RESUMO A inserção dos alimentos funcionais na indústria da confeitaria é uma realidade em ascensão, visando atender uma crescente demanda por produtos, visualmente, atraentes e ao mesmo tempo saudáveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar as propriedades físicas, físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais de coberturas de cobertura à base de biomassa de banana verde e farinha. Duas formulações foram desenvolvidas (CBBN = Cobertura para Bolo com Biomassa Sabor Neutro, CBBC = Cobertura para Bolo com Biomassa Sabor Chocolate), as quais foram comparadas com as coberturas de fondant comerciais (CBCN = Cobertura para Bolo Comercial Sabor Neutro, CBCC = Cobertura para Bolo Comercial Sabor Chocolate). As coberturas de fondant foram avaliadas quanto à composição centesimal, valor calórico, características físicas, físico-químicas (amido resistente, acidez titulável, atividade de água, textura e cor) e microbiológica, bem como aceitação sensorial. As coberturas à base de biomassa e farinha de banana verde apresentaram maiores teores de cinzas, fibra, amido resistente e proteína, além de menor valor calórico total e, portanto, foram mais saudáveis. Essas coberturas também foram mais macias e apresentaram cor mais intensa em relação às comerciais, além de boa aceitação sensorial, principalmente a com sabor chocolate, que teve aprovação superior a 72%. As análises microbiológicas indicaram que as coberturas podem ser armazenadas sob refrigeração (<4 ºC) por 30 dias. Pela qualidade nutricional e pelos benefícios à saúde, as coberturas preparadas com biomassa de banana verde e farinha mostraram-se promissoras e poderiam atender a um nicho de mercado representado por pessoas que buscam uma alimentação mais saudável ou precisam controlar o consumo de açúcar, como os diabéticos.

ABSTRACT The insertion of functional foods in the confectionery industry is a growing reality, aiming to meet a growing demand for products that are visually attractive and at the same time healthy. The present study aimed to develop and characterize the physical, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of fondant icings based on green banana biomass and flour. Two formulations were developed (NFBI - Neutral Flavor Biomass-based Icing, and CFBI - Chocolate Flavor Biomass-based Icing), which were compared with the commercial fondant icings (NFCI - Neutral Flavor Commercial Icing, and CFCI - Chocolate Flavor Commercial Icing). The fondant icings were evaluated for centesimal composition, caloric value, physical, physicochemical (resistant starch, titratable acidity, water activity, texture, and color), and microbiological characteristics, as well as sensory acceptance. The icings based on green banana biomass and flour showed higher levels of ash, fiber, resistant starch, and protein, as well as lower total caloric value, and thus, were healthier. These icings were also softer and had more intense color compared to commercial ones, as well as good sensory acceptance, especially the one with chocolate flavor, which had greater than 72% approval. Microbiological analyses indicated that the icings could be stored under refrigeration (<4 ºC) for 30 days. Given the nutritional quality and health benefits, the icings prepared with green banana biomass and flour proved to be promising and could serve a niche market represented by people who seek a healthier diet or need to control their sugar consumption, such as diabetics.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to characterize the physicochemical composition and to quantify the fatty acids of chocolates produced from different cocoa varieties (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivated in the Southern Region of Bahia. Nine samples of monovarietal chocolates were evaluated, according to their physical, thermal and fatty acid profile. The results were subjected to tests of variance and multivariate statistics. The chocolates PH16 and TSH1188 presented higher melting point. It was possible to identify a linear correlation between the fat content of the chocolates and the break force parameter. The chocolates showed higher concentration of saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), followed by the unsaturated fatty acids among which oleic acid (18:1n-9) and linoleic acid (18:6) were predominant. The principal component analysis allowed to discriminate the different varieties of chocolate according to the profile of fatty acids. The thermogravimetric analysis of the samples showed a similar profile. The differences found in the samples of chocolates were attributed to factors such as the fruit maturation process, the cocoa variety and to which they were subjected during processing.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the performance of different drying methods in the development of phenolic compounds, methylxanthines, and antioxidant activity in cocoa bean and to evaluate the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA). Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH, FRAP, ORAC and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. Phenolic compounds and methylxanthines were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). OTA was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLR). It was found that during cocoa drying, there was a reduction in antioxidant activity with reduced phenolic compound content (0.04 mg.g-1 of catechin before drying to 0.02 mg.g-1 after drying) and reduced methylxanthines (19.44 mg.g -1 of theobromine before drying to 11.71 mg.g-1 after drying). Only one sample showed contamination by OTA (7.1 μg.kg-1). The traditional drying method showed the highest conservation of antioxidant activity and methylxanthine and phenolic compound content.

