ABSTRACT Introduction: Workers’ Safety, Health and Well-being should be the concerns for millions of professionals around the world, but the issue extends beyond individuals and their families, being extremely important for the productivity, competitiveness and sustainability of businesses and communities. Portugal is one of the countries with the highest rates of non-fatal Work Accidents in Europe, with Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders being the most common Occupational Health problem, having consequences for absenteeism and productivity falls. Objectives: To analyse work accidents in a manufacturing industry in northern Portugal between 2018 and the first half of 2020; to describe the Musculoskeletal Disorders associated with work accidents. Methods: Exploratory, retrospective and descriptive quantitative study. According to the inclusion criteria defined, a sample of 798 workers who suffered 1076 Occupational Accidents was selected. The data sources were the company's workplace Accident records platform and data from the insurer. A data collection form has been created which included characterization of Work Accidents, organization and workload, causes and consequences of the accident at work and imputed costs. A descriptive analysis was made using SPSS 26.0 program. Results: The 1076 work accidents affected 798 workers, observing that in 298 situations there are employees with more than one accident. On weekdays, most of the Accidents occurred in the Morning Shift (36.2%), with more Accidents occurring in the last quarter of the Shift (28.9%). The Production Department Vulcanization has a higher incidence of Accidents (34.6), followed by the Engineering Department Vulcanization (30.5). At the Weekend there was a lower absolute frequency of Work Accidents, however, are the Weekend teams in rotating Shifts that have a higher percentage of Accidents, especially when working weekdays rotating Shifts. The most frequent Injuries were wounds and superficial injuries (45.6%) and dislocations, sprains and strains (40.8%), with the Body’s Upper extremities being the most affected with 42%. Accidents at work represented a direct cost of EUR 967 799.53. Conclusion: This study allowed the Department’s characterization and Jobs with the highest incidence of Work Accidents, Musculoskeletal Injuries resulting from them and the Shifts’ relevance in the occurrence of claims. These data allow us to identify the critical points to delineate an intervention plan directed to the identified specificities. Faced with this problem, it is essential to adopt effective preventive measures, interventions and strategies in order to reduce the occurrence of Occupational Accidents, contributing to the Workers Health and Well-being, and Occupational Health Services should play a preponderant role in the areas of investigation and prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders resulting from Occupational Accidents.

RESUMO Introdução: A Segurança, Saúde e Bem-estar dos Trabalhadores devem constar como preocupações de milhões de profissionais em todo o mundo, mas a questão estende-se para além dos indivíduos e das suas famílias, sendo de extrema importância para a produtividade, competitividade e sustentabilidade das empresas e comunidades. Portugal é um dos países que apresenta das maiores taxas de Acidentes de Trabalho não mortais na Europa, sendo as Lesões Músculo-esqueléticas Relacionadas com o Trabalho o problema de Saúde Ocupacional mais comum, tendo consequências ao nível do absentismo e quedas de produtividade. Objetivos: Analisar os Acidentes de Trabalho numa empresa de transformação no norte de Portugal entre o ano 2018 e o primeiro semestre de 2020; descrever as Lesões Músculo-esqueléticas Relacionadas com o Trabalho associadas aos sinistros laborais. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo exploratório, retrospetivo e descritivo. De acordo com os critérios de inclusão definidos, selecionou-se uma amostra de 798 trabalhadores que sofreram 1076 Acidentes de Trabalho. As fontes de dados foram a plataforma de registos de sinistros ocupacionais da empresa e dados provenientes da seguradora. Foi criado um formulário de recolha dos mesmos onde se incluíram dados relativos a caracterização dos acidentes de trabalho, organização e carga horária laboral, causas e consequências dos acidentes de trabalho e custos imputados. A análise descritiva foi realizada com recurso ao programa SPSS 26.0. Resultados: Os 1076 Acidentes de Trabalho afetaram 798 trabalhadores, observando-se que em 298 situações existem colaboradores com mais de um Acidente. Nos dias úteis da semana, a maioria dos Acidentes ocorreu no Turno da Manhã (36,2%), verificando-se mais sinistros no último quarto do Turno (28,9%). O Departamento Produção Vulcanização tem uma maior incidência de Acidentes (34,6), seguido pelo Departamento Engenharia Vulcanização (30,5). Ao fim de semana há menor frequência absoluta de Acidentes de Trabalho, contudo são as equipas de fim de semana em Turnos rotativos que têm uma maior percentagem de Acidentes, sobretudo quando realizam Turno rotativo da semana. As lesões mais frequentes foram as feridas e lesões superficiais (45,6%) e as deslocações, entorses e distensões (40,8%), sendo as extremidades superiores do corpo as mais afetadas com 42%. Os Acidentes de Trabalho representaram um custo direto de 967.799,53 euros. Conclusão: Este estudo permitiu caracterizar os Departamentos e Postos de Trabalho com maior incidência de Acidentes de Trabalho, as Lesões Músculo-esqueléticas resultantes dos mesmos e a relevância dos Turnos na ocorrência de sinistros. Estes dados permitem-nos identificar os pontos críticos para delinear um plano de intervenção direcionado às especificidades detetadas. Perante esta problemática, torna-se primordial adotar medidas preventivas efetivas, intervenções e estratégias de forma a reduzir a ocorrência de sinistros laborais, contribuindo para a Saúde e Bem-estar do Trabalhador, devendo os Serviços de Saúde Ocupacional ter um papel preponderante nas áreas da investigação e prevenção de Lesões Músculo-esqueléticas resultantes de Acidentes de Trabalho.

