Abstract BRS Rendeira and BRS Progresso are cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars with tolerance to post-harvest deterioration and high mean yields of fresh root (31.1 and 27.9 t ha-1) and starch (8.9 and 8.1 t ha-1) in annual production cycles. Both new varieties are recommended for the flour and starch industry.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as características agronômicas e a produtividade do girassol cultivado em consórcio com forrageiras no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 × 3 + 1. Assim, foram estudados, três consórcios do girassol com plantas forrageiras (girassol + Urochloa ruziziensis (GB), girassol + Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia (GP), girassol + Urochloa ruziziensis + Cajanus cajan (GBGu)), semeados de três formas diferentes (semeadura simultânea (SS), semeadura defasada (SD) e semeadura simultânea com aplicação de herbicida/graminicida (SSH)), tendo o girassol solteiro como testemunha, com quatro repetições, em três anos de cultivo (2013, 2014 e 2015). Foram avaliadas as características: altura de planta, diâmetro da haste, diâmetro do capítulo, número de aquênios por capítulo, massa de mil aquênios, índice de colheita e a produtividade de aquênios. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelos testes Tukey e Dunnett, a 5% de probabilidade. Os consórcios GB e GBGu promovem maior produtividade do girassol. A forrageira Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia em consórcio com o girassol reduz os componentes de produção da planta e a produtividade. A semeadura defasada e a simultânea com aplicação de herbicida/graminicida promovem maior produtividade do girassol.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and yield of a sunflower crop grown together with forages in a crop-livestock integration system. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, in a 3×3 + 1 factorial scheme. Three sunflower intercropping with forage plants [sunflower + Urochloa ruziziensis (SB); sunflower + Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania (SP); sunflower + Urochloa ruziziensis + Cajanus cajan (SBGu)], sown in three ways [simultaneous sowing (SS), delayed sowing (DS), and simultaneous sowing with herbicide/graminicide (SSH) application], with the monocroped sunflower as a control, with three years of cultivation (2013, 2014, and 2015). The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stalk diameter, head diameter, number of achenes per heads, the mass of thousand achenes, harvest index, and the productivity of achenes. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey and Dunnett tests at 5% probability. The SB and SBGu intercropped promote greater sunflower productivity. The forage Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania in intercropped with sunflower reduces plant production components and productivity. Lapsed sowing delayed and simultaneous sowing with herbicide/graminicide application promote higher productivity of sunflower.

Resumo Estrogênios são poluentes emergentes e os tratamentos de esgoto tradicionais não são capazes de removê-los. São prejudiciais à saúde humana e ao ambiente. Portanto, torna-se importante avaliar a presença e concentração dessas substâncias em corpos hídricos e matrizes ambientais. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento e aplicação de uma metodologia para a determinação de E1, E3, EE2, E2 em águas superficiais utilizando a extração em fase sólida com polímeros de impressão molecular (MISPE) seguida da identificação e quantificação via HPLC-DAD. A fase móvel empregada foi acetonitrila e água acidificada, com ácido fosfórico, pH 3, (1:1, v/v), vazão 1,0 mL min-1, 40ºC, injeção 5 µL e λ = 280 nm. O método foi validado segundo o protocolo ICH Q2 R1. Testes de reprodutibilidade e repetibilidade resultaram em coeficientes de variância menores que 10%, e as curvas de calibração na faixa de concentração de 1 a 20 mg L-1 retornaram valores de linearidade maiores que 0,99. Os limites de detecção e quantificação ficaram abaixo de 1 mg L-1 e o método mostrou-se satisfatório para testes de especificidade e seletividade usando cafeína encontrada em corpos hídricos que recebem efluentes, e DES, estrogênio utilizado em tratamento de câncer de próstata. Amostras selecionadas foram submetidas a clean-up e pré-concentração utilizando extração em fase sólida com fase comercial (C18) e polímeros de impressão molecular (MISPE). Os extratos MISPE analisados indicaram que é possível obter resultados com maior sensibilidade e precisão para análises de matrizes ambientais complexas; mostrando que o método desenvolvido pode ser aplicado em matrizes ambientais complexas.