Abstract The aim of this work was to study the impact of the roasting temperature (80, 120 and 160 °C) and time (20, 40 and 60 min) of cocoa beans on the sensory acceptability of chocolate using response surface methodology. The results revealed that there was higher impact of roasting temperature and no influence of roasting time (in the studied levels). Lower score of consumers’ sensory acceptability was found at higher roasting temperature of cocoa beans (160 °C). The chocolate samples presented undesirable burnt odor and flavor. Roasting temperatures range 90 to 110 °C were found optimum for higher consumer’s acceptability scores (appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and overall quality attributes). Ten trained assessors consensually defined fifteen descriptors showing similarities and differences among the chocolate samples, using the methodology based on Quantitative Descriptive Analysis. The Principal Component Analysis showed that A, B and C treatments (80 °C) were characterized primarily by the brown color, sweet aroma and flavor attributes. The treatments D, E and F (120 °C) were characterized by reddish brown color, bitterness, burnt aroma and flavor, astringency attributes.

Abstract Our objective was to characterize the protease enzymatic activity and its isoenzymes on cacao cultivars PH 16 and TSH 1188, produced in southern Bahia, linking it to the conditions of the fermentation process. Proteases were extracted and semi-purified, their activities determined changing substrate, pH and temperature, and the values compared with the parameters of fermentation (pH and temperature), and yet determined the kinetic parameters and the activity of its isoenzymes: aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase and endoprotease. In the experimental conditions, differences in protease activities were shown as to different cocoa cultivars on various conditions. The albumin stands out as the preferred enzyme substrate, in a pH range between 3 and 6 and temperatures between 29 ° C and 50 ° C. As for the isoenzymes activity, an increased activity in these seeds and in the cultivar TSH 1188 was observed. When correlated with the fermentative parameters, the conditions for enzymatic activity are not the best determined, with emphasis on farming pH 16 presenting its fermentation conditions far from those found as optimal, especially in pH evaluation, since temperature varies very little between the two cultivars.

Abstract The fermentation of cocoa seeds envolves microbial processes and the action of enzymes. To identify the possible differences in the cocoa fermentation process, with regards to proteolysis, this study has the objective of determining protease activity (under predetermined conditions) and its isoenzymes in two cocoa cultivars (PH-16 and HRT-1188) in different cocoa fermentation times, in addition to establishing the microbial load (molds and yeasts and aerobic mesophilic). Protease and its isoenzymes were extracted and partially purified and the enzymatic activities determined by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the proteases activity was higher at 66h of fermentation for both cultivars. When the isoenzymes activity was evaluated, the results demonstrated similar activity behavior for both cultivars, with regards to the isoenzymes aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase, although the behavior of the endoprotease isoenzyme activity proved to be a little different for TSH-1188 cultivar. Concerning microbiological analyses, the results indicate that the period after molds and yeast counting reduction is consistent with the period of protease activity increase.

O chocolate pode ser definido como uma suspensão de partículas sólidas (açúcar, sólidos de cacau e sólidos de leite) em uma fase gordurosa contínua, que contribui para o aroma, o sabor e a cor, além de promover forma ao produto final. A reologia de chocolates é quantificada durante a produção usando-se dois parâmetros: tensão inicial (yield stress) e viscosidade aparente (plástica), em que, geralmente, se utiliza o modelo de Casson. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar reologicamente formulações de chocolates produzidos a partir de diferentes cultivares de cacau. As amostras de chocolate foram formuladas com 73,6% de cacau e foram realizadas as seguintes análises: determinação do teor de lipídeos; composição em triacilgliceróis; testes reológicos, e análise do tamanho máximo de partículas. O chocolate proveniente da cultivar PH16 apresentou menor conteúdo de gordura (36,53 g.100 g–1), maior tamanho de partículas (21 µm), maior valor de tensão inicial (20,91 Pa) e maior área de histerese, com mais ampla tixotropia quando comparada às amostras dos chocolates provenientes das cultivares SR162 e Convencional. Os resultados encontrados no estudo reológico mostraram a interferência do conteúdo de gordura e do tamanho de partículas na tensão inicial dos produtos.

Chocolate can be defined as a suspension of solid particles (sugar, cocoa solids and milk solids) in a continuous fat phase, which contributes to the aroma, flavour and colour, besides giving form to the final product. The rheology of chocolates is measured during production using two parameters: the yield stress and the apparent viscosity (plastic), generally using the Casson model. The objective of this study was to rheologically evaluate chocolate formulations produced from different cocoa cultivars. The chocolate samples were formulated with 73.6% of cocoa, and analyzed for their lipid content, triacylglycerol profile, rheological tests and the maximum particle size. The chocolate obtained from the cultivar PH16 showed the lowest fat content (36.53 g.100 g–1), largest particle size (21 µm), highest yield stress (20.91 Pa), greater hysteresis area and more ample thixotropy, when compared to samples of chocolates from the cultivars SR162 and Conventional. The results of the rheological studies showed the interference of the fat content and particle size on the yield stress of the products.