ABSTRACT Objective: Shoulder pain, a common cause of productivity loss and health-related expense, is commonly due to rotator cuff tears. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with intra-articular gadolinium, MR arthrography, is accepted internationally as an excellent modality for evaluating the rotator cuff. Ultrasound is cheaper and only slightly less sensitive in detecting rotator cuff tears, but MR is superior in detecting ancillary lesions. Magnetic resonance arthrography was introduced at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Jamaica, in July 2003. This study aimed to evaluate our experience with MR arthrography and assess its accuracy. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out. All MR arthrography cases performed at UHWI between July 2003 and July 2006 were reviewed. Medical records were reviewed to determine surgical correlation. Results: A total of 140 MR arthrograms were performed; 55% of the patients were female. Ages ranged from the second to the ninth decade, having a distribution approaching but not attaining a normal distribution (p = 0.03) with clustering in the middle years. Magnetic resonance arthrography demonstrated torn rotator cuffs in 40 patients, none of whom was under the age of 40 years (p < 0.001). Fifteen patients had surgery which confirmed torn rotator cuffs in all 15. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance arthrography was found to be accurate in detecting rotator cuff tears. It should be considered in the evaluation of patients with suspected rotator cuff tears. For patients under the age of 40 years, sonography could be used as an alternative.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El dolor en el hombro, el cual es causa común de pérdida de productividad y gastos relacionados con la salud, se debe comúnmente a desgarros del manguito rotador. La imagen por resonancia magnética (IRM) con gadolinio intra-articular – conocida como artrografía RM – se acepta internacionalmente como una excelente modalidad para evaluar el manguito rotador. El ultrasonido es más barato y sólo ligeramente menos sensible a la hora de detectar desgarros del manguito rotador, pero la RM es superior en la detección de lesiones secundarias. La artrografía por resonancia magnética se introdujo en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies (HUWI), Jamaica, en julio de 2003. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar nuestra experiencia con la artrografía RM y evaluar su precisión. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo. Se revisaron todos los casos de artrografías RM realizadas en HUWI entre julio de 2003 y julio de 2006. Se revisaron las historias clínicas a fin de determinar la correlación quirúrgica. Resultados: Un total de 140 artogramas RM fueron realizados. El 55% de los pacientes eran mujeres. Las edades variaron del segundo al noveno decenio, con una distribución que se acercaba pero no llevaba a alcanzar una distribución normal (p = 0.03), concentrándose en los años intermedios. La artrografía de resonancia magnética mostró desgarros de los manguitos rotadores en 40 pacientes, ninguno de los cuales tenía menos de 40 años (p < 0.001). Quince pacientes tuvieron cirugía que confirmaba desgarros de los manguitos rotadores en los 15. Conclusión: Se halló que la artrografía por resonancia magnética era exacta a la hora de detectar los desagarros del manguito rotador. Debe considerarse en la evaluación de pacientes con sospecha de desgarros del manguito rotador. Para los pacientes menores de 40 años de edad, la sonografía podría ser utilizada como alternativa.