Abstract Estrogens are emerging pollutants and traditional sewage treatments unable to remove them. They are harmful to human health and to the environment. It is therefore important to evaluate the presence and concentration of estrogens in water bodies and environmental matrices. This work presents the development and application of a methodology for the determination of E1, E3, EE2 and E2 in surface waters using solid phase extraction with molecular imprinting polymers (MISPE) followed by identification and quantification by HPLC-DAD. Acetonitrile and water deionized acidified with phosphoric acid pH 3 (1:1, v/v), a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1, at 40°C and an injection volume of 5 µL. The method was validated according to the protocol ICH Q2R. Reproducibility and repeatability tests resulted in a smaller variation coefficient of 10%; the calibration curves in the concentration ranged from 1 to 20 mg L-1, with return linearity values greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were less than 1 mg L-1 and the method was satisfactory for specificity and selectivity tests using caffeine, which is often found in water bodies receiving effluent, and DES, an estrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Selected samples underwent clean-up and pre-concentration treatments using solid phase extraction with commercial phase (C18) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MISPE). The analysis of MISPE extracts indicate that it is possible to obtain results with greater sensitivity and precision for analyses of complex environmental matrices, demonstrating that the developed method can be applied in complex environmental matrices.

ABSTRACT Evaluating the decomposition dynamics of vegetative residues from cover crops can provide a better understanding of nutrient release, which is fundamental when choosing a species that is adapted to local conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the decomposition rates and nutrient release dynamics of the shoot phytomass of different cover crops that have potential for agricultural use in the Recôncavo Baiano, Brazil. Crop residues of the following species were analyzed: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) - CROT; velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima L.) - MUC; lab lab (Dolichos lab lab L.) - LAB; jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis [L.] DC.) - JB; white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) - WLUP; and Guinea grass (Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R. Webster) - GRAS. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The decomposition and nutrient release dynamics were evaluated using litter bags, and the remaining dry matter and the nutrient content of litter from each cover crop were quantified. The accumulation of macronutrients in the phytomass was in the following order: N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S. The highest decomposition rates of the phytomass occurred in the species JB, with half-life (t1/2) of 36 days, and GRAS, with t1/2 of 41 days. K was the element with the shortest t1/2, suggesting a rapid transfer rate to the soil. Organic residues from the CROT and WLUP cover crops had lower decomposition rates and are, therefore, recommended for protecting soil in the region. Sunn hemp, unlike WLUP, also had residue of high chemical quality and, thus, it is an excellent nutrient recycler. Jack bean released nutrients into the soil the fastest due to its rapid decomposition rate; therefore, it is not recommended for ground cover.

ABSTRACT Despite the widespread distribution of the Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) in Brazil, little is known about the losses it causes in yield. The effect of CsCMV on different varieties was evaluated by reference to several agronomic traits. Four field trials were established in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 using six varieties of cassava. Following mechanical inoculation with CsCMV, the presence of the virus was confirmed using the ELISA assay. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), aerial part yield (APY), root yield (RoY), and starch yield (StY) in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Overall, the presence of the virus contributed little to the reduction in PH, HI, and DMC across the varieties, with PH being significantly reduced by 9.2 and 7.0 % in the BGM0212 and BRS Kiriris varieties, respectively. In contrast, APY, RoY, and StY were reduced by 30.2, 29.3, and 30.0 %, in the virus-infected plants respectively. While the BRS Kiriris and BRS Jari varieties suffered the highest reductions overall and were considered highly susceptible to CsCMV, none of the traits suffered reductions in the inoculated BRS Formosa plants. Although RoY and StY were reduced in inoculated plants of BRS Tapioqueira, crop yield for this variety was the highest. Thus, BRS Formosa and BRS Tapioqueira exhibited tolerance against CsCMV, which warrants further investigation.

A semeadura mecanizada da mamona (Ricinus communis L.) pode reduzir o tempo de operação e os custos associados à mão-de-obra, porém a escassez de informações nesta área tem prejudicado a adoção correta desta tecnologia. Assim, objetivou-se com esse trabalho verificar a regularidade da distribuição longitudinal de sementes do híbrido Lyra de mamona, em área de plantio direto e sua relação com rendimento de grãos; bem como a viabilidade da aplicação de cartas de controle para a avaliação do processo de semeadura, nesta cultura. O ensaio foi conduzido em área comercial de produção de grãos de mamona sob plantio direto, sendo avaliadas: distribuição longitudinal, porcentagens de espaçamentos normais, falhos e duplos na linha, número de planta por metro linear, altura de plantas, altura e comprimento do racemo primário e rendimento de grãos. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva, a análise de correlações e as cartas de controle para a avaliação dos parâmetros propostos. Há necessidade de refinamento nas regulagens de semeadoras-adubadoras de precisão para a semeadura do híbrido Lyra de mamona, em áreas de plantio direto; a distribuição longitudinal de sementes de mamona influencia vários parâmetros fitotécnicos, incluindo o rendimento de grãos; a aplicação da carta de controle é uma ferramenta eficiente para a avaliação do processo de semeadura da mamona.

