Resumen La producción de forrajes en el Cerrado presenta estacionalidad debido a estaciones bien definidas, una lluviosa, con altas temperaturas y días largos, y la otra, estación seca, con temperaturas más bajas y días más cortos. Con el fin de definir estrategias para mini mizar la estacionalidad en la producción de forrajes, se evaluaron las respuestas de crec imiento y acumulación de biomasa en cinco forrajes regados durante el invierno en Cerrado Goiano. El diseño experimental utilizado fue en bloques al azar, en un arreglo de parcelas divididas, con cinco repeticiones, cinco forrajes en las parcelas (tres del género Panicum maximum - mombaça, tanzânia y massai; dos del género Brachiaria brizantha - piatã y MG5) y cinco cortes en las subparcelas. Los cortes se realizaron entre julio y octubre de 2016. Los forrajes se cultivaron en un área irrigada con pivote y la lámina de agua se definió según la evapotranspiración de referencia (ETo), estimada por el tanque clase A, 0.8 kc y riego con un intervalo de dos días. Se evaluó el número de macollos, hojas por labranza, hojas por planta, biomasa de hojas y tallos frescos, biomasa seca de hojas y tallos, relación masa de hojas frescas x masa fresca, relación masa de hojas secas x masa seca de los cinco cortes. Los forrajes regados durante el invierno en el Cerrado Goiano mostraron un crecimiento satis factorio, alcanzando altura de planta con intervalos de corte más cortos que los encontrados en la literatura. Mombaça se destacó entre el Panicum y MG fue superior al piatã.

Abstract Forage production in the Cerrado is based on well-defined seasons: a rainy summer, and a dry winter. To define strategies that minimize the seasonality of forage production, responses in growth and biomass accumulation of five irrigated forages were evaluated during winter. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a split plot arrangement, with five replicates, five forages in the plots (three of Panicum maximum - Mombasa, Tanzania, and Masai; two of Brachiaria brizantha - piatã and MG5), and five cuts in the subplots made from July to October 2016. Forages were cultivated with centre-pivot irrigation and the water level was defined according to the reference evapotranspiration determined through a Class A pan evaporation method, 0.8 kc, and two-day irrigation shifts. The number of shoots, leaves/tiller, leaves/plant, fresh leaf and stem biomass, dry leaf and stem biomass, fresh leaf mass/fresh stem mass ratio, dry leaf mass/dry stem mass ratio, and biomass accumulated in the five cuts were calculated. Irrigated forage during winter in the Goiás’ Cerrado showed satisfactory growth, reaching a lower plant height between cuts than those reported in the literature. Among the Panicum grasses, Mombasa grass stood out, and MG was superior to piatã grass.

RESUMO O manjericão tem utilidade condimentar e medicinal. Seu crescimento é influenciado por fatores ambientais, principalmente pela umidade do solo e temperatura do ar. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produção de manjericão sob diferentes níveis de luminosidade e reposição hídrica. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três luminosidades nas parcelas (pleno sol e sombreamentos de 50 e 70%), quatro reposições hídricas nas subparcelas (25, 50, 75 e 100% ETc) e seis repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas e ramos, volume do sistema radicular, comprimento da maior raiz, massa fresca e seca de raízes e folhas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância para detecção de diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e suas interações. Os efeitos da luminosidade foram avaliados com auxílio do teste Tukey (p≤0,05) e os efeitos dos regimes hídricos, com auxílio de análise de regressão. Os resultados demonstraram que o sombreamento de 50% e a reposição hídrica de 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura proporcionaram maiores valores de altura de plantas, de diâmetro de caule, de crescimento de ramos, de massa fresca e massa seca de folhas, e do número de folhas. O ambiente a pleno sol e a reposição hídrica com 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura favoreceram o aumento da massa seca de raízes e do volume radicular.