Diversos casos de reação álcalis-sílica têm sido diagnosticados em estruturas de concreto nas quais foram utilizadas rochas graníticas. No entanto, este tipo de rocha é geralmente considerado como inócuo ou de reactividade pouco provável aos álcalis. As rochas graníticas são amplamente exploradas no norte e centro de Portugal, representando quase metade da produção total de agregados no país. O Projeto IMPROVE surgiu da necessidade de diagnosticar corretamente a potencial reatividade aos álcalis de granitos. No âmbito desse projeto foram estudadas diversas amostras colhidas em diferentes regiões de Portugal, apresentando-se neste artigo os resultados de oito destas. Os ensaios realizados incluem a caracterização petrográfica dos agregados e ensaios de expansão de barra de argamassa e prisma de concreto. Concluiu-se que o conteúdo em quartzo microcristalino se correlaciona melhor com os resultados do ensaio em prisma de concreto RILEM AAR-4.1 do que com os outros ensaios de expansão.

Several cases of alkali-silica reaction involving granitic aggregates have been diagnosed in damaged concrete structures in Portugal. Nonetheless, this kind of rock is usually regarded as slow/late reactive or even non-reactive to alkalis. Granitic rocks are widely exploited in Northern and Central Portugal, representing almost half of the produced aggregates in this country. Project IMPROVE rose from the need to accurately diagnose the potential reactivity of granites to alkalis. The study involved about forty granites collected from different regions in Portugal, from which the results of eight samples are being presented in this paper. The tests carried out include the petrographic analyses of the aggregates and mortar and concrete expansion tests. It was concluded that the content of microcrystalline quartz correlates better with the results of AAR-4.1 than with the other expansion tests.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of the hot pressing variables, namely pressure, time and temperature, on the microstructure, density and hardness in a sterling silver alloy. Powders were hot pressed under different combinations of pressures (25MPa, 35MPa and 45MPa), times (10 min, 30 min and 60 min) and temperatures (250 ºC, 300 ºC, 400 ºC, 500 ºC and 700 ºC). The microstructures of hot pressed compacts were analyzed by the means of SEM/EDS and optical microscopy. The density and hardness of specimens were assessed. The microstructure of all specimens consisted in Cu-rich precipitates of different sizes dispersed in a Ag-rich matrix. Of the variables that were examined, only temperature produced significant (p<0.05) differences in the density and hardness of the compacts. Full density of powders compacts was achieved for temperatures above 400 ºC, irrespective of the hot pressing time. A hardness peak (~120HV) was observed for the specimens hot pressed at 400 ºC.

Atualmente há uma crescente demanda no cenário mundial com relação ao tratamento de resíduos industriais, dentre estes o fenol e pilhas inutilizadas. Óxidos e cerâmicas a base de ferro, tais como ferritas são utilizadas como catalisadores no processo Fenton heterogêneo. Os processos de Fenton e foto-Fenton apresentam alta eficiência no tratamento de resíduos tóxicos utilizando catalisadores a base de ferro. Neste contexto foram desenvolvidas ferritas a partir de resíduos de pilhas inutilizadas. O uso destas ferritas como catalisadores é bastante interessante, uma vez que, são materiais ferromagnéticos podendo ser recuperados no final do processo utilizando campo magnético, evitando a liberação de Fe2+ e Fe3+ no efluente. Os resultados mostraram que a ferrita proveniente de pilhas inutilizadas e calcinada à temperatura de 500 °C apresentou estrutura correspondente a fase espinélio e magnéticas (M S= 37,04 emu.g-1) e como catalisador de fotodegradação atingiu-se 90% de remoção de fenol em pH 2,5 durante 2 h de irradiação.

Currently there is a growing global demand with respect to industrial waste treatment, among them phenol and spent batteries. Iron oxides and ceramics containing iron, such as ferrites, have been used with success as catalysts for heterogeneous Fenton process. The Fenton and photo-Fenton processes have high efficiency in treatment of toxic residue using iron as catalysts. In this respect, ferrites were developed from spent batteries. The use of these ferrites as catalysts is very interesting because these oxides are ferromagnetic and can be recovered at the end of the process using a magnetic field, avoiding the discharge of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the environment. The results showed that the ferrite from spent batteries calcined at 500 °C presents structural of spinel phase and magnetic properties (Ms= 37.04 emu.g-1) and applied in photo-Fenton process, it was reached 90% of phenol removal at pH 2.5 with 2 h of irradiation.

This research aimed to find out the perceptions of individuals with chronic renal failure (CRF) on their quality of life (QL) in a hemodialysis interior unit in Bahia. It is a descriptive exploratory study of qualitative approach, accomplished by means of a semi-structured interview. The results were analyzed according to content analysis in the second Minayo thematic modality. We interviewed 19 individuals who emerged from their testimony in three general categories: Perceptions of the concept of QL, QL impact of CRF on hemodialysis and Implications of the dimensions of QL. The first was divided into three subcategories: Multidimensional Balance, Health / Absence of Disease and Presence of Faith. The second was divided into two: water and diet restriction and limitation of functional capacity. And the third was subdivided into three: The social changes, the restriction of entertainment and leisure activities and territorial displacement to perform exhaustive dialysis. This survey revealed that hemodialysis and the disease affects the everyday life of these people, because they cause physical and social limitations, involving their work and eating habits plus their culture. It is concluded that care provided to customers dependent on dialysis treatment should go beyond the traditional biomedical focus on disease and that research can bring new comprehensive contributions to give more humane assistance.

Esta pesquisa objetivou conhecer as percepções dos indivíduos com Insuficiência Renal Crônica (IRC) acerca da sua qualidade de vida (QV) em uma unidade de hemodiálise do interior da Bahia. Trata-se um estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado por meio de uma entrevista semi-estruturada. Os resultados foram estudados de acordo com a Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade temática segundo Minayo. Foram entrevistados 19 indivíduos e emergiram de seus depoimentos três categorias gerais: Percepções sobre o conceito de QV, Impacto da IRC na QV e Implicações da hemodiálise nas dimensões da QV. A primeira subdividiu-se em três subcategorias: Equilíbrio multidimensional, Saúde/ Ausência de doença e Presença de Fé. A segunda foi agrupada em duas: Restrição dietética e hídrica e Limitação da capacidade funcional. E a terceira foi subdividida em três: Função social alterada, Restrição às atividades de diversão e lazer e Deslocamento territorial exaustivo para realização da diálise. A presente pesquisa revelou que a hemodiálise e a doença afeta o cotidiano, a vida dessas pessoas, pois causam limitações físicas, sociais, envolvendo seu trabalho, seus hábitos alimentares e culturais. Conclui-se que cuidado prestado aos clientes dependentes de hemodiálise deve transcender o tratamento biomédico tradicional centrando na doença e que novas pesquisas possam trazer contributos para se prestar uma assistência mais humanizada e integral.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer las percepciones de las personas con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) en su calidad de vida (CV) en una unidad de hemodiálisis del interior de Bahía. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio descriptivo de abordaje cualitativo, realizado por medio de una entrevista semi-estructurada. Los resultados fueron analizados de acuerdo al Análisis de Contenido en la modalidad temática, según Minayo. Fueron entrevistadas 19 personas y de su testimonio emergieron tres categorías generales: percepciones sobre el concepto de CV, el impacto de la IRC en la CV y las implicaciones de la hemodiálisis en las dimensiones de la CV. La primera se divide en tres subcategorías: equilibrio multidimensional, salud / ausencia de enfermedad y presencia de la fe. La segunda se dividió en dos: restricción dietética e hídrica y limitación de la capacidad funcional. Y la tercera se subdivide en tres: Función social alterada, restricción de las actividades de ocio y entretenimiento y desplazamiento territorial para realizar la diálisis. La encuesta reveló que la hemodiálisis y la enfermedad afecta a la vida cotidiana de estas personas, debido a que causan limitaciones físicas, sociales, que involucran su trabajo, sus hábitos alimenticios y la cultura. Se concluye que la atención prestada a los clientes dependientes de un tratamiento de diálisis debe ir más allá del enfoque biomédico tradicional centrado en la enfermedad y que nuevas investigaciones puedan aportar nuevas contribuciones para prestar una asistenca más humanizada e integral.

