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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate whether the presence of awake bruxism was associated with temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms, pain threshold at pressure, pain vigilance, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), and anxiety and depression symptoms in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methodology This observational study followed patients who had started receiving orthodontic treatment for six months. The following variables were measured three times (at baseline, one month, and six months): pressure pain threshold (PPT) in the right and left masseter, anterior temporalis, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and right forearm; pain vigilance and awareness questionnaire; and shortened form of the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14). Anxiety and depression symptoms were measured using the Beck anxiety inventory and the Beck depression inventory, respectively. The patients were divided into two main groups according to the presence (n=56) and absence (n=58) of possible awake bruxism. The multi-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied on the date (p=0.050). Results TMJ and/or muscle pain were not observed in both groups. Time, sex, age group, and awake bruxism did not affect the PPT in the masticatory muscles and pain vigilance (p>0.050). However, the primary effect of awake bruxism was observed when anxiety (ANOVA: F=8.61, p=0.004) and depression (ANOVA: F=6.48, p=0.012) levels were higher and the OHRQoL was lower (ANOVA: F=8.61, p=0.004). Conclusion The patients with self-reported awake bruxism undergoing an orthodontic treatment did not develop TMJ/masticatory muscle pain. The self-reported awake bruxism is associated with higher anxiety and depression levels and a poorer OHRQoL in patients during the orthodontic treatment.

Objective The benefit of the use of some intraoral devices in arthrogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients is still unknown. This study assessed the effectiveness of the partial use of intraoral devices and counseling in the management of patients with disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) and arthralgia. Materials and Methods A total of 60 DDWR and arthralgia patients were randomly divided into three groups: group I (n=20) wore anterior repositioning occlusal splints (ARS); group II (n=20) wore the Nociceptive Trigeminal Inhibition Clenching Suppression System devices (NTI-tss); and group III (n=20) only received counseling for behavioral changes and self-care (the control group). The first two groups also received counseling. Follow-ups were performed after 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months. In these sessions, patients were evaluated by means of a visual analogue scale, pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), maximum range of motion and TMJ sounds. Possible adverse effects were also recorded, such as discomfort while using the device and occlusal changes. The results were analyzed with ANOVA, Tukey’s and Fisher Exact Test, with a significance level of 5%. Results Groups I and II showed improvement in pain intensity at the first follow-up. This progress was recorded only after 3 months in Group III. Group II showed an increased in joint sounds frequency. The PPT values, mandibular range of motion and the number of occlusal contacts did not change significantly. Conclusion The simultaneous use of intraoral devices (partial time) plus behavioral modifications seems to produce a more rapid pain improvement in patients with painful DDWR. The use of NTI-tss could increase TMJ sounds. Although intraoral devices with additional counseling should be considered for the management of painful DDWR, dentists should be aware of the possible side effects of the intraoral device’s design.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Na grande maioria dos casos, o tratamento das disfunções temporomandibulares deve ser um processo não invasivo, interdisciplinar e integrativo. Dentro da medicina tradicional chinesa, a acupuntura é uma ótima ferramenta que visa a terapia e cura dessas doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi conduzir uma revisão crítica da literatura para verificar a eficácia da acupuntura tradicional chinesa no tratamento da disfunção temporomandibular do tipo muscular, bem como identificar os principais acupontos. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados Pubmed, LILACS, Scielo e Cochrane para identificar artigos científicos relevantes para o estudo. Os artigos foram selecionados no período de janeiro de 2000 a maio de 2013. Encontrou-se um total de 125 artigos, sendo que 21 foram incluídos. O tratamento de acupuntura isolado ou como terapia complementar, ou ainda comparado com outras técnicas, se mostrou superior e eficiente na melhora da dor e da função de pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular, e os pontos de acupuntura mais citados foram IG4, E6, E7 e F3. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo demonstrou que a acupuntura é uma técnica recomendada pela literatura nacional e internacional para o tratamento de disfunções temporomandibulares de origem muscular, promovendo alivio e/ou redução total da intensidade dolorosa, melhora nos movimentos mandibulares e na função oral e diminuição da hiperatividade muscular dos músculos da mastigação.