Abstract Bauhinia forficata Link aqueous extract is usually recommended as a phytomedicine to reduce blood glucose levels and its biological activity has been linked to the presence of phenolic compounds from B. forficata preparations. Several drying processes are used in the production of dry herbal extracts, which may influence the chemical composition and efficacy of final herbal medicines. Due to significant chemical changes, defining appropriate drying processes is essential for phytopharmaceutical drug development. In view of this, we analyzed dried B. forficata leaf infusion (BFLI) extracts by HPLC-UV-MSn, followed by molecular networking analysis to evaluate the chemical profiles from dried extracts yielded by freeze-and spray-drying processes. The main metabolites detected included 11 ferulic/isoferulic acid derivatives and 13 glycosylated flavonoids. The qualitative chemical profiles were alike for both drying processes, whereas the relative abundance of some flavonoids was higher using spray-drying. Taken together, our results showed that freeze-and spray-drying preserved the phenolic profile of BFLI and suggested that spray-drying may be the most suitable to obtain its dried products. Along with studying the chemical profiles of dried herbal extracts, evaluating the influence of drying processes on the quality and chemical profiles of final products is pivotal and may benefit future research.

RESUMO: A mastite bovina é a enfermidade que causa maior impacto na produção leiteira, sendo o microrganismo Staphylococcus aureus o mais prevalente. Este gênero possui a capacidade de produzir biofilmes que é um importante mecanismo de resistência aos antibióticos. Considerando a capacidade terapêutica das plantas, a espécie Croton urucurana, nativa do Cerrado, foi alvo do presente estudo, que teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antibiofilme in vitro do extrato vegetal e substâncias isoladas desta espécie, frente Staphylococcus aureus, isolados de leite de vacas com mastite, bem como dos antibióticos gentamicina e vancomicina. A atividade antibiofilme foi avaliada por meio do cristal violeta e da contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia. As imagens foram obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O extrato bruto e frações de C. urucurana apresentaram atividade antibiofilme superior à gentamicina e semelhante à vancomicina, enquanto a substância isolada α-Costol foi significativamente mais ativa quando comparada aos demais tratamentos avaliados, reduzindo cerca de 6 ciclos logarítmicos da população bacteriana em biofilme. Conclui-se que os fitocomplexos e a substância α-Costol isolados de Croton urucurana são promissores no combate a um dos principais agentes etiológicos da mastite bovina.

ABSTRACT: Mastitis in dairy cattle is the disease that impacts dairy production the most; Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of this condition. The genus Staphylococcus has the ability to produce biofilms, an important mechanism of antibiotic resistance. Bearing in mind that plants have therapeutic action, this study investigated the in vitro antibiofilm activity of the plant extract and compounds isolated from the species Croton urucurana, native to the Brazilian Cerrado, against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the milk of cows with mastitis, as well as the antibiotic gentamycin and vancomicyn. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by means of violet crystal and the counting of Colony Forming Units. The images were obtained by scanning electron microscopy. The C. urucurana crude extract and fraction displayed better antibiofilm effect than gentamycin; their antibiofilm action was similar to the action of vancomycin. Compared with all the assessed treatments, the isolated compound α-Costol was significantly more active it reduced six logarithmic cycles of the bacterial population composing the biofilm. The phytocomplexs and the α-Costol substance isolated from Croton urucurana are promising in the fight against one of the main etiological agents of bovine mastitis.

Neste trabalho 12 flavonóides foram detectados nos tricomas glandulares de duas espécies de Chromolaena através do emprego da técnica de microamostragem de tricomas glandulares, associada à análise por CLAE. Esta é a primeira vez que se relata o acúmulo de flavonóides em tricomas glandulares no gênero. Com base nos resultados obtidos, podemos sugerir que esta técnica pode ser uma ferramenta útil na busca de substâncias com propriedades medicinais e em estudos quimiotaxonômicos de Eupatorieae.

In this work, twelve flavonoids were detected in glandular trichomes of two species of Chromolaena through the glandular microsampling technique and HPLC-UV-DAD analysis. This is the first time that the accumulation of flavonoids in glandular trichomes of the genus Chromolaena is reported. Based on the results, we suggest that this technique can be an useful tool in the search of new compounds with medicinal properties as well as in chemotaxonomic studies of Eupatorieae.

O fracionamento dos extratos diclorometânico e metanólico das partes aéreas de Mikania pseudohoffmanniana G. M. Barroso ex W. C. Holmes resultou na identificação de 16 substâncias: os esteróides: campesterol, estigmasterol e beta-sitosterol; os diterpenos: ácido ent-15beta-E-cinamoiloxi-caur-16-en-19-óico, ácido ent-15beta-Z-cinamoiloxi-caur-16-en-19-óico e ácido ent-caur-16-en-19-óico; os triterpenos: alfa-amirina, beta-amirina, acetato de alfa-amirina, acetato de beta-amirina, lupeol, acetato de lupeol e friedelina; a cumarina: escopoletina; o flavonóide: quercetina e o derivado do ácido cafeoilquínico: 4,5-di-O-[E] -cafeoilquínico.

This work describes the fractionation of methanol and dichloromethane extracts of aerial parts from the Mikania pseudohoffmanniana G. M. Barroso ex W. C. Holmes. The phytochemical study of extracts led to isolation and the identification of 16 known compounds, including: steroids: campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol, diterpenes: ent-15beta-E-cinnamoyloxy-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, ent-15beta-Z-cinnamoyloxy-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, triterpenes: alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, alpha-amyrin acetate, beta-amyrin acetate, lupeol, lupeol acetate and friedelin, coumarin: scopoletin, flavonoid: quercetin and caffeoyl quinic acid derivative: 4,5-di-O-[E]-caffeoyl quinic acid.

Os extratos diclorometânicos e etanólicos de folhas e caule de Chromolaena squalida e de folhas e flores de Chromolaena hirsuta foram avaliados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana. Oito flavonóides e cinco esteróides foram desafiados frente a 22 cepas indicadoras, incluindo bactérias (Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas) e leveduras. Todos os extratos brutos, flavonóides e esteróides ensaiados mostraram atividade antimicrobiana, principalmente frente a bactérias Gram-positivas.

The crude extracts (dichloromethanic and ethanolic) and some compounds (8 flavonoids and 5 steroids) isolated from Chromolaena squalida (leaves and stems) and Chromolaena hirsuta (leaves and flowers) have been evaluated against 22 strains of microorganisms including bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and yeasts. All crude extracts, flavonoids and steroids evaluated have been shown actives, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria.