Abstract Objective In this systematic review (SR), the authors aimed to identify the possible impact of the social restriction imposed by the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic on children/adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Data sources This SR was registered on PROSPERO CRD42021255569. Eligible articles were selected from PubMed, Embase, and LILACS, according to the following characteristics: ADHD patients < 18 years old, exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the outcomes, medications, relationships, sleep, media use, remote learning, and comorbidities such as depression/sadness, inattention, anxiety, and irritability/aggressiveness. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies was used to assess methodological quality and the risk of bias. Summary of findings Of the 222 articles identified, 27 were included, with information on 7,235 patients. Most studies (n = 22) were cross-sectional and received a mean NOS 4.63/10 followed by longitudinal (n = 4) with 3.75/8 points and case-control (n = 1), with 3/9 points. The pandemic affected patients’ access to treatment, behavior, and sleep. Difficulties in remote learning and increased use of social media were described, as well as significant and positive changes in relationships with family and peers. Conclusion Although the studies were heterogeneous, they indicated that the pandemic-related issues experienced by patients with ADHD were mostly manifested affecting their behavior and sleep patterns.

Abstract Objective: Weight loss is one of the most often prescribed treatments to reduce the level of sleep apnea severity; however, objective assessment of airway alterations after loss of weight has only been studied in the last decades. This study aimed at evaluating alterations after weight loss reported in the literature. Methods: A literature review was performed in the medical databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase. A total of 681 articles were found in the databases and after evaluation only 10 studies were selected for data extraction. Results: Most studies observed an increase of the area in the retropalatal region; some indicating that this increase occurred mostly in the lateral pharyngeal region. Studies with volumetric reconstruction showed a significant reduction in parapharyngeal fat deposits, lateral wall and tongue fat, and volumetric reduction in all soft tissues of the pharynx, pterygoid and genioglossus muscles. Studies evaluating craniofacial bone structures showed a reduction in the airway height by bringing the hyoid closer to the posterior nasal spine and a reduction in the distance from the hyoid to the chin. Conclusion: There is a limited number of studies with a good level of scientific evidence evaluating changes in the upper airways after weight loss and how these changes impact obstructive sleep apnea. The studies included in this review indicate that weight loss increases the airways space by reducing the volume of the parapharyngeal structures, particularly at the retropalatal site, where there is an apparent gain in the lateral area of the airway and hyoid relocation.

Resumo A crescente utilização de smartwatches passou a fazer parte do quotidiano dos seus utilizadores, com especial foco na atividade física, ao permitir monitorizar o exercício realizado em termos de intensidade, duração, gasto energético e, mais recentemente, monitorização da frequência cardíaca. A potencial utilização destes dispositivos eletrónicos no campo da medicina é um marco importante, permitindo, através da monitorização do ritmo cardíaco, a possível deteção de períodos de arritmia, como a fibrilação auricular, com extensão à monitorização de arritmias ventriculares potencialmente fatais, como o prolongamento do intervalo QT, este último com particular utilidade na monitorização à distância durante o período da pandemia COVID-19. Os principais estudos apresentados apresentam várias limitações; no entanto, elucidam os leitores para a importância da crescente evolução tecnológica e para o seu potencial impacto prognóstico nos utilizadores destes dispositivos.

Abstract The regular use of smartwatches allows monitoring the exercise performed by its users, especially in terms of intensity, duration, energy expenditure, and more recently, heart rate. The potential use of these electronic devices in medicine is an important milestone, allowing through monitoring of cardiac rhythm, a possible way to detect periods of cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and more recently, QT interval prolongation that can cause potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias, with its importance shown during COVID-19 pandemics. The main studies have several limitations; however, they show the importance of technological evolution and its potential prognostic impact on the users of these devices.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar fatores de risco para óbito em indivíduos com síndrome respiratória aguda grave por COVID-19. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva, constituída de indivíduos adultos com COVID-19, de março a setembro de 2020, notificados pelo sistema de vigilância epidemiológica do estado do Acre, Brasil. Empregou-se regressão de Cox. Resultados: Entre 57.700 indivíduos analisados, a incidência foi de 2.765,4/100 mil habitantes, e a mortalidade, de 61,8/100 mil hab. Os fatores de risco para o óbito foram ser do sexo masculino (HR=1,48 - IC95% 1,25;1,76), ter idade ≥60 anos (HR=10,64 - IC95% 8,84;12,81), sintoma de dispneia (HR=4,20 - IC95% 3,44;5,12) e apresentar multimorbidade (HR=2,23 - IC95% 1,77;2,81), com destaque para cardiopatas e diabetes mellitus. Os sintomas ‘dor de garganta’ e ‘cefaleia’ estavam presentes nos casos leves da doença. Conclusão: Ser homem, idoso, apresentar cardiopatia, diabetes mellitus e dispneia foram características associadas ao óbito pela COVID-19.

