ABSTRACT The study of labile carbon fractions (LCF) provides an understanding of the behavior of soil organic matter (SOM) under different soil management systems and cover crops. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different soil management systems with respect to tillage, cover crop and phosphate fertilization on the amount of the LCF of SOM. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) with millet as the cover crop and a no-tillage system with velvet bean at two phosphorus dosages. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for organic carbon (OC), C oxidizable by KMnO4 (C-KMnO4), particulate OC (POC), microbial biomass carbon and light SOM in the 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m soil layers. The Carbon Management Index (CMI) was calculated to evaluate the impacts of soil management treatments on the quality of the SOM. The different LCFs are sensitive to different soil management systems, and there are significant correlations between them. C-KMnO4 is considered the best indicator of OC carbon lability. In the soil surface layers, the CT reduced the carbon content in all of the labile fractions of the SOM. The use of phosphorus led to the accumulation of OC and carbon in the different soil fractions regardless of the tillage system or cover crop. The application of phosphate fertilizer improved the ability of the NTsystem to promote soil quality, as assessed by the CMI.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de sistemas de manejo do solo, de plantas de cobertura e da fertilização fosfatada nas frações húmicas do solo, em experimento de longa duração. Os tratamentos consistiram de sistemas de preparo convencional e de plantio direto com milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) ou com mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima) como planta de cobertura, sob duas doses de fósforo: 0 e 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5 por ano. As amostras de solo foram coletadas após 11 anos da implantação do experimento e analisadas quanto aos teores de carbono orgânico total e de carbono das frações humificadas no solo, nas camadas de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m de profundidade. As frações humificadas são sensíveis ao manejo do solo, exceto o ácido fúlvico livre, que foi a única que não diminuiu seus conteúdos de carbono na camada superficial do solo (0,00-0,05 cm) com o plantio convencional. As principais alterações ocorreram na camada superficial, em que o plantio direto com milheto como planta de cobertura promoveu os maiores teores de carbono nas frações húmicas. A fertilização fosfatada por longo tempo sob plantio direto, com milheto como planta de cobertura, promove o acúmulo de carbono orgânico nas frações húmicas do solo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil management systems, cover crops, and phosphate fertilization on soil humic fractions in a long-term experiment. The treatments consisted of conventional tillage and no-tillage with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) or velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) as cover crops, at two doses of phosphorous: 0 and 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year. Soil samples were taken 11 years after the establishment of the experiment and analyzed for soil total organic carbon and carbon content of humic fractions at 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20-m depths. The humic fractions are sensitive to soil management, except free fulvic acid, which was the only one that did not reduce its carbon contents on the surface layer (0.00-0.05 m) with conventional tillage. The main changes occurred on the soil surface layer, in which the no-tillage system with pearl millet as a cover crop provided the highest carbon levels in humic fractions. Long-term phosphate fertilization under no-tillage, with pearl millet as a cover crop, promotes the accumulation of organic carbon in soil humic fractions.

A adubação fosfatada e a irrigação aumentam a produtividade do café, mas pouco se sabe sobre o efeito dessas práticas na matéria orgânica e na microbiota de solos de Cerrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos microbiológicos e as frações oxidáveis do carbono orgânico de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico cultivado com cafeeiro, sob parcelamentos de fósforo (P) e regimes hídricos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 3x2, com três parcelamentos de P (P1: 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5, recomendado para a cultura anualmente, sendo 2/3 aplicados em setembro e 1/3, em dezembro; P2: 600 kg ha-1 de P2O5, aplicado no plantio e a cada dois anos; e P3: 1.800 kg ha-1 de P2O5, aplicado somente no plantio, necessário para seis anos); dois regimes hídricos (sequeiro e irrigado durante todo o ano); e três repetições. A amostragem de solo foi feita nas camadas de 0-5 cm e 5-10 cm. Foram determinados o carbono microbiano (CBM), a respiração basal (RB), a atividade da enzima fosfatase ácida, as frações oxidáveis do carbono orgânico (F1, F2, F3 e F4) e o carbono orgânico total (COT). O regime hídrico irrigado do cafeeiro aumentou os teores de CBM e a atividade microbiana da fosfatase ácida, do COT e das frações oxidáveis da matéria orgânica do solo. De maneira geral, a forma de parcelamento do P exerceu pouca influência sobre os atributos microbiológicos do CO do solo. Apenas no parcelamento P3, sob irrigação, obteve-se aumento dos teores de CBM e da atividade da fosfatase ácida.

Phosphorus fertilization and irrigation increase coffee production, but little is known about the effect of these practices on soil organic matter and soil microbiota in the Cerrado. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of a dystrophic Red Latossol under coffee and split phosphorus (P) applications and different irrigation regimes. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 x 2 factorial design with three split P applications (P1: 300 kg ha-1 P2O5, recommended for the crop year, of which two thirds were applied in September and the third part in December; P2: 600 kg ha-1 P2O5, applied at planting and then every two years, and P3: 1,800 kg ha-1 P2O5, the requirement for six years, applied at once at planting), two irrigation regimes (rainfed and year-round irrigation), with three replications. The layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm were sampled to determine microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), enzyme activity of acid phosphatase, the oxidizable organic carbon fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4), and total organic carbon (TOC). The irrigation regimes increased the levels of MBC, microbial activity and acid phosphatase, TOC and oxidizable fractions of soil organic matter under coffee. In general, the form of dividing P had little influence on the soil microbial properties and OC. Only P3 under irrigation increased the levels of MBC and acid phosphatase activity.