Resumen Objetivo principal: describir características, atributos y acciones específicas del cuidado de enfermería respetuoso del Buen Trato. Metodología: estudio de métodos mixtos basado en el análisis de contenido de Kyngäs sobre una muestra de enfermeras y estudiantes de enfermería. Se realizaron grupos focales y encuestas. Resultados principales: se identificaron cuatro dimensiones: (a) significado del Buen Trato en la atención de Enfermería, (b) conductas que reflejan una atención de enfermería que respeta el Buen Trato, (c) conductas que vulneran el Buen Trato y (d) dificultades de los estudiantes para otorgar cuidado respetuoso. Conclusión principal: El Buen Trato se basa en una relación enfermera-usuario construida sobre el respeto y reconocimiento de la dignidad de las personas. El proceso de enseñanza/aprendizaje orientado al Buen Trato en enfermería requiere que integrar conocimientos teóricos, prácticos y actitudinales, que permita a los profesionales contar con las competencias necesarias para brindar cuidado respetuoso.

Abstract Objective: to describe the characteristics and attributes and the specific actions of a respectful nursing care. Methods: Method: a mixed methods study based on the content analysis by Kyngäs was conducted with a sample of nurses and nursing students. The data was obtained through focus groups and surveys. Results: four dimensions are identified: (a) meaning of Respectful Care in Nursing care, (b) behaviors that reflect a Respectful nursing Care, (c) behaviors that violate Respectful Care and (d) difficulties of the students to include the Respectful Care in their practice. Conclusions: A Respectful Care is based on the nurse-patient relationship where patients are treated with respect for their dignity. The teaching/learning process with focus on Respectful Care in nursing requires to integrate theoretical, practical and attitudinal knowledge, which allows professionals to have the necessary skills to provide respectful care.

ABSTRACT Latin America was during November 2020 one of the most affected regions by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of prevalence and deaths attributed to the virus. Therefore, the start of vaccine testing in citizens of the region was received with high expectations about its effectiveness. Therefore, it is essential to take into account certain fundamental principles that should guide this process ensuring its correct implementation. The objective of this article is to provide considerations on the process of implementing clinical trials and post-trial access to COVID-19 vaccines in Latin America, in particular those related to respect for the dignity of participants, the historical global and regional tensions regarding the political economy of clinical trials, some aspects of global governance and the role of the World Health Organization in the pandemic, and the need to ensure post-trial access to the vaccine. It is concluded that the pandemic is an opportunity to strengthen bonds of cooperation and solidarity between Latin American countries. Clinical trials are a key instance to strengthen local and regional governance with a view to consolidate transparency and monitoring of the correct implementation of public-private partnerships in the development of therapies, in which the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization have an important role for the implementation of integration strategies and access to vaccines.

RESUMEN Latinoamérica fue durante noviembre de 2020 una de las regiones más afectada por la pandemia de COVID-19 en cuanto a prevalencia y muertes atribuidas al virus. Por ello, el inicio de testeo de vacunas en ciudadanos de la región fue recibido con altas expectativas sobre su efectividad. Frente a lo cual es esencial tener en cuenta ciertos principios fundamentales que deben guiar este proceso asegurando su correcta implementación. El objetivo de este artículo es ofrecer consideraciones sobre el proceso de implementación de ensayos clínicos y acceso posensayo a vacunas para COVID-19 en Latinoamérica. En particular los relacionados con el respeto a la dignidad de los participantes, las tensiones históricas globales y regionales en materia de economía política de ensayos clínicos, algunos aspectos de la gobernanza global y el rol de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en la pandemia, y la necesidad de asegurar el acceso posensayo a la vacuna. Se concluye que la pandemia es una oportunidad para estrechar lazos de cooperación y solidaridad entre países latinoamericanos. Los ensayos clínicos son una instancia clave para reforzar la gobernanza local y regional con miras a fortalecer la transparencia y la vigilancia de la correcta realización de alianzas público-privadas en el desarrollo de terapias, en los que la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, tienen un rol importante para la implementación de estrategias de integración y acceso a vacunas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The right to health care ensures access of all individuals to equal opportunities to achieve an optimal health status. Objective: Describe the relationship between inalienable human rights and patient-centered care according to users of primary health care centers and experts in primary health care in Chile. Methods: A qualitative prospective descriptive study was conducted from January to December 2015 to analyze Krippendorff's alpha content in five focal groups of 41 users and three-round e-Delphi with 29 Chilean experts, as well as the data saturation end criterion and the agreement coefficient. Results: According to users, perception of kind treatment in health care implies that it be consistent and integrated and does not breach users' needs, all of which is directly related to respect for the right to health. This is consistent with the opinions contributed by experts, but not with the experiences undergone by users at primary health care centers, which are examples of practices related to institutional violence. Conclusions: Respect for health human rights should have a first-priority position in the health public agenda, since dignified treatment is a right to be enjoyed by the entire population.

