Abstract Unconventional food plants (PANC) are spontaneous or cultivated plants capable of expanding the sources of nutrients available to the population and promoting food sovereignty and security. Despite the potential that PANC represent, most native species in Brazil are not part of the most consumed food group in the country. The objective of this work was to analyze the state of the art of academic research related to PANC, using a bibliometric analysis of research and world scientific production on the subject. A total of 2.056 articles were identified from research with 50 search terms, of which 26 returned results. An increase in publications on the topic was observed, especially since 1996. The most relevant source on the topic is the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. The United States ranks first in terms of the number of citations on the subject and Brazil ranks 28th. Words such as wild, edible, plant, flowers, food, traditional, indigenous, and plants were the most cited in article titles. Despite the increase in research on the subject, the scenario is still incipient considering the large number of plants understood as “unconventional” existing.

Resumen Las plantas alimentícias no convencionales (PANC) son plantas espontáneas o cultivadas, capaces de ampliar las fuentes de nutrientes disponibles para la población y promover la soberania y seguridad alimentaria. A pesar del potencial que representan los PANC, la mayoría de las especies nativas de Brasil no forman parte del grupo de alimentos más consumidos en el país. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el estado del arte de la investigación académica relacionada con PANC, utilizando un análisis bibliométrico de la investigación y producción científica mundial sobre el tema. Se identificaron un total de 2.056 artículos a partir de la investigación, con 50 términos de búsqueda, de los cuales 26 arrojaron resultados. Se observó un aumento de publicaciones sobre el tema, especialmente a partir de 1996. La fuente más relevante sobre el tema es el Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Estados Unidos ocupan el primer lugar en cuanto al número de citas sobre el tema, y Brasil ocupa el puesto 28. Palabras como wild, edible, plant, flowers, food, traditional, indigenous e plants fueron las más citadas en los títulos de los artículos. A pesar del aumento de las investigaciones sobre el tema, el escenario aún es incipiente, considerando la gran cantidad de plantas entendidas como “no convencionales” existentes.

Resumo As plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANC) são plantas espontâneas ou cultivadas, capazes de ampliar as fontes de nutrientes disponíveis à população e promover a soberania e segurança alimentar. Apesar do potencial que as PANC representam, as espécies nativas do Brasil, em sua maioria, não fazem parte do grupo de alimentos mais consumidos no país. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o estado da arte das pesquisas acadêmicas relacionadas às PANC, utilizando uma análise bibliométrica de pesquisa e produção científica mundial a respeito do tema. Foram identificados 2.056 artigos provenientes de pesquisa, com 50 termos de busca, sendo que, desses, 26 retornaram resultados. Foi observado um aumento em publicações sobre o tema, em especial a partir de 1996. A fonte mais relevante sobre o tema é o Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. Os Estados Unidos ocupam o primeiro lugar em relação ao número de citações sobre a temática, e o Brasil ocupa a 28ª colocação. Palavras como wild, edible, plant, flowers, food, traditional, indigenous e plants foram as mais citadas em títulos dos artigos. Apesar do aumento das pesquisas acerca do tema, o cenário ainda é incipiente, considerando a grande quantidade de plantas compreendidas como “não convencionais” existentes.

Abstract The onion bulbs’ post-harvest quality is essential for good commercialization; the longest storage time is critical to the producer in choosing the cultivar. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the post-harvest quality of onion bulbs under storage periods in a controlled environment. The experiment was installed in a factorial scheme (6x4), represented by six onion cultivars (BR29, Itajubá, Mulata, Omega, Rainha, and Salto Grande), evaluated in four storage periods (40, 80, 120, and 160 days), in a randomized design, with three replications. The parameters of fresh matter loss, skin strength, bulb firmness, skin shine, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and soluble solids and titratable acidity were analyzed. The cultivar Salto Grande presented better conservation of the physical-defined characteristics in the post-harvest at controlled temperature, less loss of mass of fresh matter, and more significant maintenance of the feature of skin strength, bulb firmness, soluble solids, and titratable acidity. At the same time, cultivar BR29 showed more significant losses in the studied attributes and had less storage capacity among the evaluated cultivars.