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For most cases, temporomandibular disorders should be treated by a non-invasive, interdisciplinary and integrative process. In traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture is an excellent tool aiming at treating and healing this disease. This study was a critical literature review to observe the efficacy of traditional Chinese acupuncture to treat muscular temporomandibular disorders and to identify primary acupoints. CONTENTS: Pubmed, LILACS, Scielo and Cochrane databases were queried to identify scientific articles relevant for the study. Articles were selected from January 2000 to May 2013. A total of 125 articles were found and 21 were included. Acupuncture treatment alone or as additional therapy, or even compared to other techniques, was superior and effective to improve pain and function of patients with temporomandibular disorders and most commonly used acupoints were IG4, E6, E7 and F3. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that acupuncture is a technique recommended by national and international literature to treat muscular temporomandibular disorders, promoting pain relief and/or total intensity, improvement of joint movements and oral function and decrease of masticatory muscles hyperactivity.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A avaliação clínica de pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular inclui a avaliação da resposta dolorosa à palpação muscular e articular e existe uma incerteza sobre como a intensidade da dor relatada pelo paciente se relaciona com o limiar de dor à pressão obtido com exame de algometria. O presente estudo objetivou determinar se há uma associação entre essas duas variáveis. MÉTODOS: Oitenta pacientes com artralgia e 130 com dor miofascial mastigatória participaram deste estudo. A intensidade de dor foi aferida com a escala visual analógica. O limiar de dor à pressão foi aferido utilizando o algômetro. A pressão foi aplicada bilateralmente na articulação temporomandibular nos pacientes com artralgia e nos músculos masseter e temporal anterior. O teste utilizado na análise estatística foi o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) para determinar a força da correlação entre intensidade de dor e o menor valor de limiar de dor à pressão. RESULTADOS: As correlações entre os valores de intensidade de dor e limiar de dor à pressão foram estatisticamente fracas. As correlações entre intensidade de dor e limiar de dor à pressão na articulação temporomandibular (r=-0,236; p=0,03), no masseter (r=-0,312; p<0,001) e no temporal anterior (r=-0,240; p=0,006) foram estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUSÃO: A baixa correlação entre intensidade de dor e limiar de dor à pressão sugere que outros fatores possam ser claramente importantes para explicar a experiência dolorosa de pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular, incluindo a contribuição do processo nociceptivo no sistema nervoso central e as variáveis psicossociais para a manutenção da dor crônica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Physical evaluation of temporomandibular disorder patients commonly includes evaluation of pain response to muscular and articular palpation and there is a considerable uncertainty of how self-reported pain intensity relates to Pressure Pain Threshold obtained in an algometry exam. The present study aimed at determining whether pain intensity is associated to Pressure Pain Threshold in temporomandibular disorder patients. METHODS: Eighty arthralgia patients and one hundred and thirty masticatory myofascial pain patients participated in this study. Pain intensity was recorded with visual analog scale. Pressure Pain Threshold was measured using a pressure algometer. Pressure was applied bilaterally on the temporomandibular joint in arthralgia patients and masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to determine the strength of the relationship between pain intensity and the lowest Pressure Pain Threshold value in each site. RESULTS: The correlation between all pain intensity and Pressure Pain Threshold values was statistically weak. Correlations between pain intensity and joint Pressure Pain Threshold (r=- 0.236; p=0.035) in the arthralgia group and pain intensity and masseter’s Pressure Pain Threshold (r=-0.312; p<0.001) and between pain intensity and anterior temporalis Pressure Pain Threshold (r=-0.240; p=0.006) were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The weak correlation between pain intensity and Pressure Pain Threshold suggests that other factors are clearly important in explaining the pain experience of temporomandibular disorder patients, including the contribution of central nervous system nociceptive processes and psychological variables to the maintenance of chronic pain.