RESUMEN Introducción: El derecho a la salud garantiza el acceso a todos los individuos a iguales oportunidades para alcanzar el grado máximo de salud. Objetivo: Describir la vinculación entre derechos humanos irrenunciables y la atención centrada en la persona según usuarios de centros de salud de Atención Primaria y expertos en Atención Primaria de Salud de Chile. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y prospectivo, desarrollado entre enero y diciembre de 2015, considera análisis de contenido de Krippendorff de 5 grupos focales con 41 usuarios y Delphi electrónico de 3 rondas con 29 expertos chilenos. Criterio de finalización saturación de la información y el Coeficiente de Concordancia. Resultados: Según los usuarios, la percepción de buen trato en la atención de salud implica que esta sea coherente, integrada y que no fragmente los requerimientos de los usuarios, lo que se vincula directamente con el respeto al derecho a la salud. Esto es consistente con lo planteado por los expertos, pero es discordante respecto a la experiencia vivida por los usuarios en los centros de la Atención Primaria de Salud, lo que es parte de prácticas vinculadas a la violencia institucional. Conclusiones: El respeto de los derechos humanos en salud debe posicionarse como un tema de primer orden en la agenda pública de salud, ya que el trato digno es un derecho propio de todas las personas.

Abstract: The objective of this research is to establish a typology of errors linked to the use of articles in SSL, and to associate the greater or lesser recurrence of errors at different levels of target language: A2 and B2. The contribution of this work is to help the more systematic and consistent treatment of articles among non-native speakers of Spanish. This investigation contemplated the analysis of 67 free Spanish-language essays in two language levels, from which a taxonomy of errors was created. Subsequently, a module for teaching the articles to each level group was carried out to see the effect that the instruction had on the handling of these elements, an effect that was measured in relation to a pretest and a posttest. The results show that after the teaching module increases the overuse and the wrong selection, over the concordance errors that appeared before the teaching module. The explanation for this may be the use of hyper generalization strategies and a greater feeling of trust among the learners. The error counts also show a positive correlation between a higher level of language, and a better use of articles in Spanish. Finally, it can be said that after the teaching module a better use of the neutral is observed, although the difficulties with the defined articles persist.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación es conformar una tipología de errores vinculada al uso de los artículos en ESL y asociar la mayor o menor recurrencia de errores a distintos niveles de lengua meta: A2 y B2. El aporte de este trabajo consiste en ayudar al tratamiento más sistemático y consistente de los artículos entre hablantes no nativos de español. Esta investigación contempló el análisis de 67 redacciones libres de aprendientes de español en dos niveles de lengua, a partir de los cuales se creo una taxonomía de errores. Posteriormente se realizó un módulo de enseñanza de los artículos a cada grupo de nivel, para ver el efecto que tenía la instrucción en el manejo de estos elementos, efecto que fue medido en relación con un pretest y un postest. Los resultados muestran que tras el módulo de enseñanza aumenta el sobreuso y la selección errónea, por sobre los errores de concordancia que figuraban como los preminentes antes del módulo. La explicación de esto puede ser el uso de estrategias de hipergeneralización y un mayor sentimiento de confianza entre los aprendientes. Los conteos de errores también evidencian una correlación positiva entre un mayor nivel de lengua y un mejor empleo más de los artículos en español. Finalmente, puede decirse que tras el módulo de enseñanza se observa un mejor uso del neutro, si bien persisten las dificultades con los artículos los definidos.

RESUMO A madeira de eucalipto de árvores adultas é utilizada para os mais diversos fins, entretanto, a utilização desta madeira de árvores de idade precoce é limitada. O objetivo foi caracterizar e propor utilizações para madeira de eucalipto com dois anos de idade. Seis clones de Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla, com dois anos de idade, foram selecionados e suas características anatômicas, ultraestruturais, físicas e mecânicas avaliadas. A madeira do clone A apresentou fibras mais robustas e de melhor arranjo microfibrilar, resultando em melhores propriedades mecânicas e, por isto, melhor desempenho para uso estrutural. O clone F apresentou madeira com pouca variação da densidade básica no sentido radial, facilitando sua trabalhabilidade e, com o clone B, apresentou menor coeficiente de anisotropia e, por isto, a madeira é recomendada para locais com alta variação de umidade. A heterogeneidade das características da madeira dos clones avaliados corrobora a necessidade estudos por clone para uma sua melhor utilização.