RESUMO A partir do envio de documentos e troca de correspondências realizados entre o capitão corso Matteo Buttafoco e Rousseau, que culminará em um plano de governo para a Córsega escrito pelo filósofio, este artigo pretende analisar uma dimensão pouco explorada da filosofia rousseauniana: a relação de conveniência que o Projeto de constituição para a Córsega estabelece entre os sistemas econômicos e as formas de governo, em especial a democracia. Para isso, conjugaremos também uma análise entre o texto final e alguns trechos dos manuscritos e cadernos de trabalho, a fim de ver como os elementos característicos da economia política moderna – como a questão da demografia populacional, do território, da agricultura, do trabalho, entre outros – são mobilizados por Rousseau para formar a ideia de “economia bem compreendida do poder civil”. Lendo criticamente os argumentos de Buttafoco, fundados sobre um elogio ao comércio e que tinha como inspiração a noção de “república comerciante” preconizada por Montesquieu em Do espírito das leis, Rousseau se propõe a pensar a diversidade e a coabitação de sistemas econômicos diversos, sempre em relação aos governos e as peculiaridades de um povo, ou seja, cada sistema pode ser mais ou menos conveniente a uma dada situação histórica, política e social.

ABSTRACT Based on the exchange of documents and correspondence between the Corsican captain Matteo Buttafoco and Rousseau, which will culminate with a government plan for Corsica written by the philosopher, this paper aims to analyze a little explored dimension in Rousseau’s thought: the relation of convenience that the Constitutional Project for Corsica establishes between the economic systems and the forms of government, especially democracy. To this end, we will also combine an analysis between the text of the Project and some excerpts from the manuscripts and workbooks, in order to see how the characteristic elements of modern political economy – such as the issues concerning population demography, territory, agriculture, labour, among others – are brought into play by Rousseau to formulate the idea of an économie bien entendue de la puissance civile. Reading critically the arguments of Buttafoco, founded on a praise to commerce and that had as inspiration the notion of “république commerçante” advocated by Montesquieu in The Spirit of Laws, Rousseau suggests thinking the diversity and cohabitation of diverse economic systems, always in relation to governments and peculiarities of a particular people, that is, each system can be more or less convenient to a given historical, political and social context.

ABSTRACT The importance of maintaining straw on the soil surface is a subject widely discussed and proven in the literature. However, the effects of this straw on planting efficiency and quality still lack information. In this sense, both time and method of the black oat management influence the permanence of the straw on the soil and, thus, can interfere in the next crop's germination and plantability of the seed drill. This study aimed to evaluate methods and times of black oat management and their implications on the plantability and development of the corn crop in succession in two harvests. A randomized block design with twelve treatments was used, consisting of the combination of three methods of management (crushed, rolled, and desiccated) and four times of management (0, 10, 20, and 30 days before the corn sowing) of black oat straw, arranged in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The black oat management carried out 30 days before the corn sowing provides the highest corn emergence rate. Management methods that promote greater fragmentation of straw tend to offer less mechanical impediment to seedling development and result in a greater initial and final plant population.

ABSTRACT Tomatoes are a highlight in the organic vegetables production, but in order to cultivate them, there is a lack of information on cultivars adapted to the organic system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance and to characterize the quality attributed to tomato fruits under the organic production system. The experiment was conducted in field, on an agroecological farm , in the municipality of Verê, Paraná State - Brazil. The experiment consisted on fourteen tomato cultivars, under a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The evaluated traits were the total and commercial fruit production, total and commercial number of fruits, mass and average diameter of commercial fruits and physicochemical quality traits (firmness, pH, color (L*, C and h°), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and the ratio of SS/TA). Considering together production traits and fruit quality aspects, the cultivars Netuno, Aguamiel, and Cordilheira can be considered the best choices, having potential to be recommended for organic production system.

ABSTRACT Onion production is conditioned to the adopted techniques during the cultivation. Sowing depth, soil preparation and cultivars are determinant factors for productivity to be increased. Two experiments were developed, the first with the objective of evaluating the effect of sowing depths and soil preparation methods on the germination and development of onion seedlings, while the objective of the second was to evaluate the productivity of onion cultivars as a soil preparation function. In experiment I, the split plot scheme was adopted, where the main plots consisted on soil tillage methods (total area and bed) and in the subplots, the sowing depths (0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 cm), with six replicates. Experiment II was carried out in a split plot scheme, in which the main plots consisted on soil tillage methods (total area and bed) and in the subplots, such as onion cultivars (Itajubá, Rainha, Salto Grande, Ômega, Mulata and BR29), with four replicates. The 1.5 cm sowing depth provided greater speed of germination and plant stand. Raising beds offers the best initial seedling development. The onion cultivation under beds offers the highest vegetative development and productivity.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the influence of management times and methods of black oat straw on corn crop development and yield under a no-tillage system for two crop seasons. A randomized block design was used with twelve treatments. They were arranged in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme with four replications, consisting of a combination between three methods (crushed, rolled, and desiccated) and four times (0, 10, 20, and 30 days before corn sowing). Black oat was evaluated for dry matter, while corn was for plant final population, height, stem diameter, ear insertion height, ear diameter, ear length, grain number per row, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. All management methods and times interfered with corn crop yield components, but not all influenced final production. The method with the largest final corn population was not the same with an improved ear development. Such findings, however, may not be the same under highly favorable weather conditions.

