As soluções crioprotetoras são utilizadas para proteger os espermatozoides das alterações causadas por baixas temperaturas durante o processo de criopreservação. Avaliamos a qualidade do sêmen de Colossoma macropomum após o congelamento, utilizando dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) como crioprotetor, combinado com duas soluções diluidoras (T1 - Solução 1: Glicose 90,0 g/L, Citrato de Sódio 6,0 g/L, EDTA 1,5 g/L, Bicarbonato de Sódio 1,5 g/L, Cloreto de Potássio 0,8 g/L, Sulfato de Gentamicina 0,2 g/L, e T2 - Solução 2: Glicose 90,0 g/L, ACP(r)-104 10,0 g/L). A taxa de motilidade (%) e o tempo de motilidade (s) não diferiram entre T1 e T2, porém foram mais baixos do que no sêmen fresco. O número de espermatozoides normais foi significativamente diferente nos tratamentos T1 (15,1%) e T2 (21,9%), e ambos mostraram uma redução na porcentagem de espermatozoides normais, comparado ao sêmen fresco (57,4%). Os valores encontrados para as taxas de fertilização e eclosão, funcionalidade mitocondrial e DNA do esperma, não diferiram entre os tratamentos (T1 e T2). Para a integridade da membrana, houve uma porcentagem mais elevada de espermatozóides com a membrana intacta em T1 (53,4%) do que T2 (43,7%). As soluções diluentes combinadas com DMSO a 10% preservaram o DNA espermático intacto em quase todas as células do sêmen de C. macropomum, mas houve perda na funcionalidade dos mesmos.

Cryoprotectant solutions are used to protect the sperm from alterations caused by the low temperature in the cryopreservation process. We evaluated the quality of Colossoma macropomum semen after freezing, using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant, combined with two extender solutions (T1 - Solution 1: Glucose 90.0 g/L, Sodium Citrate 6.0 g/L, EDTA 1.5 g/L, Sodium Bicarbonate 1.5 g/L, Potassium Chloride 0.8 g/L, Gentamycin Sulphate 0.2 g/L, and T2 - Solution 2: Glucose 90.0 g/L, ACP(r)-104 10.0 g/L). Motility rate and motility time did not differ between T1 and T2 and were lower than fresh semen. The number of normal sperm was significantly different in treatments T1 (15.1%) and T2 (21.9%), and both showed a reduction in the percentage of normal sperm compared to fresh semen (57.4%). The values found for the rates of fertilization and hatching, mitochondrial functionality and sperm DNA, did not differ between the treatments (T1 and T2). Regarding membrane integrity, there was a higher percentage of spermatozoa with intact membranes in T1 (53.4%) than T2 (43.7%). The extender solutions, combined with 10% DMSO, maintained the sperm DNA intact in almost all the C. macropomum sperm cells, however there was a loss in their functionality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate Ovopel and carp pituitary extract as spawning inducers in the males of the Amazon catfish L. marmoratus. The following treatments, applied in a single dose, were studied: 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 Ovopel pellet/kg live weight, and 2.5 mg carp pituitary extract/kg live weight. Each treatment was repeated four times. No significant difference in sperm volume, motility and vigor, time of motility, sperm count, or percentage of normal and abnormal spermatozoa was observed between the treatments. There was also no significant difference in terms of primary or secondary sperm defects, except for the secondary defect of loose heads, which was less frequent in the treatments using 0.4 and 0.6 Ovopel pellet/kg live weight. It was concluded that Ovopel could replace carp pituitary extract for induction spawning in the males of the Amazon catfishL. marmoratus.

Los programas de repoblación de ríos vienen siendo usados con mayor frecuencia como métodos de conservación de especies de peces. Sin embargo, la evaluación de procedimientos reproductivos y su influencia en la progenie son necesarias para obtener resultados viables en los ecosistemas impactados negativamente por el hombre. El objetivo de este estudio, fue estimar la contribución reproductiva de una progenie de Brycon orbignyanus usada en programas de repoblación, en el sistema reproductivo seminatural, utilizando el marcador molecular microsatélite. Se analizaron muestras de aleta de 44 reproductores, 69 larvas de 3 días y 70 alevinos de 90 días. No se observó mortalidad de reproductores durante el proceso reproductivo y hubo desova/espermiación en todos los individuos, demostrando la efectividad del sistema seminatural en la preservación física y reproductiva durante los cruzamientos. Los 5 loci utilizados produjeron un total de 14 alelos entre 135 pb y 200 pb, siendo observados 3 alelos (BoM1, BoM5, BoM7 y BoM13) y 2 alelos (BoM2) por locus, presentes en los reproductores y en la progenie (larvas y alevinos). Fue confirmada la presencia de paternidad múltiple con participación de pocos reproductores en la progenie, revelando un proceso de dominancia reproductiva. Fueron observadas diferencias en la contribución reproductiva de larvas y alevinos, demostrando que esta contribución en un mismo lote puede ser diferente entre fases de crecimiento