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus wood from adult trees is used for several purposes; however, the wood of younger trees has limited use. This study aims to characterize and propose uses of two-year-old eucalyptus wood. Six two-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones have been selected and their anatomical, ultrastructural, physical and mechanical wood characteristics evaluated. The wood of Clone A shows more robust fibers with better microfibril arrangement, resulting in better mechanical properties, and therefore, a better performance for structural use. Clone F showed a low variation of wood basic density in the radial direction, facilitating its machinability, and with the Clone B, showed a lower anisotropy, and therefore, the wood is recommended for locations with high variations of humidity. The heterogeneity of the wood characteristics of the evaluated clones confirms the need for further studies, to choose those most adequate to each use.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar uma nova metodologia para avaliar a resistência das árvores aos danos causados pelos ventos e determinar as características que aumentam a resistência dos clones a estes danos. A resistência das árvores à ruptura e a tensão de crescimento, assim como a densidade básica, ultraestrutura, anatomia e propriedades mecânicas da madeira foram avaliadas em sete clones de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, recolhidos de uma região com uma alta incidência de danos provocados pelo vento. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre a resistência à ruptura da árvore e a relação entre a área danificada pelos ventos e a área total plantada foi -0,839, mostrando a eficiência da metodologia adotada e que alta resistência à quebra resulta em baixa área afetada por danos pelos ventos. Árvores com uma alta densidade básica, fração da parede celular, módulo de elasticidade da lamela média e fibras, dureza da fibra, módulo de ruptura, tensão de crescimento e baixo ângulo microfibrilar e altura e largura dos raios apresentaram maior resistência a danos causados pelo vento. Portanto, a seleção de clones com estas características pode reduzir a incidência de danos causados por ventos em plantações de eucalipto.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to test a new methodology to assess the resistance of trees to wind damage and determine the characteristics that increase clone resistance to winds. Tree resistance to breakage, basic density, ultrastructure, anatomy, mechanical properties, and wood growth stress have been evaluated in seven Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones, collected from a region with a high incidence of wind damage. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the tree resistance to breakage and the ratio between the area damaged by the winds and the total planted area was -0.839, showing the efficiency of the methodology adopted and that high breaking strength results in a smaller area affected by wind damage. Trees with a high basic density, cell wall fraction, modulus of elasticity of the middle lamella and fibers, fiber hardness, modulus of rupture, growth stress and low microfibril angle and height and width of the rays showed greater resistance to wind damage. Therefore, the selection of clones with these features may reduce the incidence of damage by winds in Eucalyptus plantations.

RESUMO Árvores de eucalipto de rápido crescimento podem ser danificadas por ventos, principalmente 24 meses após o plantio, mas a baixa qualidade das fibras dessa madeira dificulta a produção de polpa celulósica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização destes materiais para a fabricação de polpa celulósica em misturas com madeira de árvores de sete anos de idade. Polpa celulósica branqueada foi produzida com 100, 95, 85, 75 e 0% de madeira de árvores de dois clones de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla com sete anos de idade, relacionada com a idade de corte. Madeira de árvores de dois anos de idade, mais susceptíveis a danos por ventos, foi utilizada para completar cada tratamento. Um disco de espessura de 5 cm foi retirado na altura do peito (1,3 m) em cada árvore para a caracterização anatômica e ultra-estrutural. As árvores com sete anos apresentaram maior frequência de vasos, fibras com maior comprimento, fração parede, módulo de elasticidade e dureza e menor ângulo microfibrilar. O refino nas polpas diminuiu a opacidade e o volume específico e aumentou a resistência a passagem do ar e as propriedades mecânicas. A adição de madeira de dois anos de idade na produção de polpa celulósica reduziu a resistência mecânica e opacidade e aumentou a resistência à passagem de ar. A proporção da madeira de dois anos de idade, que pode ser utilizado na produção de polpa celulósica variou com o clone, parâmetro avaliado e intensidade do refino. No entanto, a polpa celulósica produzida com 5% de madeira de dois anos de idade, e 95% de madeira de sete anos de idade, foi semelhante aquela com 100% de madeira de árvores de sete anos de idade. Portanto, cinco por cento de madeira de dois anos de idade pode ser utilizado para a produção de polpa celulósica sem perda de qualidade.