A CSF leak results from a defect in the dura and skull base. Due to the risk of potentially devastating central nervous system infection, it is an important entity. Timely diagnosis of CSF leaks is crucial. Laboratory testing of nasal or aural fluid drainage for the presence of the protein Beta(β)-2 transferrin plays a key role in establishing the presence of a CSF leak. Such assays are not always available, making imaging pivotal in the diagnosis of this entity. The development of minimally invasive endoscopic repair further underscores the importance of imaging as precise anatomic localization is important for repair. In this article, we review the literature and make suggestions for the appropriate radiological investigation ofpatients with suspected CSF leaks.

Las pérdidas de fluido cerebroespinal (FCE) son el resultado de un defecto en la dura y la base craneal. Debido a que tales pérdidas presentan el riesgo de infecciones capaces de devastar potencialmente el sistema nervioso central, las mismas constituyen una entidad importante. El diagnóstico a tiempo de pérdidas del FCE es crucial. Las pruebas de laboratorio realizadas al drenaje del fluido de la nariz y los oídos a fin de detectar la proteína Beta (β) 2 transferrina, desempeñan un papel clave a la hora de determinar la presencia de pérdida de FCE. Estos ensayos no se hallan siempre a disposición, con lo cual la imagen médica se hace fundamental para el diagnóstico de esta entidad. El desarrollo de reparaciones endoscópicas mínimamente invasivas subraya aún más la importancia de la imagen médica, por cuanto se requiere una localización anatómica precisa para realizar la reparación. En el presente artículo, se revisa la literatura y se hacen sugerencias a fin de lograr una investigación radiológica adecuada de los pacientes con sospecha de pérdida de FCE.

OBJECTIVE: Less than five per cent of eligible Jamaican women had mammograms in 2003. The sociocultural determinants and the perceptual barriers modulating screening behaviour in Jamaican women are unclear. We sought to investigate sociocultural effects, in particular, knowledge and fear of the procedure on mammographic screening behaviour in Jamaican women. METHOD: One hundred and forty-seven women attending the breast imaging units at the University Hospital of the West Indies and 127 attending Radiology West were interviewed to determine the factors relating to participation in mammographic screening. Knowledge level, deterring factors as well as the experience during mammography were recorded. RESULTS: The mean age ± SD of participants was 51 ± 10.4 years. Eighty-eight of the 274 women (32%) were having a mammogram for the first time. Of these, the major determinants of the mammographic experience were the expectation that the procedure would be painful (OR = 0.08, p < 0.001) and the pain intensity (OR = 1.4, p < 0.030) experienced during mammography. There were 188 women who had repeat mammograms. Seventy-five of these women had delayed mammography for greater than one year. There was a significant association between being late for mammography and the perception that a doctor's referral was necessary (p < 0.001). The factors associated with improved mammographic experience were pain intensity (OR = 0.84, p < 0.04), interval status of previous mammography (OR = 2.24, p = 0.059) and knowing someone with breast cancer (OR = 0.35, p < 0.04). Although 97% of all women found mammography painful, only seven (2.5%) said pain would prevent a repeat mammogram. CONCLUSIONS: Fear, pain during mammography, subjective indifference, inertia and reliance on physician referrals were identified as barriers to complying with mammographic screening guidelines.