Resumo: As mulheres rurais vêm ganhando espaço nos debates e nas formulações das políticas públicas, bem como reconhecimento para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar e para o desenvolvimento rural sustentável. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender a percepção sobre o papel e a representatividade das mulheres rurais no município de Vitorino, estado do Paraná. A metodologia adotada para o levantamento dos dados foi qualitativa, por meio de vinte e duas entrevistas semiestruturadas com agricultores familiares do município, conjuntamente com o apoio de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática. De acordo com os resultados apurados, pode ser aferida a existência do êxodo das mulheres jovens para os centros urbanos, consequentemente ocasionando o fenômeno do envelhecimento da população do campo. Em relação à divisão de trabalho, pode ser percebido que as concepções existentes ainda são masculinizadas no que se refere à divisão e hierarquização do trabalho feminino na propriedade. Nesse sentido, apesar de existir um incentivo e mudança na sociedade no que tange às conquistas femininas, ainda é possível encontrar espaços onde existe a separação dos papéis pelo gênero. Assim, torna-se de suma importância repensar meios e alternativas para assegurar a participação efetiva na gestão da propriedade, além de fomentar os cursos e a assistência técnica para que esses atendam às necessidades das mulheres rurais, pois somente assim teremos o desenvolvimento rural em sua totalidade.

Abstract: Rural women have been gaining ground in the debates and formulations of public policies, as well as their recognition for the strengthening of family farming and sustainable rural development. In this sense, this article aims to understand the perception of the role and representativeness of rural women in the municipality of Vitorino, Paraná state. The methodology adopted for the data collection was qualitative, through twenty-two semi-structured interviews with the family farmers of the municipality, together with the support of a bibliographic review on the subject. According to the results, the existence of the exodus of young women to the urban centers can be verified, consequently causing the phenomenon of the aging of the female population in the countryside. Concerning the division of labor, it can be seen that the existing conceptions are still masculinized in what concerns the division and hierarchy of the feminine work in the property. In this sense, although there is an incentive and change in the society regarding the achievements of women, it is still possible to find spaces where there is still the separation of roles by gender. Thus, it becomes very important to rethink means and alternatives to ensure effective participation in property management, as well as to encourage courses and technical assistance so they can meet the needs of rural women, because only then will we have full rural development.

Resumen: Las mujeres rurales vienen ganando espacio en los debates y en las formulaciones de las políticas públicas, así como su reconocimiento para el fortalecimiento de la agricultura familiar y para el desarrollo rural sostenible. En este sentido, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo comprender la percepción sobre el papel y la representatividad de las mujeres rurales en el municipio de Vitorino, estado de Paraná. La metodología adoptada para el levantamiento de los datos fue cualitativa, a través de veintidós entrevistas semiestructuradas con los agricultores familiares del municipio, junto con el apoyo de una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática. De acuerdo con los resultados constatados, puede ser evaluada la existencia del éxodo de las mujeres jóvenes hacia los centros urbanos, consecuentemente ocasionando el fenómeno del envejecimiento de la población femenina en el campo. Con relación a la división de trabajo, puede ser percibido que las concepciones existentes todavía son masculinizadas en lo que se refiere a la división y jerarquización del trabajo femenino en la propiedad. En ese sentido, a pesar de existir un incentivo y cambio en la sociedad en lo que se refiere a las conquistas femeninas, aún es posible encontrar espacios donde aún existe la separación de los papeles por género. Así, se vuelve de suma importancia repensar medias y alternativas para asegurar la participación efectiva en la gestión de la propiedad, además de fomentar los cursos y la asistencia técnica para que estos atiendan a las necesidades de las mujeres rurales, pues solo así tendremos el desarrollo rural en su totalidad.

