Abstract Six sample preparation procedures were evaluated for selective extraction of Cr(VI) from commercial samples of chromium oxide green (Cr2O3) pigments prior to formation of its diphenylcarbazone complex [CrDPCO]- for determination by visible spectrophotometry: (I) water-soluble chromium; (II) EPA method 3060A without Mg2+; (III) EPA method 3060A with Mg2+; (IV) Na3PO4 based extraction; (V) method IRSA16 based on acidic extraction and; (VI) Na2CO3 based extraction. Evaluation of the influence of concomitant Cr(III) ions, time and stability of the [CrDPCO]- complex was investigated. Recoveries of soluble and insoluble Cr(VI) species were 86% and 80%, respectively, using procedure (VI). Direct calibration against aqueous standards prepared in the extraction medium was successful for Cr(VI) in the concentration range 0.05-1.50 μg L-1. Limits of detection and quantitation were 0.3 µg g-1 and 1.0 µg g-1, respectively, for 250 mg subsamples/25 mL. Procedure (VI) was applied to the analysis of four commercial samples of Cr2O3 pigments, three determined to have Cr(VI) within compliance limits below 1.0 µg g-1, but one at 16.6 ± 0.6 µg g-1, prohibiting use of this pigment in cosmetic formulations. This sample was conveniently employed to evaluate the accuracy of the method. The recommended procedure is simple and accurate and has been adopted by Tecpar’s laboratory of Parana Institute of Technology (Curitiba, Brazil).

ABSTRACT Determination of potential contaminants elements in food packing films arising from contact with acidic aqueous foods was undertaken by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) in accordance with DIN EN 1186-1. Test sections from plastic films were totally immersed in 3% w/v CH3COOH used as the food simulant. Testing was conducted under three conditions: (1) 10 days at 40 ºC; (2) 30 min at 70 ºC and 10 days at 40 ºC; and (3) 30 min at 100 ºC and 10 days at 40 ºC. These time and temperature conditions were considered to be the most severe situations likely to be encountered in practice. Several different containers were investigated, including a borosilicate glass beaker, a glass bottle used for food canning, as well as one of polystyrene. The glass bottle was selected for testing treatments according to procedure (3) and a polystyrene one was chosen for use with procedures (1) and (2). Limits of quantitation were adequate for the determination of Ag, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn by solution nebulization ICP OES and As by chemical vapor generation (CVG-ICP OES). Results for the analysis of AccuStandard certified reference materials as well as spike recoveries show good agreement with expected concentrations, demonstrating the accuracy and precision of the determinations. Eleven samples of food packing material were analyzed. The lead was present in the range 4.8 - 85.3 µg L-1 in 10 of 11 evaluated packing material, showing the importance of quality control measures.

ABSTRACT Twenty-seven bottled mineral waters from local markets in Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil were analyzed for a number of constituents, including: pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, HCO3 - and CO 3 2-, as well as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4 + , F-, Cl-, NO3 -, NO2 - and SO4 2- by ion chromatography (IC); Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Sr, V and Zn by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES); Hg by cold vapor generation-ICP OES and As, Pb, Sb and Se by ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The obtained limits of quantitation (LOQ) were adequate for the determination of all analytes using the various analytical techniques. Results for the analysis of AccuStandard certified reference materials QCS-01-5, QCS-02-R1-5 and TCLP-02-1 as well as spike recoveries to samples show acceptable values, within 90-111 % of expected concentrations with relative standard deviations below 10 %, demonstrating the accuracy of the determinations. Both NO2 - and NO 3 - were above the maximum limits set by Brazilian legislation in two samples, indicating a microbiological contamination. One imported sample presented As (6.1 ± 0.2 µg L-1) near the maximum limit (10 µg L-1) while all other elements of interest were below the values specified by Brazilian legislation. Principal component analysis revealed that four imported samples and one from the Minas Gerais State have the highest mineral concentrations.

Propõe-se uma nova maneira de gerar vapor de mercúrio em altos valores de pH pela adição de NaOH ou de outra base a uma solução contendo íons de mercúrio, sem utilizar redutor, como NaBH4 ou SnCl2. Após dissolução total da amostra em sistema de microondas fechado, empregando HNO3 e H2O2, o pH da solução da amostra é elevado para 13 com NaOH. Após 90 min de repouso, o vapor frio é transportado até o plasma por um fluxo de gás argônio. O Hg é determinado em 253,652 nm em um espectrômetro de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado com configuração axial. O procedimento foi aplicado a cinco amostras biológicas certificadas obtendo-se um limite de detecção (3s, n = 10) de 0,04 µg g-1 para uma massa da amostra de 0,5 g em um volume final de 50 mL. A calibração foi realizada com soluções padrão aquosas em NaOH 0,1 mol L-1. O procedimento foi eficiente, com recuperações dos valores certificados entre 85 e 113%, demonstrando concordância entre o valor encontrado e o certificado para um nível de 95% de confiança (teste-t). A precisão apresentou resultados aceitáveis com desvios padrão relativos de 7 a 9%. Mercúrio a partir de espécies orgânicas em solução, não foi detectado; somente Hg2+ em solução produz sinal. O procedimento é novo, simples, pode permitir estudos de especiação e serve para demonstrar liberação de vapor de mercúrio de soluções aquosas em altos valores de pH.

A novel approach to the generation of mercury vapor at high pH by the simple addition of NaOH or other base to a solution containing mercury ions is described. Subsequent addition of another reducing agent, such as NaBH4 or SnCl2, is unnecessary. Following total dissolution of sample using HNO3 and H2O2 in a closed microwave vessel, the pH of the sample solution is increased to 13 by the addition of NaOH. After standing for 90 min in a closed vessel, the Hg0 is directed to the plasma by a flow of argon. Emission from mercury is measured at 253.652 nm by an axial view inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP OES). The procedure was applied to five certified biological samples, yielding a detection limit (3s, n = 10) of 0.04 µg g-1 based on a nominal sample mass of 0.5 g in a final volume of 50 mL. Calibration was achieved using simple aqueous standard solutions containing 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH. The procedure was efficient, with determined values lying in the range of 85-113 % of the certified values, showing good agreement at the 95% confidence level (t-test). The precision was fit for purpose, with relative standard deviations ranging from 7 to 9%. Organomercury species in solution were not detected; only Hg2+ in solution produces a signal. This new procedure provides for a simple approach to quantitation (and potentially speciation).