THE STATE OF THE ART OF VOLATILE CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS: IMPACTS TO HEALTH AND SAMPLING METHODOLOGIES AND ANALYSIS. The primary sources of emission of volatile carbonyl compounds (CCs) in indoor environments are chipboard panels, laminate floors, plywood, paints and solvents, household products, fiberglass, gas stoves, heaters and heating systems. Several studies have already confirmed an indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio greater than 1 (one) for several CCs, indicating that these compounds are emitted mainly from internal sources. CCs (especially aldehydes and ketones) are easily absorbed into the airways, presenting a considerable mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic risk to humans. Therefore, this study aimed to review the CCs found in different indoor environments, the effects and impacts of these compounds on human health and the national and international guidelines that establish their maximum exposure limits. The methodologies most used in the literature to analyze CCs in the air were reviewed directly (in real-time) or indirectly (using pre-treatment steps). A detailed review of the sampling techniques: with and without adsorption, with and without derivatization, with adsorption and derivatization simultaneously; using various methodologies employed during the last decades (cartridges, filters, tubes or liquid absorbent-impinger) was carried out. Finally, this work describes the instrumental methods and the advantages and disadvantages of determining CCs individually and simultaneously in the atmosphere.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the best operating conditions of ICP OES for the determination of Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe in aqueous extract of crude oil obtained after hot extraction with organic solvents (ASTM D 6470-99 modified). Thus, the full factorial design and central composite design were used to optimize the best conditions for the flow of nebulization gas, the flow of auxiliary gas, and radio frequency power. After optimization of variables, a study to obtain correct classification of the 18 samples of aqueous extract of crude oils (E1 to E18) from three production and refining fields was carried out. Exploratory analysis of these extracts was performed by principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), using the original variables as the concentration of the metals Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe determined by ICP OES.