Abstract Objective: To analyze risk factors for death in individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study, comprised of adult individuals with COVID-19, from March to September 2020, notified by the Epidemiological Surveillance System in the state of Acre, Brazil. Cox regression was used. Results: Among 57,700 individuals analyzed, the incidence was 2,765.4/100,000 inhabitants, and mortality was, 61.8/100,000 inhabitants. The risk factors for death were: being male (HR=1.48 -95% CI 1.25;1.76), age ≥60 years (HR=10.64 -95% CI 8.84;12.81), symptom of dyspnea (HR=4.20 -95% CI 3.44;5.12) and multimorbidity (HR=2.23 -95% CI 1.77;2.81), with emphasis on heart disease and diabetes mellitus. 'Sore throat' and 'headache' were symptoms present in mild cases of COVID-19. Conclusion: Being male, elderly, having heart disease, diabetes mellitus and dyspnea were characteristics associated with death due to COVID-19.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo de muerte en individuos con Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave por COVID-19. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, con individuos adultos con COVID-19, entre marzo y septiembre 2020, notificado pelo Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica en el estado de Acre, Brasil. Se utilizó la regresión de Cox. Resultados: 57.700 individuos evaluados, la incidencia fue de 2.765,4/100.000 habitantes y la mortalidad 61,8/100.000 habitantes. Los factores de riesgo de muerte fueron: sexo masculino (HR=1,48 - IC95% 1,25;1,76), edad ≥60 años (HR=10,64 - IC95% 8,84;12,81), disnea (HR=4,20 - IC95% 3,44;5,12), multimorbidad (HR=2,23 - IC95% 1,77;2,81), incluidos problemas cardíacos y diabetes. Los síntomas dolor de garganta y de cabeza estuvieron presentes en casos leves de la enfermedad. Conclusión: Hombres, ancianos, personas com enfermedades cardíacas, diabetes y disnea fueron características asociadas com la muerte por COVID-19.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar fatores de risco para óbito em indivíduos com síndrome respiratória aguda grave por COVID-19. Métodos: Coorte retrospectiva, constituída de indivíduos adultos com COVID-19, de março a setembro de 2020, notificados pelo sistema de vigilância epidemiológica do estado do Acre, Brasil. Empregou-se regressão de Cox. Resultados: Entre 57.700 indivíduos analisados, a incidência foi de 2.765,4/100 mil habitantes, e a mortalidade, de 61,8/100 mil hab. Os fatores de risco para o óbito foram ser do sexo masculino (HR=1,48 - IC95% 1,25;1,76), ter idade ≥60 anos (HR=10,64 - IC95% 8,84;12,81), sintoma de dispneia (HR=4,20 - IC95% 3,44;5,12) e apresentar multimorbidade (HR=2,23 - IC95% 1,77;2,81), com destaque para cardiopatas e diabetes mellitus. Os sintomas ‘dor de garganta’ e ‘cefaleia’ estavam presentes nos casos leves da doença. Conclusão: Ser homem, idoso, apresentar cardiopatia, diabetes mellitus e dispneia foram características associadas ao óbito pela COVID-19.