A systematic review was conducted to identify reliable somatosensory evaluation methods for atypical odontalgia (AO) patients. The computerized search included the main databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library). The studies included used the following quantitative sensory testing (QST) methods: mechanical detection threshold (MDT), mechanical pain threshold (MPT) (pinprick), pressure pain threshold (PPT), dynamic mechanical allodynia with a cotton swab (DMA1) or a brush (DMA2), warm detection threshold (WDT), cold detection threshold (CDT), heat pain threshold (HPT), cold pain detection (CPT), and/or wind-up ratio (WUR). The publications meeting the inclusion criteria revealed that only mechanical allodynia tests (DMA1, DMA2, and WUR) were significantly higher and pain threshold tests to heat stimulation (HPT) were significantly lower in the affected side, compared with the contralateral side, in AO patients; however, for MDT, MPT, PPT, CDT, and WDT, the results were not significant. These data support the presence of central sensitization features, such as allodynia and temporal summation. In contrast, considerable inconsistencies between studies were found when AO patients were compared with healthy subjects. In clinical settings, the most reliable evaluation method for AO in patients with persistent idiopathic facial pain would be intraindividual assessments using HPT or mechanical allodynia tests.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os músculos da mastigação, envolvidos na fisiopatologia da dor miofascial mastigatória, também participam da função de deglutição. Diante dos resultados controversos sobre a relação entre disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) e alterações na deglutição, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença de alterações na função da deglutição em mulheres com dor miofascial mastigatória. MÉTODO: Três testes de deglutição (um sólido e dois líquidos) foram realizados em 30 mulheres com dor miofascial (grupo de estudo = GE) e 30 mulheres saudáveis (grupo controle = GC). Alterações nos padrões de deglutição como: contração da musculatura periorbicular, contração mentual, movimentos de cabeça, deglutição acompanhada de ruído, engasgos, interposição de lábio inferior, dor após deglutição e deglutição com projeção de língua para anterior foram observadas durante os três testes. Os resultados foram descritos e comparados entre os grupos através dos testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher com nível de significância de 0,05 e intervalo de confiança a 95%. RESULTADOS: Participantes do GE apresentaram chance maior de presença de atipias durante um dos testes de deglutição de líquido [teste Qui-quadrado; p < 0,05; OR: 3,29; IC 95% (1,08 - 9,95)]. Entretanto, não houve associação entre a presença de DTM e características atípicas da deglutição avaliadas em todos os testes. CONCLUSÃO: Deglutição inadequada esteve associada com a presença de dor miofascial mastigatória apenas durante a ingestão de líquido. Entretanto, não foi possível associar um tipo específico de atipia à DTM nesta amostra.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Muscles of mastication, involved with the pathophysiology of the masticatory myofascial pain, also participate in the swallowing function. Given the controversial results about the relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) and swallowing abnormalities, this study aimed at checking the presence of swallowing function abnormalities in females with masticatory myofascial pain. METHOD: Three swallowing tests (one solid and two liquid) were performed in 30 females with myofascial pain (study group = SG) and 30 healthy females (control group = CG). Changes in swallowing patterns, such as periorbicular muscles contraction, chin contraction, head movements, swallowing followed by noise, choking, lower lip interposition, pain after swallowing and swallowing with anterior projection of the tongue were observed during the three tests. Results were described and compared between groups by Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests with significance level of 0.05 and confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: SG participants had a higher chance of atypias during one liquid swallowing test [Chi-square test; p < 0.05; OR: 3.29; CI 95% (1.08 - 9.95)]. However, there has been no association between TMD and atypical swallowing features evaluated in all tests. CONCLUSION: Inadequate swallowing was associated to masticatory myofascial pain only during liquid ingestion. However, it was not possible to associate a specific atypia to TMD in this sample.

Um grande número de distúrbios pode provocar limitação no grau de abertura bucal. As condições mais comuns relacionadas com esse problema são aquelas que envolvem a articulação temporomandibular (ATM) e músculos mastigatórios, em que, além da limitação, a dor facial é um achado comum. Distúrbios congênitos ou de desenvolvimento da mandíbula também são possíveis causas para limitação de abertura bucal, embora possuam uma baixa prevalência. A hiperplasia do processo coronóide (HPC) é um exemplo dessas causas, caracterizada por um desenvolvimento excessivo do processo coronóide, em que o movimento mandibular torna-se limitado pela impacção dessa mesma estrutura na parte posterior do osso zigomático. Esta condição é rara, indolor, geralmente bilateral e progressiva, afetando principalmente homens. O diagnóstico de HPC é feito por meio dos sinais clínicos de abertura bucal limitada associado com exames de imagem, especialmente a radiografia panorâmica e tomografia computadorizada (TC). O tratamento é exclusivamente cirúrgico. O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar um caso de paciente do sexo masculino com hiperplasia bilateral do processo coronóide, inicialmente diagnosticado com deslocamento de disco sem redução bilateral, e tratado com sucesso com coronoidectomia intraoral. Assim, é enfatizada a importância do diagnóstico diferencial para um correto diagnóstico e, consequentemente, estratégias efetivas de tratamento.

