapi (Cauca, Colombia, 2009). Método: pesquisa de tipo etnográfica com observação participante e quinze entrevistas em profundidade. O analise de dados se realizou de maneira indutiva e interpretativa. Resultados: Os significados em deficientes físicos, as limitações para realizar atividades e na falta de aceso aos âmbitos de participação social. A pobreza está relacionada com aspectos espirituais e materiais. A velhice situa se em uma politização de significados entre a aceitação e o sofrimento antes as doenças e limitações. Conclusões: A compreensão dos significados culturais nas dimensões de deficientes físicos, pobreza, e velhice pode levar a respostas inter-sociais e profissionais, mas eficientes e eficazes para melhorar as condições de vida e de saúde das pessoas anciãos em situação de adversidade.

Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the most serious obstetrics complications with significant maternal morbidity and mortality. Uterine arteries ligature is part of the chain of therapeutic procedures. This communication presents a patient with postpartum hemorrhage treated with vaginal uterine arteries ligature with cessation of bleeding after the intervention and recovery without complications.

La metrorragia posparto es una de las complicaciones más graves de la obstetricia con importante morbi-mortalidad materna. La ligadura de las arterias uterinas forma parte de la cadena de procedimientos terapéuticos. Esta comunicación muestra una paciente con hemorragia posparto tratada con ligadura vaginal de arterias uterinas, con cese del sangrado y recuperación de la paciente sin complicaciones.

El policosanol es una mezcla de 8 alcoholes alifáticos primarios (C24-C34), aislada y purificada a partir de la cera de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), cuya eficacia como reductor del colesterol, tolerabilidad y seguridad han sido demostradas. Diversos métodos han sido previamente validados para determinar policosanol mediante cromatografía gaseosa (CG) con columna empacada. Sin embargo, las ventajas logradas con la CG capilar la hacen superior y mundialmente extendida en la actualidad respecto a las empacadas. Se desarrolló y validó un nuevo método por CG utilizando una columna capilar para determinar los alcoholes grasos que componen el policosanol ingrediente activo. Los alcoholes fueron analizados como derivados trimetilsil. Se comprobó que el método tuvo una buena linealidad (r2 = 0,9954, CVrespuesta=1,07%, CVpendiente=1,89% y el intervalo de confianza del intercepto incluyó el cero, por lo que no hubo sesgos) y exactitud (recobrado promedio = 100,45%) en todo el intervalo de concentración estudiado de 80-120%. También se demostró su selectividad con muestras sometidas a condiciones de estrés. La repetibilidad y precisión intermedia a la concentración nominal cumplieron los criterios de aceptación (< 2%). La robustez se evaluó mediante un diseño experimental intralaboratorio, en el cual se realizaron siete cambios operacionales, y no se encontraron efectos significativos sobre los resultados observados. El método fue exitosamente validado, y fue apropiado para el control de la calidad y para estudios de estabilidad de este ingrediente activo.

Policosanol is a mixture of 8 long chain primary aliphatic alcohols (C24-C34), isolated and purified from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) wax, wich cholesterol-lowering efficacy, safety and tolerability has been demonstrated. Several methods for determing policosanol by packed GC column have been previously validated. However, the advantages achieved with the capillary GC make it worldwide currently extended and overcome to the packed ones. A new gas chromatographic method using a capillary column was developed and validated for the determination of the fatty alcohols that compose policosanol active ingredient. The alcohols were analyzed as trimethylsilyl derivatives. Good linearity (r2 = 0,9954, CVresponse=1,07%, CVslope=1,89% and the confidence interval included the zero, then there was no bias) and accuracy (mean recovery = 100,45%) of the method were proven over a range of 80-120% of the nominal concentration. It was also proved its specificity even when samples were subject to stress conditions. Repeatablility and intermediate precision at the nominal 100% value fulfilled the acceptance criteria (< 2%). Ruggedness was evaluated through an intralaboratory experimental design, in which seven operational changes were made, and there was not found any effect on the observed results. The method was sussefully validated being suitable for the quality control process and the stability studies of this active ingredient.

Toxoplasma gondii infection may lead to important pathological questions, especially in rural areas, where several sources of infection exist. Therefore, it is important to determine risk factors in order to establish adequate prophylactic measures. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors involved in human toxoplasmosis infection in a rural community, in Eldorado, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. This community was composed of 185 farms - with 671 inhabitants - from which 20 were randomly chosen. In these farms, blood samples were collected from rural workers, who also answered a risk factor questionnaire. Serum samples were analyzed by means of direct agglutination test for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. From 73 samples collected, 79.45% were positive. None of the studied variables was significantly associated with the prevalence of the infection. However, among the individuals who reported eyesight impairments, 94.4% had anti-T. gondii antibodies, compared with 74.0% who did not report eyesight changes (p = 0.0594). Moreover, most individuals in the study (68.20%) were older than 18 years and presented 84.44% positivity, compared with 66.67% of positive individuals younger than 18 years old. We were able to conclude that a high prevalence of antibodies did not imply significant associations with the risk factors studied.