Abstract Unconventional food plants (UFPs) are by definition little known and infrequently consumed by population, although are recognized as having high nutritional value and economic potential. The objective was to assess the knowledge about UFPs by the population in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil; and more particularly to evaluate the holistic perception of an ice cream prepared with the UFP ora-pro-nóbis, a plant that is gaining attention in recent years We applied a questionnaire to assess knowledge of several UFPs; check-all-that-apply questions to evaluate the knowledge, habits and perceptions regarding UFPs; and word association (WA) and acceptance tests for holistic and hedonic evaluation of the ice cream. The results revealed that the best known UFP species were taro and roselle, followed by ora-pro-nóbis and lamb’s ear. They also revealed that among participants, the majority (63%) had heard of UFPs, but only 19.4% stated they had the custom of eating these plants. The respondents also indicated interest in buying UFPs, but stated it was not easy to find them for sale. In the WA test, ice cream was described mainly in the categories tasty, innovation, sweet taste, plant flavor, smooth and creamy, and the acceptance index was 74%.

ABSTRACT The effects of foliar application of Mo and use of N from cover crops (Crotalaria juncea L. and Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC) on the performance of common beans were investigated in this study. Field experiments were carried out in a succession planting system (cover crops - common beans), and nitrate reductase activities were evaluated in the laboratory. The production of cover crops was done in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme installed in random blocks with four replications. The two cover crops sunn hemp and jack bean composed the first factor and the molibdenum doses (0, 40, 80, and 120 g ha-1) the second. These doses were applied as foliar fertilization using sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) as Mo source. For bean cultivation, an unfertilized control treatment was evaluated.. Sunn hemp showed a linear positive response to Mo application in terms of shoot dry matter and N accumulation, while jack bean showed a quadratic negative response for shoot dry matter; for N accumulation, there was no adjustment of the regression models. Nitrate reductase activity in the common beans was up to three times higher at the Mo dose of 0 g ha-1 when compared to the treatments with Mo application to both cover crops. Cover crops or Mo doses had no significant effect on bean productivity.

RESUMO A produção intensiva de hortaliças em ambiente protegido pode aumentar a quantidade de inóculo de patógenos habitantes do solo, a exemplo dos nematoides das galhas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial de solanáceas como porta-enxertos resistentes ao nematoide Meloidogyne javanica como alternativa à enxertia em tomateiro. O experimento foi constituído de sete tratamentos: as espécies silvestres joá-vermelho (Solanum capsicoides), joá-bagudo (Solanum palinacanthum), joá-bravo (Solanum viarum), jurubeba (Solanum spp.) e os tomateiros comerciais Santa Cruz Kada, Batalha e Guardião. As variáveis analisadas foram índice de galhas; índice de massas de ovos; população final de nematoides; fator de reprodução e reação: de suscetibilidade, resistência e imunidade; matéria da parte aérea fresca, matéria de raiz fresca e número de ovos por grama de raiz. As espécies joá-vermelho, joá-bagudo e jurubeba foram resistentes, apresentando os menores índices de galhas, massa de ovos, população final de nematoides e número de ovos por grama de raiz, não diferindo do tratamento testemunha resistente (porta-enxerto híbrido Guardião), com um fator de reprodução menor que 1, indicando potencial de utilização como porta-enxerto resistente a M. javanica. A espécie joá-bravo mostrou-se suscetível ao nematoide das galhas, com um fator de reprodução maior que 1, não diferindo do tomateiro suscetível Santa Cruz Kada. Tais resultados confirmam a resistência de espécies silvestres ao parasitismo de nematoides, o que pode comprovar a viabilidade de uso como possíveis porta-enxertos alternativos, reforçando a ideia de que mais estudos devem ser realizados com esse enfoque, visando fornecer opções viáveis para o agricultor, bem como aos produtores de mudas.

ABSTRACT Intensive production of vegetables in greenhouses can increase the amount of inoculum of soil-borne pathogens, such as the root-knot nematode. Thus, in this study we aimed to evaluate the potential of Solanaceae as rootstocks resistant to Meloidogyne javanica nematodes as an alternative to tomato grafting. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: wild species joá-vermelho (Solanum capsicoides), joá-bagudo (Solanum palinacanthum), joá-bravo (Solanum viarum), jurubeba (Solanum spp.) and the commercial tomato cultivars Santa Cruz Kada, Batalha and Guardião. The analyzed variables were gall index; egg mass index; final nematode population; reproduction factor (FR) and reaction: susceptibility, resistance and immunity; fresh shoot and root mass and number of eggs per gram of roots. The wild species joá-vermelho, joá-bagudo and jurubeba showed resistance, with the lowest indexes of galls, egg mass, final population of nematodes and number of eggs per gram of root, not differing from the resistant control treatment (hybrid rootstock Guardião), with a reproduction factor less than 1, showing potential to be used as a resistant rootstock to M. javanica. Joá-bravo species showed susceptibility to the root-knot nematode, with a FR>1, not differing from the susceptible tomato Santa Cruz Kada. These results confirm the resistance of wild species to nematode parasitism, which can prove the viability of use as possible alternative rootstocks, and reinforce the idea that more studies should be carried out aiming to provide more viable options for farmers and plantlet producers.