ABSTRACT Basil is used as spice and for medicinal purposes. Its growth is influenced by environmental factors, mainly soil moisture and air temperature. Thus, this study was installed to evaluate growth and production of basil under different levels of luminosity and water replacement. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replicates, arranged in split plot scheme, with three luminosity levels in the plots (full sun, 50% and 70% shading) and four water replacement levels in the subplots (25, 50, 75 and 100% ETc). We evaluated plant height, stalk diameter, number of leaves and branches, root system volume, the largest root length, fresh and dry mass of roots and leaves. Data were submitted to variance analysis to observe significant differences between treatments and interactions. Luminosity effects were evaluated using Tukey test (p≤0.05%) and the effects of water regime, with the aid of regression analysis. According to data, 50% shading and 100% water replacement, lost through crop evapotranspiration, resulted in higher values of plant height, stalk diameter, branch growth, fresh and dry mass of leaves, and number of leaves. Full sun environment and 100% water replacement provided an increase in root dry mass and volume.

RESUMO A Brachiaria decumbens apresenta alta rusticidade, crescimento rápido, facilidade na implantação e manejo. Avaliou-se o crescimento de braquiária em solo contaminado com cobre. Implantou-se um experimento em arranjo fatorial 3 x 4, sendo três idades das plantas (30; 45 e 60 dias após o transplante) e quatro dosagens de cobre (0; 20; 40 e 80 mg de Cu por kg de solo). A idade das plantas e as doses de cobre influenciaram no comprimento do pseudocolmo principal, número de folhas, área foliar, clorofila (SPAD), massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, volume do sistema radicular, e massa fresca e seca do sistema de radicular de plantas de Brachiária. O menor acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea de plantas foi obtido da concentração de 51,24 mg Kg-1. A Brachiaria decumbens demonstrou tolerância e potencial de cultivo em solos contaminados com cobre.

ABSTRACT Brachiaria decumbens presents high rusticity, rapid growth, as well as easy implantation and management. The aim of the study is to evaluate the growth of brachiaria in soil contaminated with copper. An experiment following a 3 x 4 factorial design was carried. It comprised three plant ages (30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting) and four copper concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 80 mg of Cu per kg of soil). Plant age and copper concentrations have influenced the main pseudostem length, the number of leaves, as well as the leaf area, chlorophyll (SPAD), fresh and dry shoot matter, root system volume, and fresh and dry root system matter of plants. The lowest dry shoot matter accumulation was found at the concentration 51.24 mg Kg-1. The herein investigated copper concentrations have influenced the growth of Brachiaria decumbens. The lowest growth variable values were between 45.52 and 57.63 mg.Kg-1. Thus, brachiaria has shown potential to be used in Copper phytoremediation at concentrations below 45.52 mg Kg-1.

Compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante são mecanismos de defesa das plantas aos danos do estresse oxidativo. Os compostos fenólicos são sintetizados pela via dos fenilpropanoides, cuja enzima chave, fenilalanina amônia liase, é influenciada pela luz e ação de fotorreceptores, como o fitocromo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a concentração de compostos fenólicos e a capacidade antioxidante de frutos de microtomateiro selvagem, cultivar "Micro-Tom" (MT), e seus mutantes fotomorfogenéticos high pigment 1 (hp1), super-responsivo a eventos mediados por luz e aurea (au), deficiente quantitativo em fitocromos. Vinte frutos maduros de cada genótipo (MT, hp1 e au) foram utilizados para as análises, realizadas em triplicata. Para quantificação dos compostos fenólicos totais, foi utilizado o método de Folin-Ciocalteu e a capacidade antioxidante foi realizada pelos métodos Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) e 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Os frutos do mutante hp1 apresentaram maiores conteúdos de compostos fenólicos totais e também maior capacidade antioxidante em relação à cultivar selvagem ("MT") e ao mutante au, o qual não diferiu significativamente da cultivar "MT".