ABSTRACT Wind may damage eucalyptus trees, especially 24 months after planting, which can reduce wood fiber quality and hinder pulp production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of these materials in mixtures with wood from seven-year-old trees to produce pulp. Bleached pulp was produced using 100, 95, 85, 75 and 0% wood from seven-year-old eucalyptus trees, related to cutting age. Wood from two-year-old trees, when trees are most susceptible to damage by wind, completed each treatment. A 5 cm thick disc was taken from breast height (1.3m) on each tree for anatomical and ultrastructural characterization. The seven-year-old wood had lower vessel frequency and fibers with a longer length, higher cell wall fraction, higher modulus of elasticity and hardness, and a lower microfibril angle. Pulp refining decreased the opacity and specific volume, increased air resistance and improved mechanical properties. The addition of two-year-old wood to produce pulp reduced the mechanical properties and opacity, and increased the air resistance of the paper. The proportion of two-year-old wood that can be used in pulp production varied with the clone, parameter, and refining level. However, the pulp produced with 5% wood from two-year-old trees and 95% wood from seven-year-old trees was similar to that with 100% seven-year-old wood. Therefore, 5% two-year-old wood can be used to produce pulp without quality losses.

Six Eucalyptus nitens families from two soils in the 8th Region of Chile, clay and trumao, were studied to select families with lower degree of cracking. Cracking parameters evaluated at mesoscale, next to nanomechanical properties of the celular structure, were related in a representative volumen element of these tree, such as percentage of cracked area of trees relating them to the ductility ratio (E/H) obtained of values of modulus of elasticity (E) and hardness (H) by nanoindentation and the modulus of resilience (u r) of the middle lamella and S2-layer of the cell wall were analyzed. Furthermore, it was determined that the difference between the modulus of resilience (∆u r) of the middle lamella with the S2-layer is a good indicator of the interfacial stress inducing fractures in the S1-layer. Using nanocharacterization it was established that the middle lamella is more brittle and susceptible to generate microcracks that spread to meso scale. The ∆u r between the middle lamella and S2 layer shown to be lower in families 2 and 5. These families showed to have lower levels of shear stress at the interface between the middle lamella and S2-layer, therefore the amount of microcracks that occur is lower, there is a good relationship with the percentage of measured cracks in these families of Eucalyptus nitens. According these findings, the families that show low degree of interfacial tensión at celular level and low cracks index were family 2 and family 5.

Seis familias de Eucalyptus nitens provenientes de dos suelos, arcilloso y trumao, localizados en la 8va Región de Chile, fueron estudiadas para seleccionar aquellas familias con menor grado de agrietamiento. Se relacionaron parámetros de agrietamiento evaluados a mesoescala con las propiedades nanomecánicas en un elemento de volumen representativo de estos árboles. Para segregar las familias se analizó el porcentaje de área de grietas de estos árboles junto a la razón de ductilidad (E/H) obtenidos del módulo de elasticidad (E) y dureza (H) mediante la técnica de nanoindentación y el módulo de resiliencia (u r) ambos en la lamela media y capa S2 de la pared celular. Además, se determinó la diferencia entre el módulo de resiliencia entre la lamela media y la capa S2 (∆u r), como un indicador de la tensión interfacial que induce fracturas principalmente en la capa S1 de la estructura celular de la madera. La nanocaracterización permitió establecer que la lamela media es más débil y susceptible a generar microgrietas que se propagan hasta ser visibles formando grietas mayores. El parámetro ∆u r entre la lamela media y capa S2 mostró ser menor en las familias 2 y 5. Estas familias presentaron menores niveles de tensión de corte en la interface de la capa S2-lamela media, por lo tanto, la cantidad de microgrietas, existiendo una buena relación con el porcentaje de grietas medidos en las familias de Eucalyptus nitens. De acuerdo a esto, las familias segregadas con bajo grado de tensión interfacial a nivel celular y bajo nivel de agrietamiento a mesoescala, fueron las familia 2 y 5.

The health promotion in the university context emerges as an important initiative to facilitate the development of healthy lifestyle behaviors in this environment where students, faculty and university staff spend and share a significant part of their lives. The movement of Health Promoting Universities (HPU) has over 20 years of experience, but still lacks a common language that allows effective communication between those who are interested in its planning and implementation. The purpose of this paper is to develop the most relevant concepts in the context of the international movement of UPS. This document is organized into five anchor dimensions: [1]The university and health promotion, [2] The University and its social responsibility, [3] The University, inequality and inequity, [4] The University and evidence in health promotion, and [5] Strategies to develop a HPU. It is hoped that this glossary for HPU encourages the development of a common language between those who promote this initiative and come from different disciplines, and at the same time serve as a guide for practice.