Abstract Objective: To analyze risk factors for death in individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study, comprised of adult individuals with COVID-19, from March to September 2020, notified by the Epidemiological Surveillance System in the state of Acre, Brazil. Cox regression was used. Results: Among 57,700 individuals analyzed, the incidence was 2,765.4/100,000 inhabitants, and mortality was, 61.8/100,000 inhabitants. The risk factors for death were: being male (HR=1.48 -95% CI 1.25;1.76), age ≥60 years (HR=10.64 -95% CI 8.84;12.81), symptom of dyspnea (HR=4.20 -95% CI 3.44;5.12) and multimorbidity (HR=2.23 -95% CI 1.77;2.81), with emphasis on heart disease and diabetes mellitus. 'Sore throat' and 'headache' were symptoms present in mild cases of COVID-19. Conclusion: Being male, elderly, having heart disease, diabetes mellitus and dyspnea were characteristics associated with death due to COVID-19.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo de muerte en individuos con Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave por COVID-19. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, con individuos adultos con COVID-19, entre marzo y septiembre 2020, notificado pelo Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica en el estado de Acre, Brasil. Se utilizó la regresión de Cox. Resultados: 57.700 individuos evaluados, la incidencia fue de 2.765,4/100.000 habitantes y la mortalidad 61,8/100.000 habitantes. Los factores de riesgo de muerte fueron: sexo masculino (HR=1,48 - IC95% 1,25;1,76), edad ≥60 años (HR=10,64 - IC95% 8,84;12,81), disnea (HR=4,20 - IC95% 3,44;5,12), multimorbidad (HR=2,23 - IC95% 1,77;2,81), incluidos problemas cardíacos y diabetes. Los síntomas dolor de garganta y de cabeza estuvieron presentes en casos leves de la enfermedad. Conclusión: Hombres, ancianos, personas com enfermedades cardíacas, diabetes y disnea fueron características asociadas com la muerte por COVID-19.

RESUMO Os avanços técnicos na ressonância magnética têm permitido detectar e classificar com acurácia a distensão do espaço endolinfático na doença de Ménière; isso só era possível nos estudos histológicos post-mortem até poucos anos atrás. Além de afastar outras causas de vertigem e de perda auditiva, a ressonância magnética é capaz de avaliar os compartimentos coclear e vestibular do espaço endolinfático por meio de um protocolo dedicado.

ABSTRACT Technical advances in magnetic resonance imaging have allowed to accurately detect and grade endolymphatic space distension in Ménière disease; this was only possible in post-mortem histological studies until a few years ago. Magnetic resonance imaging rules out other causes of vertigo and hearing loss, and is able to evaluate the cochlear and vestibular compartments of the endolymphatic space using a dedicated protocol.

Samples of ductile cast irons alloyed with Cu, Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Mo were austempered, borided and boro-austempered and characterized for hardness and micro-adhesive wear behavior. The kinetics of layer formation was also studied. The boriding method used was molten borax bath, in periods of 2 and 4 hours at temperatures of 850, 900 and 950 ºC. The direct austempering treatment was performed immediately following the boriding treatment (from 850, 900 and 950 ºC) using molten salt baths at temperatures of 240, 300 and 360 ºC for 4 hours (boro-austempering treatment). For comparative purposes, the conventional austempering treatment was also conducted. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brinell hardness measurements (on the substrate) and Vickers (on the layers) were performed, along with micro-adhesive wear tests. The boriding treatment resulted in the formation of high hardness layers, in the range of 1450 to 1750 HV, with high wear resistance. The wear resistance of borided and boro-austempered samples were increased by 40 times when compared to as cast or austempered samples, indicating the high efficiency of this type of treatment in increasing the wear resistance of this material.

resumo Este texto resgata a produção fotográfica de Claudia Andujar do final dos anos de 1950 e início de 1960 - ainda anterior ao trabalho que viria a desenvolver com os Yanomami - para uma análise que leve em consideração a dimensão do assunto escolhido; o resultado visual de sua representação e a forma de circulação do trabalho. Ao enfatizar esses aspectos, o objetivo é entender de que modo a estética desenvolvida pela artista em questão é contaminada e assim constituída por critérios discursivos alinhados a uma história da fotografia forjada por mecanismos institucionais.

abstract This text captures the photographic production of Claudia Andujar of the late 1950s and early 1960s - even before the work developed with the Yanomami - for an analysis that takes into account the dimension of the chosen subject; its visual representation and the ways of its circulation. By emphasizing these aspects, the goal is to understand how the aesthetic developed by the artist in question is contaminated and thus constituted by discursive criteria aligned with a history of photography forged by institutional mechanisms.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to evaluate the correlation between oropharyngeal examination and objective palatine tonsil volume in snoring adults and verify the influence of the oropharyngeal anatomy, body mass index, age, and severity of obstructive sleep apnea on actual tonsil volume. In addition, we aimed to assess the influence of tonsil size on obstructive sleep apnea in adults. INTRODUCTION: Pharyngeal wall geometry is often altered in adults who have obstructive sleep apnea, and this might influence the findings of the oropharyngeal examination that, in turn, are the key factors when considering surgical management for this condition. Furthermore, the correlation between the actual tonsil volume and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea in adults is currently unknown. METHODS: We prospectively studied 130 patients with obstructive sleep apnea or primary snoring who underwent pharyngeal surgery with intraoperative measurement of tonsil volume. We compared tonsil volume with preoperative polysomnography, oropharyngeal examination, and anthropometric data. RESULTS: We found a significant correlation between actual tonsil volume and subjective tonsil grade. We also found a significant correlation between tonsil volume and the apnea-hypopnea index. Using a multivariate linear regression model, tonsil volume was found to be significantly correlated with age, body mass index, and oropharyngeal examination, but not with polysomnography. Clinically, only the rare tonsil grade IV was indicative of more severe obstructive sleep apnea. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong correlation between clinical tonsil grade and objective tonsil volume in snoring adults, and this correlation exists regardless of the presence or severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Pharyngeal tissue volume likely reflects the body mass index rather than obstructive sleep apnea severity.