OBJETIVO: Menos del cinco por ciento de las mujeres jamaicanas elegibles recibieron mamogramas en 2003. No están claras las determinantes socioculturales y las barreras preceptuales que modulan el comportamiento de pesquisaje en la mujer jamaicana. Buscamos investigar los efectos socioculturales - en particular, el conocimiento y el miedo al procedimiento - sobre la conducta ante el pesquisaje mamográfico en las mujeres jamaicanas. MÉTODO: Ciento cuarenta y siete mujeres que asistían a las unidades de imágenes de mamas en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies, y 127 que asistían a Radiology West, fueron entrevistadas a fin de determinar los factores relacionados con su participación en el pesquisaje mamográfico. Se registraron el nivel de conocimientos, los factores de disuasión así como la experiencia durante la mamografía. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio ± SD de los participantes fue 51 ± 10.4 años. Ochenta y ocho de las 274 mujeres (32%) recibían un mamograma por primera vez. De estas, las mayores determinantes de la experiencia mamográfico fueron la expectativa de que el procedimiento sería doloroso (OR = 0.08, p < 0.001) y la intensidad del dolor (OR = 1.4, p < 0.030) experimentado durante la mamografía. Hubo 188 mujeres que tuvieron mamografías repetidas. Setenta y siete de estas mujeres tuvieron sus mamografías retrasadas por más de un año. Hubo una asociación significativa entre estar tarde para la mamografía y la percepción de que era necesaria una remisión médica (p < 0.001). Los factores asociados con el mejoramiento de la experiencia mamográfica fueron: la intensidad del dolor (OR = 0.84, p < 0.04), el estatus del intervalo de la mamografía previa (OR = 2.24, p = 0.059), y el conocer a alguien con cáncer de mamas (OR = 0.35, p < 0.04). Aunque el 97% de todas las mujeres encontraron la mamografía dolorosa, sólo siete de ellas (2.5%) dijeron que el dolor sería un impedimento para hacerse una nueva mamografía. CONCLUSIONES: El miedo, el dolor durante la mamografía, la indiferencia subjetiva, la inercia, y la dependencia de las remisiones médicas, fueron identificadas como los obstáculos que impiden el cumplimiento de las guías para el pesquisaje mamográfico.

Screening mammography has been shown to ríuce the number of deaths due to breast cancer. Recent data have shown that there is low patient and physician participation in screening mammography in Jamaica. Breast imaging is concerní primarily with early detection of breast cancer. Despite tech-nological advances, mammography continues to play a pivotal role. In this report, the authors will review the available imaging modalities and their role in screening patients for breast cancer as well as the evaluation of the symptomatic patient with particular reference to the situation in Jamaica.

La mamografía de tamizaje ha dado pruebas de ríucir el número de muertes por cáncer de mamas. Datos recientes han mostrado que hay baja participación de pacientes y médicos en la mamografía de tamizaje en Jamaica. El estudio por imágenes de mama tiene por interés fundamental la detección precoz del cáncer de mamas. A pesar de los avances tecnológicos, la mamografía continua desempeñando un papel central. En este reporte, los autores examinarán las modalidades de diagnóstico por imagines disponibles y su papel en el tamizaje de pacientes para la detección del cáncer mamario, así como en la evaluación del paciente sintomático, con referencia particular a la situación en Jamaica.