A large number of disorders affecting the masticatory system can cause restriction of mouth opening. The most common conditions related to this problem are those involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the masticatory muscles, when facial pain also is an usual finding. Congenital or developmental mandibular disorders are also possible causes for mouth opening limitation, although in a very small prevalence. Coronoid process hyperplasia (CPH) is an example of these cases, characterized by an excessive coronoid process growing, where mandibular movements become limited by the impaction of this structure on the posterior portion of the zygomatic bone. This condition is rare, painless, usually bilateral and progressive, affecting mainly men. Diagnosis of CPH is made based on clinical signs of mouth opening limitation together with imaging exams, especially panoramic radiography and computerized tomography (CT). Treatment is exclusively surgical. This paper presents a case of a male patient with bilateral coronoid process hyperplasia, initially diagnosed with bilateral disk displacement without reduction, and successfully treated with intraoral coronoidectomy. It is emphasized the importance of differential diagnosis for a correct diagnosis and, consequently, effective management strategy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of orthodontists in the diagnosis and management of migraine without aura. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants were dentists, recruited among members of the Brazilian Association of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics (ABOR). An e-mail was sent to all ABOR members, with a link to a website, especially prepared for this research. Dentists were presented to a report of a fictional patient fulfilling diagnostic criteria for a primary headache disorder, known as migraine without aura. Participants were asked to describe how they would relieve the patient's pain. Professional procedures were classified as "adequate" or "inadequate" according to the answers given. RESULTS: 161 valid answers were received (18.8% response rate). Of them, 36% of the actions were considered to be "adequate" procedures, while 64% were "inadequate". The results yielded 12 main procedures, based on common characteristics. Eighty-two orthodontists suggested orthodontic treatment with or without orthognathic surgery, and some suggested using stabilization appliances prior to the orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of participants proposed inadequate therapies, and 51% suggested orthodontic correction of occlusion, including orthognathic surgery. Educational activities on migraine should also target orthodontists.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Cefaleias primárias podem ser causa de absenteísmo, e de queda no rendimento e na produtividade do trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer a presença e frequência de cefaleia primária em funcionários de uma empresa de solados de borracha,e sua relação com absenteísmo. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado com a ajuda do pessoal do departamento médico e social de uma empresa localizada no município de Franca, São Paulo. MÉTODO: Um questionário sobre as características da cefaleia foi distribuído a todos os funcionários. Os questionários devolvidos e preenchidos foram divididos em dois grupos: com e sem relato de cefaleia. As cefaleias foram classificadas em quatro grupos principais: migrânea, cefaleia do tipo tensional (CTT), cefaleia em salvas e outras cefaleias. Através da frequência da cefaleia, foi possível a classificação em cefaleia crônica diária (CCD). RESULTADOS: O número de questionários válidos foi de 392 (59%), 80,9% questionários eram de funcionários do gênero masculino, e 19,1%, do gênero feminino. Cento e vinte (30,6%) dos funcionários relataram apresentar cefaleia, sendo que 17,4% pertenceram ao grupo migrânea e 8,93% ao grupo CTT. O diagnóstico de migrânea foi o mais frequente (p < 0,001) dentre todos, e também entre as mulheres (p < 0,05). O diagnóstico de CTT foi mais frequente entre os homens (p < 0,05). CCD foi identificada em 14 indivíduos (3,6%). CONCLUSÕES: Cefaleia é um problema frequente entre os funcionários da empresa participante da pesquisa sendo a causa de absentismo em 8,7% dos que responderam o questionário.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Primary headaches may be responsible for absenteeism and a fall in the yield and productivity of work. The aim of this study was to establish the presence and frequency of primary headache among employees of a rubber shoe sole company, and its link to absenteism. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study carried out with help from the staff of the medical and social department of a rubber factory located in the municipality of Franca, São Paulo. METHOD: A questionnaire on headache characteristics was distributed to all employees. The returned and completed questionnaires were divided into two groups: with and without reports of headache. The headaches were classified into four main groups: migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), cluster headache and others. In terms of the reported frequency, headaches were also classified as chronic daily headache (CDH). RESULTS: The number of valid questionnaires was 392 (59%); 80.9% were from male and 19.1% from female employees. Headaches were reported by 120 subjects (30.6%), with 17.4% belonging to the migraine group and 8.9% to the TTH group. Migraine was more frequent (p < 0.001) among all participants and also among the women (p < 0.05). TTH was more frequent among the men (p < 0.05). CDH was identified in 14 individuals (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Headache was a common problem among the employees of this company and was a cause of absenteeism for 8.7% of the respondents to the questionnaire.

OBJETIVO: conduzir uma revisão de literatura observando evidências sobre a relação entre fibromialgia (FM) e cefaléia. MÉTODO: uma busca em bancos de dados bibliográficos foi realizada utilizando as palavras-chave: fibromialgia, cefaléia, migrânea e cefaléia tensional. Foram selecionados resumos de estudos que preenchiam os critérios iniciais da seleção, sendo solicitadas cópias dos artigos originais. RESULTADO: sete estudos preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão. Foram diagnosticados como portadores de cefaléia 35% a 88,4% dos pacientes com fibromialgia, e 17,4% a 40% dos pacientes com cefaléia foram diagnosticados como portadores de fibromialgia. CONCLUSÃO: ainda não está claro se o diagnóstico de cefaléia é mais prevalente nos pacientes com FM. Contudo, pode-se observar que FM é muito mais prevalente em pacientes com cefaléia primária, especialmente na migrânea.

OBJECTIVE: to carry out a literature review of the evidence concerning the association of fibromyalgia and headache. METHOD: a search of databases was conducted using the keywords: fibromyalgia, headache, migraine, and tension-type headache. Abstracts which appeared to fulfill the initial selection criteria were selected and the original articles were retrieved. RESULT: seven studies met all inclusion criteria. Between 35% and 88.4% fibromyalgia patients were diagnosed as suffering of headache; 17.4% to 40% patients with headache were diagnosed as suffering of fibromyalgia. CONCLUSION: it is not clear if headache is more prevalent in fibromyalgia patients. However, fibromyalgia is more prevalent in primary headache patients, especially migraine.