The mechanized sowing of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) can reduce the operation time and the costs associated to labor, however the privation of information in this area have damaged the correct adoption of this technology. Thus, the research had as an aim to verify the regularity of longitudinal distribution of hybrid Lyra castor bean seeds, in a no-tillage system area, and its relationship with yield; and the viability of control charts for evaluation of sowing in this crop. The essay was carded out in a commercial area of grain production in no-tillage system. one evaluated: longitudinal distribution, percentage of normal, defective and double spaces in line, number of plants per linear meter, height of plants, height and length of primer raceme and yield. For the evaluation of the proposed parameters, one used the describable statistic, the correlation analysis and control charts. The results allowed to conclude that it is necessary to enhance the regulation of seeder-fertilizer for mechanized sowing of castor bean hybrid Lyra, in no-tillage system areas. The longitudinal distribution of castor bean affect seeds grain yield and other phytotechnic parameters and the control charts are efficient to evaluate the mechanized castor bean sowing.

Realizaram-se quatro experimentos de campo no Estado de São Paulo, tanto em condição de sequeiro como de irrigação por aspersão, empregando o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, visando a comparação de 20 genótipos de trigo, sendo 18 linhagens diaplóides obtidas e dois cultivares, IAC-24 e Anahuac, quanto à produção de grãos, características agronômicas, resistência à ferrugem-da-folha e outros componentes da produção. Também estudou-se a tolerância ao alumínio em soluções nutritivas em condição de laboratório. As linhagens diaplóides 11, 12, 14, 17 e 18, originárias do cruzamento IAS-63/ALDAN "S"//GLEN/3/IAC-24, de porte baixo, com resistência ao acamamento, com ciclo precoce da emergência ao florescimento e da emergência à maturação e tolerância à toxicidade de alumínio, destacaram-se quanto à produção de grãos, considerando a média dos quatro experimentos. A linhagem 8 mostrou ser fonte genética de espiga comprida; a 15, de maior número de espiguetas por espiga; o cultivar Anahuac de maior número de grãos por espiga e por espigueta, e as linhagens 10, 11, 13, 15, 16 e 18 de grãos mais pesados. Todos os genótipos foram tolerantes à toxicidade de Al3+, exceto a linhagem 5, sendo que o cultivar Anahuac exibiu elevada sensibilidade. A técnica de obtenção de linhagens diaplóides via cultura de anteras de plantas em geração F1 de cruzamentos de trigo foi eficiente originando genótipos produtivos, com características agronômicas desejáveis e com tolerância à toxicidade de alumínio, num menor período de tempo em relação ao método convencional de melhoramento genético do Instituto Agronômico.

Four field experiments were carried out at two locations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, under upland and sprinkler irrigation conditions, using a randomized block design, to evaluate 18 dihaploid wheat lines and the cultivars IAC-24 and Anahuac for grain yield, with respect to agronomic characteristics, resistance to leaf rust and other yield components. Under laboratory conditions, the genotypes were analysed for their Al3+ toxicity tolerance in nutrient solutions. The dihaploid lines 11, 12, 14, 17 and 18 derived from the hybrid IAS-63/ALDAN "S"//GLEN/3/IAC-24 , demonstrated a short-plant type, resistance to lodging, early cycle from emergence to flowering as well as from emergence to maturity and tolerance to aluminum toxicity. In addition these lines showed high average productivity in the four experiments. Line 8 was a good genetic source for long spike, while line 15 was good for large number of spikelets per spike. The cultivar Anahuac produced a large number of grains per spike and per spikelet, while lines 10, 11, 13, 15, 16 and 18 had high grain weight. All genotypes were tolerant to aluminum toxicity except line 5. Anahuac cultivar exhibited high Al3+ sensitivity. The technique used to obtain wheat dihaploid lines via anther culture from plants in the F1 generation after a cross, was efficient in originating productive genotypes, with desirable agronomic characteristics and with tolerance to Al3+ toxicity in a short period of time in relation to the traditional method of genetic breeding used at the Instituto Agronomico.