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity are defense mechanisms of plants against the oxidative stress damage. Phenolic compounds are synthesized through the phenylpropanoid pathway, where the enzyme phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase plays a key role and it is influenced by light and photoreceptors such as phytochromes. The present research aims to evaluate the phenolic compounds content and antioxidant capacity of the wild "Micro-Tom" (MT) cultivar tomato fruits and its photomorphogenic mutant tomato plants high pigment 1 (hp1), super responsive to events mediated by light, and aurea (au), quantitative phytochrome deficient. Twenty mature fruits of each genotype ("MT", hp1, au) were used in triplicate for analyses. To quantify the total phenolic compounds the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used and the antioxidant capacity was analyzed by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. The hp1 mutant presented the highest total phenolic compounds content and higher antioxidant capacity than wild cultivar ("MT") and au mutant, which did not differ significantly from "MT" cultivar.

A propagação da figueira predomina com o uso de estacas lenhosas obtidas após a poda de plantas matrizes. Visando otimizar a propagação da figueira, avaliou-se os efeitos da auxina e da nebulização no enraizamento de estacas herbáceas e lenhosas de figueira. Foi implantado um experimento em fatorial 2x2x2, sendo dois tipos de estacas (herbáceas e lenhosas), dois níveis de auxina (0 e 1.000 mg L-1 de ácido indolbultírico) e dois ambientes (com ou sem nebulização). Aos 30 dias após a implantação do experimento, avaliou-se o enraizamento, comprimento da radícula, brotação e perdas. A interação do tipo de estaca e auxina foi significativa para enraizamento, brotação, comprimento da radícula e perdas de estacas. A nebulização não interferiu nas variáveis analisadas. Na ausência de auxina não houve diferença entre os tipos de estacas para o enraizamento, comprimento da radícula e brotação, enquanto, a aplicação de auxina (1.000 mg L-1) proporcionou redução para estas variáveis. A produção de mudas de figueira pode ser realizada a partir de estacas herbáceas ou lenhosas e dispensa o uso de auxina e nebulização.

Propagation of the fig tree predominately uses hardwood cuttings obtained from pruning stock plants. With a view to optimising fig tree propagation, the effects of auxin and misting on the rooting of herbaceous and hardwood cuttings from the fig tree were evaluated. An experiment was set up in a 2x2x2 factorial design, with two types of cuttings (softwood and hardwood), two levels of auxin (0 and 1000 mg L-1 indolbutyric acid) and two environments (with and without misting). Thirty days after starting the experiment, rooting, root length, sprouting and losses were all evaluated. The interaction of the type of cutting and the auxin was significant for rooting, sprouting, root length and cutting loss. Misting did not affect the variables analysed. In the absence of auxin, there was no difference between the type of cutting for rooting, length of root and sprouting, while the application of auxin (1,000 mg L-1) produced a reduction in these variables. The production of fig tree seedlings can be made from either softwood or hardwood cuttings and does not require the use of auxin or misting.

A competitive hyper-immune yolk Immunoglobulin Y - Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (CIgY-ELISA), was developed as an alternative method to detect zeatin and 2ip in plantlets of gerbera. The endogenous level of hormones in the plantlets in vitro of gerbera with one or six weeks after replication was determined with competitive IgY-ELISA set to detect between 1 and 100 pmoles of plant hormone for each 1.0 g tissue. The plantlets of six weeks presented sprouts and root, while the plantlets of one week presented only sprouts. The CIgY-ELISA was set with high independent variables values of sensitivity/specificity of 96/89 % for zeatin and 94/78 % for 2ip, with high values of reproducibility (up to 90 %) for both the cytokinins. Zeatin content varied from 2.2 to 2.8 pmoles.g-1 and from 2.7 to 3.3 pmoles.g-1 on the plantlet with one and six weeks, respectively. The 2ip content did not vary and was detected near the detection limit in all the assays. It was concluded that the observed capabilities of CIgY-ELISA were putative and the competitive assay was a highly robust and stable method, which could be used for the studies on plant physiology for endogenous cytokinins.