La promoción de la salud en el contexto universitario surge como una iniciativa relevante para facilitar el desarrollo de conductas y estilos de de vida saludable en el entorno donde estudiantes, académicos y personal universitario desarrollan parte importante de sus vidas. El movimiento de Universidades Promotoras de Salud (UPS) cuenta con más de 20 años de experiencia, sin embargo aún carece de un lenguaje común que permita una comunicación efectiva entre quienes lo planifican e implementan. El propósito de este artículo es desarrollar conceptos esenciales en el movimiento internacional de UPS. Este documento está organizado considerando cinco aspectos que facilitan la comprensión del mismo: [1] La Universidad y la promoción de la salud, [2] La Universidad y su responsabilidad social, [3] La Universidad, la desigualdad y la equidad, [4] La Universidad y la evidencia en promoción de la salud, y [5] Estrategias para desarrollar una UPS. Se espera que este glosario para UPS favorezca el desarrollo de un lenguaje común entre quienes lo promueven y al mismo tiempo sirva de guía para la práctica.

La promoción de la salud en el contexto universitario surge como una iniciativa relevante para facilitar el desarrollo de conductas y estilos de de vida saludable en el entorno donde estudiantes, académicos y personal universitario desarrollan parte importante de sus vidas. El movimiento de Universidades Promotoras de Salud (UPS) cuenta con más de 20 años de experiencia, sin embargo aún carece de un lenguaje común que permita una comunicación efectiva entre quienes lo planifican e implementan. El propósito de este artículo es desarrollar conceptos esenciales en el movimiento internacional de UPS. Este documento está organizado considerando cinco aspectos que facilitan la comprensión del mismo: [1] La Universidad y la promoción de la salud, [2] La Universidad y su responsabilidad social, [3] La Universidad, la desigualdad y la equidad, [4] La Universidad y la evidencia en promoción de la salud, y [5] Estrategias para desarrollar una UPS. Se espera que este glosario para UPS favorezca el desarrollo de un lenguaje común entre quienes lo promueven y al mismo tiempo sirva de guía para la práctica.

The health promotion in the university context emerges as an important initiative to facilitate the development of healthy lifestyle behaviors in this environment where students, faculty and university staff spend and share a significant part of their lives. The movement of Health Promoting Universities (HPU) has over 20 years of experience, but still lacks a common language that allows effective communication between those who are interested in its planning and implementation. The purpose of this paper is to develop the most relevant concepts in the context of the international movement of UPS. This document is organized into five anchor dimensions: [1]The university and health promotion, [2] The University and its social responsibility, [3] The University, inequality and inequity, [4] The University and evidence in health promotion, and [5] Strategies to develop a HPU. It is hoped that this glossary for HPU encourages the development of a common language between those who promote this initiative and come from different disciplines, and at the same time serve as a guide for practice.

La promoción de la salud en el contexto universitario surge como una iniciativa relevante para facilitar el desarrollo de conductas y estilos de de vida saludable en el entorno donde estudiantes, académicos y personal universitario desarrollan parte importante de sus vidas. El movimiento de Universidades Promotoras de Salud (UPS) cuenta con más de 20 años de experiencia, sin embargo aún carece de un lenguaje común que permita una comunicación efectiva entre quienes lo planifican e implementan. El propósito de este artículo es desarrollar conceptos esenciales en el movimiento internacional de UPS. Este documento está organizado considerando cinco aspectos que facilitan la comprensión del mismo: [1] La Universidad y la promoción de la salud, [2] La Universidad y su responsabilidad social, [3] La Universidad, la desigualdad y la equidad, [4] La Universidad y la evidencia en promoción de la salud, y [5] Estrategias para desarrollar una UPS. Se espera que este glosario para UPS favorezca el desarrollo de un lenguaje común entre quienes lo promueven y al mismo tiempo sirva de guía para la práctica.

The health promotion in the university context emerges as an important initiative to facilitate the development of healthy lifestyle behaviors in this environment where students, faculty and university staff spend and share a significant part of their lives. The movement of Health Promoting Universities (HPU) has over 20 years of experience, but still lacks a common language that allows effective communication between those who are interested in its planning and implementation. The purpose of this paper is to develop the most relevant concepts in the context of the international movement of UPS. This document is organized into five anchor dimensions: [1]The university and health promotion, [2] The University and its social responsibility, [3] The University, inequality and inequity, [4] The University and evidence in health promotion, and [5] Strategies to develop a HPU. It is hoped that this glossary for HPU encourages the development of a common language between those who promote this initiative and come from different disciplines, and at the same time serve as a guide for practice.