OBJECTIVE: In countries that have instituted national mammographic screening programmes, mortality from breast cancer has decreased by as much as 63%. Although mortality rates from breast cancer in Jamaica are high, there is no national mammographic screening programme. In this context, opportunistic screening which depends on contact between healthcare provider and patient, as well as self-referral become important. Therefore, the authors sought to determine the source of referrals for women who had mammography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The variables of age, indication for mammography, source of referral and referring physician area of specialty if applicable were extracted from the attendance records for all patients who had mammography at the breast imaging unit at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) and Radiology West (RadWest ) in the year 2003. RESULTS: There were 779 bilateral mammograms done at UHWI of which 452 (58%) were screening and 1223 mammograms done at RadWest of which 657 (54%) were screening. The difference in proportion of self-referral between the two facilities was significantly different (p < 0.001). Of the 452 screening mammograms performed at UHWI, 329 (73%) were self-referred, 31 (7%) were from primary care, 18 (4%) from gynaecologists and 17 (4%) from general surgeons. In contrast, of the 657 screening mammograms, at Radwest, 92 (14%) were self-referred, 323 (49%) were from primary care, 47 (7%) from gynaecologists and 37 (6%) from general surgeons. CONCLUSION: To increase the utilization and hence effectiveness of screening mammography, programmes targeting healthcare professionals, particularly gynaecologists and the public are needed.

OBJETIVO: En países que han instituido programas nacionales de pesquisaje mamográfico, la mortalidad por cáncer de mamas ha disminuido tanto como un 63%. Aunque las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama en Jamaica son altas, no existe un programa nacional de pesquisaje mamográfico. En este contexto, el pesquisaje oportunista - que depende del contacto entre el proveedor de la atención médica a la salud y el paciente - así como la autoremisión, se hacen importantes. Por lo tanto, los autores buscan determinar las fuentes de las autoremisiones de mujeres que tuvieron mamografías. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Las variables de edad, indicación de mamografía, fuente de remisión, y - si fuese necesario - el área de especialidad del médico que remite, fueron extraídas de los registros de asistencia de todas las pacientes a las que se les realizaron mamografías en la unidad de imágenes de mamas del Hospital Universitario de West Indies (UHWI), y en la de Radiology West (Rad West) en el año 2003. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 779 mamogramas bilaterales en UHWI - de los cuales 452 (58%) fueron pesquisajes - y 1223 mamogramas en RadWest - de los cuales 657 (54%) fueron pesquisajes. La diferencia en proporción de autoremisiones entre las dos instalaciones, fue significativa (p < 0.001). De los 452 mamogramas de pesquisaje realizados en UHWI, 329 (73%) fueron autoremisiones, 31 (7%) provenían de atención primaria, 18 (4%) de ginecólogos, y 17 (4%) de cirujanos. En contraste con esto, en RadWest, de los 657 mamogramas de pesquisaje, 92 (14%) fueron autoremisiones, 323 (49%) provenían de atención primaria, 47 (7%) de ginecólogos, y 37 (6%) de cirujanos generales. CONCLUSIÓN: A fin de aumentar la utilización, y por ende la efectividad de la mamografía de pesquisaje, se necesitan programas dirigidos a captar la participación de los profesionales de atención médica a la salud - en particular los ginecólogos - así como del público.

Pituitary tumours are the most common sellar masses, frequently presenting with visual impairment and endocrine abnormalities. Two cases of pituitary tumour presenting with ptosis are reported.

Los tumores pituitarios son las masas selares más comunes, que frecuentemente se presentan con problemas de visión y anormalidades endocrinas. Se presentan dos casos de tumor de la pituitaria, acompañados de ptosis izquierda.

We have observed Low Frequency Oscillations (LFO) in a GaAs sample grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at 300 °C as a function of applied electric field, temperature and illumination intensity. Time series of the oscillations for different values of the applied electric field at room temperature were obtained. We have also obtained the jxE characteristics as a function of temperature and light intensity. We were able to control the LFO using three experimental parameters, the electrical field, which controls the oscillation frequency, and the temperature and illumination intensity, which control the carrier density and field-enhanced trapping. We were able to identify the LFO dependence on the carrier density and on the field-enhanced trapping.