Resumo: No Ensaio sobre a origem das línguas, texto publicado postumamente, em 1781, Rousseau reflete sobre certos aspectos da conformação antropológica e social, tendo em vista as diferentes configurações climáticas e geográficas nas quais os homens se encontram. O objetivo do artigo será examinar a importância das noções de trabalho e preguiça sobre elementos que, no Ensaio, constituem a antropologia desenvolvida por Rousseau. Para isso, buscaremos demonstrar como as diferentes dificuldades impostas pela natureza exigem variadas respostas aos obstáculos do meio ambiente. Estabelecendo uma polarização entre o Norte e o Sul, através de uma descrição das múltiplas espécies de trabalho, veremos como tais atividades moldarão, à sua maneira, as diferentes línguas e paixões que caracterizam os indivíduos setentrionais e do merídio: se, no Norte, o trabalho recalca as paixões, no Sul, encontramos uma condição que melhor se harmoniza com a preguiça natural do homem, atributo antropológico essencial ao sistema natural proposto por Rousseau. Finalmente, salientaremos como a importância do trabalho como resposta às diferentes condições climático-geográficas também se faz sentir na formação dos povos, criando condições materiais e espaços possíveis de convivência, tornando-se um elemento essencial no composto que forma a gênese antropológica e social de Rousseau.

Abstract: In the Essay on the Origin of Languages, a text posthumously published in 1781, Rousseau reflects on aspects of anthropological and social formation in light of the different climatic and geographical settings in which men live. The aim of this paper is to examine the importance of the notions of labor (travail) and idleness (oisivété) for elements that, in the Essay, constitute the anthropology developed by Rousseau. To this end, we show how the various difficulties imposed by nature require varied responses to obstacles imposed by the environment. Establishing a polarization between North and South through a description of multiple types of human labor, we can see how such activities will shape, in their own way, the different languages and passions that characterize the northern and southern individuals: if in the North labor represses the passions, in the South one may find a condition that better suits men's natural idleness, an anthropological attribute which is essential to the natural system advanced by Rousseau. Lastly, we emphasize how the importance of labor as a response to different climatic-geographic conditions also plays a role in the formation of peoples, creating material conditions and possible spaces of companionship, thus becoming an essential element in the complex that forms the genesis of the anthropological and social thought of Rousseau.

RESUMO. O intenso tráfego de máquinas no sistema plantio direto tem acarretado problemas de compactação do solo, ocasionando queda de rendimento das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de soja em razão de mecanismos sulcadores e níveis de compactação do solo, em duas safras agrícolas. O experimento foi conduzido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, em delineamento de blocos ao caso com parcelas subdivididas, onde nas parcelas foram dispostos os níveis de densidade (1,16; 1,20; 1,22 e 1,26 Mg m-3) e nas subparcelas os sulcadores (disco duplo e haste sulcadora). Foram avaliados a resistência à penetração, profundidade de sulco, área de solo mobilizada, estande final de plantas, altura de plantas, número médio de grãos por vagem, massa de 1.000 grãos, número de vagens por planta e produtividade da cultura. Independente do ano agrícola, a resistência à penetração aumentou com os níveis de compactação do solo até em torno de 0,20 m de profundidade. Na primeira safra, foi observado maior produtividade com o uso da haste. Na segunda safra, a haste proporcionou, aumento na profundidade de sulco, área mobilizada, altura de plantas e estande final de plantas, mas isso não se refletiu em ganhos de produtividade.

ABSTRACT. The heavy traffic of machines in no-tillage systems causes problems as soil compaction and loss of crops productivity. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the productivity of soybeans in reference to furrow openers and the levels of soil compaction in two crops. The experiment was conducted on Rhodic Hapludox by tracing random blocks with subdivided parcels. The soil bulk density levels were laid out in the parcels (1.16, 1.20, 1.22, and 1.26 Mg m-3) and the furrowers in the sub-parcels (double disc and shanks). The resistance to penetration, depth of the furrow, mobilized soil area, final plant stands, height of plants, mean number of beans by pod, 1,000 bean mass, number of pods per plant and productivity of the culture were evaluated. The resistance to penetration increased with the levels of soil compaction regardless of the farming year and up to a depth of 0.20 m. In the first crop, higher productivity with the use of the shank was observed. In the second crop, the use of the shank resulted in an increase in depth of the furrow, mobilized soil, height of the plants and final stand of the plants, but this did not indicate an increase in productivity.