If one looks at the beginning of the Austrian ABGB, one finds a so-called "Einleitung", ie. introduction, first. Those introductions are the expression of a conflict about judicial policy starting to gain momentum in the second half of the 18th century and dominating relations between the monarchic legislator and the judiciary until the second half of the 19th century. Beneath the change towards a codified law since the late 18th century is the demand of the state to from now on create the law on its own. The judiciary was allocated the mere role of a purely norm-applying instance. In this article, it is shown which conflicts between politics and judiciary resulted from this view and how the state tried to discipline the judiciary.

Wirft man einen Blick auf den Beginn des österreichischen ABGB, dann findet sich dort zunächst eine sog. „Einleitung". Die „Einleitungen" der naturrechtlichen Kodifikationen, insbesondere die Interpretationsvorschriften, sind Ausdruck eines justizpolitischen Konflikts, der vor allem seit der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jh.s rasch an Schärfe zunahm und dann das Verhältnis zwischen monarchischem Gesetzgeber und Justiz bis in die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jh.s bestimmt hat. Hinter der Umstellung auf ein kodifiziertes Recht seit dem ausgehenden 18. Jh. stand dann der Anspruch des Staates, hinfort selbst das Recht hervorzubringen. Der Justiz wurde dabei die Rolle einer bloß „rechtsanwendenden" Instanz zugewiesen. In dem Aufsatz wird gezeigt, welche Konflikte zwischen Politik und Justiz daraus entstanden und wie der Staat die Justiz zu disziplinieren suchte.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells involved in the control and initiation of immune responses. In vivo, DCs exposed at the periphery to maturation stimuli migrate to lymph nodes, where they receive secondary signals from CD4+ T helper cells. These DCs become able to initiate CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. However, in vitro investigations concerning human monocyte-derived DCs have never focused on their functional properties after such sequential maturation. Here, we studied human DC phenotypes and functions according to this sequential exposure to maturation stimuli. As first signals, we used TNF-α/polyI:C mimicking inflammatory and pathogen stimuli and, as second signals, we compared activated CD4+ T helper cells to a combination of CD40-L/ IFN-γ. Our results show that a sequential activation with activated CD4+ T cells dramatically increased the maturation of DCs in terms of their phenotype and cytokine secretion compared to DCs activated with maturation stimuli delivered simultaneously. Furthermore, this sequential maturation led to the induction of CTL with a long-term effector and central memory phenotypes. Thus, sequential delivery of maturation stimuli, which includes CD4+ T cells, should be considered in the future to improve the induction of long-term CTL memory in DC-based immunotherapy.