Abstract The study was conducted to investigate the effect of CPPU(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl-phenylurea) and NAA (Naphthaleneacetic acid) on the pigments, total phenol, flavonoid and mineral (K+) content in wax apple fruit. CPPU concentrations were 10, 15 and 20ppm (Expt.1) and 6, 12, 18ppm NAA were applied coming after swabbing technique (Expt.2). In Expt.1, the lowest fruit weight, fruit size and chlorophyll content was observed in control treatment. However, the highest fruit weight, fruit size and chlorophyll (SPAD) content was found in 15ppm CPPU. The most effective concentration was 15ppm CPPU for the earlier fruit maturity (color development) compared to other concentrations. Moreover, flavonoid, fructose, inverted sugar, total phenol and K+ were higher in 15ppm CPPU than control, 10 and 20ppm CPPU. In addition, anthocyanin was found increasing trend while developing the fruit maturity represented by color development. In Expt.2, chlorophyll was higher in 15ppm CPPU than control, 6, 18ppm NAA. Furthermore, flavonoid, fructose, inverted sugar, total phenol and K+ content were higher in 12ppm NAA than control, 6 and 18ppm NAA. Besides, the maximum anthocyanin was found in 12ppm NAA. Finally it seemed that 15ppm CPPU and 12ppm NAA were the best concentration for fruit growth and biochemical contents development in wax apple.

Resumo O estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de CPPU(2-Cloro-4-piridilfenilureia) e NAA (ácido naftalenoacético) sobre o teor de pigmentos, fenóis totais, flavonoides e minerais (K+) em frutas de maçã de cera. As concentrações de CPPU foram 10, 15 e 20ppm (Expt.1) e 6, 12, 18ppm NAA foram aplicadas após a técnica de swab (Expt.2). No Expt.1, o menor peso do fruto, tamanho do fruto e teor de clorofila foi observado no tratamento controle. No entanto, o maior peso de fruto, tamanho de fruto e conteúdo de clorofila (SPAD) foi encontrado em 15ppm CPPU. A concentração mais eficaz foi de 15 ppm CPPU para a maturidade precoce da fruta (desenvolvimento da cor) em comparação com outras concentrações. Além disso, flavonoides, frutose, açúcar invertido, fenóis totais e K+ foram maiores em 15ppm CPPU do que o controle, 10 e 20ppm CPPU. Além disso, a antocianina apresentou tendência crescente ao desenvolver a maturidade do fruto representada pelo desenvolvimento da cor. No Expt.2, a clorofila foi maior em 15ppm CPPU do que no controle, 6, 18ppm NAA. Além disso, os teores de flavonoides, frutose, açúcar invertido, fenóis totais e K+ foram maiores em 12ppm NAA do que no controle, 6 e 18ppm NAA. Além disso, o máximo de antocianina foi encontrado em 12ppm NAA. Finalmente, parece que 15ppm CPPU e 12ppm NAA foram a melhor concentração para o crescimento do fruto e desenvolvimento do conteúdo bioquímico em maçã de cera.

ABSTRACT Morphological and anatomical studies comprised leaf venation, histological analysis and epidermal peeling were carried out on Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC.). Anatomical studies of the leaf and root determined the presence of cuticle and oil glands, arrangement of cells and the structure of vascular system. The dorsiventral leaf with pinnate venation and amphistomatic leaf with paracytic type stomata were embedded below the epidermis. Trichomes and oil glands were also observed on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaf. Longitudinal sections of the callus showed the existence of meristematic cells, which could give rise to plant regeneration. In the process of organogenesis, adventitious shoots emerged from leaf and stem explants within 2 months after culturing on MS media fortified with 6-Benzylaminopurine (1.0-2.0 mg/l). Ultimately, in vitro germination was successfully established for the propagation and future conservation programs of this species.

RESUMEN Se realizaron estudios morfológicos y anatómicos de venación foliar, análisis histológico y peeling epidérmico en Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC). Los estudios anatómicos de la hoja y de la raíz determinaron la presencia de la cutícula y de las glándulas de aceite, la disposición de células y la estructura del sistema vascular. La hoja dorsiventral con venación pinnada y la hoja anfistomática con estomas paracíticos estaban incrustados debajo de la epidermis. También se observaron tricomas y glándulas oleosas en las superficies adaxial y abaxial de la hoja. Las secciones longitudinales del callo mostraron la existencia de células meristemáticas que podrían dar lugar a la regeneración de las plantas. En el proceso de organogénesis, brotes adventicios surgieron de los explantes de hoja y tallo en los 2 meses después del cultivo en medios de MS fortificados con 6-bencilaminopurina (1,0-2,0 mg / l). En última instancia, la germinación in vitro se estableció con éxito para la propagación y los futuros programas de conservación de esta especie.

Celosia argentea (Var.) cristata (Amaranthaceae) is a widely cultivated ornamental plant, which has antibacterial, astringent, haemostatic, hypertensive, ophthalmic, and parasitic significance. This study describes a protocol for in vitro callus induction and plant regeneration from leaf and stem explants of C. argentea using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Callus culture was initiated and established from seedling, leaf, and stem explants. Explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with auxin alone (0.5 mg/L Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2, 4-Dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D). Green and red compact callus (98%) were induced using MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L Benzyladenine (BA). Two different concentrations (1.0 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA + 1.0 mg/L NAA) successfully induced plant regeneration with multiple shoots (1.5 and 0.9 shoots per explants, respectively). Successful shoots were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (80%) at 35thday. Acclimatization was done, which resulted in 90% of the plantlets surviving in garden soil. This protocol could be used to micropropagate C. argentea for conservation, commercial natural product production. The high frequency of callus indicated potential of C. argentea for secondary metabolite production (celosin) in pharmaceutical industry.

In the present study, in vitro mutagenesis techniques were applied to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gy on physiological changes in callus of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f. Biochemical changes in chlorophyll and soluble protein content of pre- and post- irradiated Gerbera callus were studied. Non-irradiated callus demonstrated the highest amount of chlorophyll content as compared to callus irradiated at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gy. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll b was relatively higher than chlorophyll a in both the irradiated and non-irradiated callus, except for callus irradiated at 10 Gy. Biochemical differentiation based on total soluble protein content revealed gradual reduction after day 9 of exposure to gamma irradiation. Reduction of soluble protein content was observed in all the treatments as the increase of incubation period.

The present study describes the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in suspension culture derived from the leaf and stem explants of Phyla nodiflora. The medium type, plant growth regulators, complex extract (coconut milk and malt extract) and anti-oxidant (activated charcoal, ascorbic acid, Polyvinylpyrrolidone and citric acid) markedly influenced the embryo regeneration of P. nodiflora. MS with 2,4-D and activated charcoal (10 mg/L) gave the highest stimulation of embryogenic callus growth. Optimized callus was transfered into suspension culture, which showed the globular, heart shaped embryos in MS with 2,4-D + BA + picloram (0.1 mg/L), coconut milk (10 ml/L), citric acid (100 mg/L) on 6th subcultures. Further development stages such as torpedo and cotyledonary stage embryos and fostered maturation of embryos were observed at 8th and 10th subculture. However, the high frequency embryo germination and plantlet (45 plants/20 mg cotyledonary stages embryos) formation was obtained in half-strength MS medium without growth regulators from cotyledonary embryos. All the plantlets established in the field exhibited morphological characters similar to those of the mother plant.