The stock enhancement programs are being used more frequently as methods of fish conservation. However, the evaluation of reproductive procedures and their influence in the offspring are necessary to obtain viable results in the ecosystems impacted negatively by the man. The aim of this study was to estimate the reproductive contribution of a Brycon orbignyanus offspring used in stock enhancement programs, in the semi-natural reproductive system, using the microsatellite molecular marker. Fin samples of 44 broodstocks, 69 larvae of three days and 70 juvenile of 90 days were analyzed. Mortality of broodstocks was not observed during the reproductive process and there was spawing/spermiation in all the individuals, demonstrating the effectiveness of the seminatural system in the physical and reproductive preservation during the mating. The 5 loci used produced 14 alleles a total between 135 bp and 200 bp, being observed 3 alleles (BoM1, BoM5, BoM7 and BoM13) and 2 alleles (BoM2) by locus present in the broodstocks and in the offspring (larvae and juvenile). The presence of multiple paternity was confirmed with participation of few broodstocks in the offspring, revealing a possible process of reproductive dominance. Differences in the reproductive contribution of larvae and juvenile were observed, demonstrating that this contribution in oneself stock can be different between phases of growth

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética e a contribuição parental de Piaractus mesopotamicus na produção de descendência no sistema seminatural de reprodução. Vinte peixes parentais (onze machos e nove fêmeas) e o total de 100 larvas foram avaliados por meio do marcador microssátelite. Os parentais e a progênie tiveram trinta e um alelos e heterozigosidade de 0,550 e 0,563, respectivamente. As fêmeas foram fertilizadas por dois até seis machos enquanto machos fertilizaram três até cinco fêmeas. A contribuição de fêmeas e machos para a descendência seja 66,6 e 58,0%, respectivamente. Tais resultados não indicam diminuição da variabilidade genética na progênie e os parentais apresentaram paternidade múltipla e razoável contribuição à produção de descendência.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and the parental contribution of Piaractus mesopotamicus in the production of offspring in the semi-natural system of reproduction. Twenty parental fishes (eleven males and nine females) and the total of 100 larvae were evaluated by microsatellite marker. The parents and offspring had thirty-one alleles and heterozygosity of 0.550 and 0.563, respectively. The females were fertilised by two up to six males while the males fertilised three up to five females. The contribution of the females and males to the offspring were 66.6 and 58%, respectively. Such results indicated no loss in the genetic variability in the offspring, and the parents had multiple paternity and reasonable contribution to the offspring production.

Foram selecionados 48 Curimbás (Prochilodus lineatus) e hipofisados com extrato de hipófise de frango (EHF), extrato de hipófise de coelho (EHCo) e o controle com extrato de hipófise de carpa (EHC). Os animais foram induzidos, aleatoriamente, com os tratamentos arranjados em um fatorial de três hormônios e três semanas. Animais tratados com EHF, EHC ou EHCo produziram, em média, 0,65, 0,45 e 0,20 mL de sêmen, respectivamente, havendo diferença (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos com EHF e EHCo, mesmo comportamento verificado para o número médio de espermatozóides totais produzidos. Para os animais tratados com EHCo, houve maior concentração de espermatozóides/mm³ de sêmen quando comparado com os machos induzidos com EHC (P<0,05). Todavia, não houve diferença (P>0,05) quando comparados com os machos induzidos com EHF. Prochilodus lineatus induzidos com EHF mostraram motilidade espermática progressiva superior (P<0,05) aos animais induzidos com EHC, porém, Prochilodus lineatus induzidos com EHCo apresentaram um comportamento semelhante (P>0,05) aos tratados com EHC ou EHF. Quanto ao vigor espermático, os machos responderam de forma semelhante (P>0,05) para os três indutores utilizados, sendo em média, 2,75 pontos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o EHF apresentou eficiência semelhante ou melhor do que o tradicional EHC. Entretanto, o EHCo necessita de mais pesquisas, visando testar hipófise de animais mais idosos.

Forty eight curimba (Prochilodus lineatus) were selected and hipophysed with broiler chicken hypophysis extract (BCHE), rabbit hypophysis extract (RHE) or carp hypophysis extract (CHE) as a control. The animals were randomly induced with treatments arranged in one factorial of three hormones and three weeks. Animals treated with BCHE, CHE and RHE produced an average of 0.65, 0.45 and 0.20 mL of semen, respectively. Therefore, difference (P<0.05) between BCHE and RHE treatments was observed. The same behavior was verified for total spermatozoon average number produced. Animals treated with RHE presented higher semen concentration (spermatozoon/mm³) than males induced with CHE (P<0.05). However, there was no differences (P>0.05) when compared with males induced with BCHE. Prochilodus lineatus induced with BCHE showed higher progressive spermatic motility (P<0.05) than animals induced with CHE. However, Prochilodus lineatus induced with RHE exhibited similar behavior (P>0.05) of animals treated with CHE or BCHE. Animals treated with BCHE, RHE or CHE had same spermatic vigor (P>0.05), with an average of 2.75 points. According to these results it is possible to concluded that BCHE showed the same efficiency or it was even better than traditional CHE when used to induced males. However, more research effort with RHE is necessary, particulary with older animals hypophysis.