O presente trabalho representa a primeira análise das atividades analgésica e antiinflamatória do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico do zoantídeo Palythoa caribaeorum. Foram realizados os testes de Writhing induzido por ácido acético (1%, 10 mL.kg-1 i.p.) e da chapa quente em camundongos para avaliar o efeito analgésico; e o teste de edema de pata de rata induzido por carragenina para avaliar a atividade antiinflamatória. As análises evidenciaram atividade analgésica no teste de Writhing no grupo tratado com 200 mg.kg-1 v.o. de extrato, com uma inibição de 47,22% do número de contorções abdominais ("Writhings"), revelando atividade estatisticamente significativa.

This work represents the first pharmacological analysis on the crude hydroalcoholic extract of Palythoa caribaeorum. The analgesic activity was assayed in acetic acid-induced writhing test and with the hot-plate test with mice; while the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in the rat. The analysis suggested an analgesic activity in the Writhing test on the group treated with the crude extract (200 mg.kg-1 v.o.) with an abdominal contortion’s inhibition of 47,22 %.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os padrões oclusais normais da dentição decídua em crianças pré-escolares brasileiras. A amostra foi constituída por 356 crianças, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 3-5 ½ anos e residentes na cidade de Salvador. O exame de oclusão foi realizado na sala de aula, por duas examinadoras, utilizando-se uma espátula de madeira. Os dados foram analisados pelo EPI-INFO 6.02, aplicando-se o teste chi². A freqüência do arco tipo I foi de 43,3% para a arcada superior e 46,3% para a inferior. O arco tipo II esteve presente em 56,7% das arcadas superiores e em 53,7% das inferiores, entretanto, sem diferença entre os sexos. A distribuição dos espaços primatas foi de 89,9% para o arco superior e 67,1% no arco inferior, diminuindo significativamente tal prevalência com o aumento das idades (p < 0,01). A relação canina normal foi encontrada em quase 60% das crianças, para ambos os lados. Dos 712 planos terminais distais avaliados, 55,9% apresentaram plano terminal mesial para os segundos molares decíduos; 37,9% plano terminal reto e 6,2% degrau distal. Os resultados permitem concluir que a presença dos espaços interincisais generalizados, comumente relatados por outros autores, não foi o mais freqüente para ambos os arcos nesta amostra, contudo, os espaços primatas foram os mais prevalentes. Os freqüentes padrões normais de oclusão para as relações canino e molar foram os de Classe I.

The aim of this research was to study the normal occlusal patterns of deciduous dentition in Brazilian preschool children. The sample consisted of 356 preschool children, of both genders, aged 3-5 ½ years from the urban zone of Salvador, Bahia. The occlusion exam was carried out by two examiners, in the classroom, utilizing a wooden spatula. The data were analyzed by the statistical program EPI-INFO 6.02 using the Chi-squared test. The frequency of the type I arch was 43.3% for the upper and 46.3% for the lower arch. The frequency of the type II arch was 56.7% for the upper and 53.75 for the lower arch, however, no difference between genders was noticed. The distribution of primate spaces was: 89.9% for the upper and 67.1% for the lower arch. This prevalence decreased significantly as age increased (p < 0.01). Normal canine relationship was found in almost 60% of the children for the right and left sides. Out of 712 evaluated terminal planes, 55.9% presented mesial terminal step for the primary second molars, 37.9% straight terminal plane and 6.2% distal step. The results permitted to conclude that the presence of generalized spacing between incisors, commonly described by other authors, was not the most prevailing condition for both arches in this sample. On the other hand, primate spaces were the most common ones. The most frequent normal occlusal patterns for canine and molar relationships were found to be the Class I patterns.