Resumo Streptococcus pneumoniae é um dos principais patógenos associados a infecções respiratórias agudas (IRAs) que causam altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade entre crianças menores de cinco anos de idade em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de colonização da nasofaringe, o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana e a capacidade de formação de biofilme dos S. pneumoniae isolados de crianças de 0 a 6 anos com IRA na cidade de Porto Velho-Rondônia. Um total de 660 swabs foi coletado de crianças com IRA. Testes moleculares e bioquímicos foram realizados para identificar os isolados bacterianos. O método de disco-difusão e o E-test foram utilizados para o teste de sensibilidade antimicrobiana (TSA). A capacidade de formação de biofilme foi avaliada por meio de ensaios em placas de microtitulação e a detecção de sorotipos foi obtida por meio de análises de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). A taxa de colonização por S. pneumoniae foi de 8,9% (59/660) e apresentou alta prevalência em menores de 23 meses de idade 64,4% (38/59). Os sorotipos identificados foram 9V e 19F com frequências de 1,7% (1/59) e 13,6% (8/59) respectivamente. O teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos revelou 100% (59/59) de sensibilidade à vancomicina. Em contraste, trimetoprima e oxacilina apresentaram altas taxas de resistência de 76,3% (45/59) e 52,5% (31/59) respectivamente. Dos isolados formadores de biofilme 54,8% (23/42) possuíam resistência a alguns dos antimicrobianos. Neste estudo, S. pneumoniae apresentou altas taxas de resistência antimicrobiana e capacidade de formar biofilmes, pois são fatores que favorecem a persistência bacteriana e podem causar sérios danos ao hospedeiro.

Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the primary pathogens that are associated with acute respiratory infections (ARI) that cause high rates of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age in developed and developing countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nasopharyngeal colonization, the antimicrobial resistance profile, and the capacity for biofilm formation by S. pneumoniae isolated from children aged 0-6 years with ARI throughout the Porto Velho-RO. A total of 660 swabs were collected from children with ARI. Molecular and biochemical tests were performed to characterize the isolates. The disk-difusion method and the E-test were used for antimicrobial sensitivity testing (TSA). Biofilm formation capacity was assessed using microtiter plate assays, and serotype detection was acheived using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. The colonization rate for S. pneumoniae was 8.9% (59/660) and exhibited a high prevalence in children under 23 months of age 64.4% (38/59). The observed serotypes were 9V and 19F with frequencies of 1.7% (1/59) and 13.6% (8/59), respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed 100% (59/59) sensitivity to vancomycin. In contrast, trimethoprim and oxacillin exhibited high resistance rates of 76.3% (45/59) and 52.5% (31/59), respectively. Of the biofilm-forming isolates, 54.8% (23/42) possessed resistance to some antimicrobials. In this study, S. pneumoniae showed high rates of antimicrobial resistance and the ability to form biofilms, as these are factors that favor bacterial persistence and can cause serious damage to the host.

This work assessed the applicability of the redox mediator anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) to enhance colour removal in mesophilic UASB reactors treating textile wastewater under different operational conditions, such as different electron donor (ethanol) concentrations and different HRT. The anaerobic reactors were able to remove reasonably well the colour of the textile wastewater (35-63%) even when operated with a relatively short HRT (6 h), being a good option for textile effluents pre-treatment. Aditionally, colour removal efficiency was positively influenced not only by the addition of ethanol as external electron donor, but also by the initial wastewater absorbance. Although the applicability of AQDS is reported in the literature to enhance remarkably colour removal from synthetic dye-containing wastewaters, especially for recalcitrant azo dyes, the same effect was not evident in the present study with the textile wastewater tested, since the reactors did not show significant differences on decolourisation capacity.

Cashew wine of demi-sec grade was produced in a stirred batch reactor. The kinetic parameters obtained for cashew wine fermentation were Y X/S=0.061, Y P/S=0.3 and µmax=0.16 h-1. The yield and the productivity of cashew wine were 57.7% and 0.78 g/Lh respectively. A 2² factorial experimental design was used for the cashew wine vinegar fermentation optimization study. The cashew wine vinegar process optimization ranges found for initial concentrations of ethanol and acetic acid as independent variables were 4.8 to 6.0% and 1.0 to 1.3% respectively.

The purpose of this work is to present preliminary produced in vitro using the Open Pulled Straw (OPS) method. Open Pulled Straws were made by pulling 0.25 ml inner and outer diameter were reduced to half of their original and deposited individually in vitrification solutions 1 and dimethyl - sulfoxide (DMSO), for 1 minute and 20 µl containing the embryo pulled into the straw by capillarity into liquid Nitrogen. Eighty three blastocysts were recovered after thawing. Fifthy four percent of these were re- expanded or hatched after 24 hours of in vitro culture. After 72 hours of in vitro culture 29% of the blastocysts matured. Even though our results are slightly lower to those reported in the literature, they show that it is possible to successfully vitrify bovine blastocysts produced in vitro using the OPS method

El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar los primeros resultados exitosos de vitrificación de blastocistos bovinos producidos in vitro utilizando la técnica del Open Pulled Straw (OPS) en nuestro país. Para la confección de las OPS, pajuelas plásticas de 0.25 ml fueron estiradas utilizando calor. Los 93 blastocistos seleccionados para la vitrificación fueron depositados individual y secuencialmente en las soluciones de vitrificación 1 y 2 consistentes en TCM199 (20% SFB) adicionado con Etilénglicol y Dimetilsulfoxido (DMSO), por períodos de un minuto y 20 segundos respectivamente. Durante este último período el embrión fue cargado con una micropipeta, en un volumen de 2 µl, depositándose sobre una placa petri desde la cual fue cargado por capilaridad en la pajuela estirada, para luego depositarla directamente en el nitrógeno líquido. El 89% de los blastocistos congelados fueron recuperados post descongelación, de los cuales 54% se encontraban re-expandidos o eclosionados a las 24 horas de cultivo. Al evaluar los embriones a las 72 horas post descongelación se observó un 29% de embriones eclosionados. Aunque levemente inferiores a resultados reportados en la literatura, los nuestros indican la factibilidad de vitrificar exitosamente blastocistos bovinos producidos in vitro utilizando el método de Open Pulled Straw.

The purpose of this work was to study the effects of FSH administration upon follicular and oocyte characteristics of female cats. Two FSH administration schemes were compared and their effects on the number of follicles and good grade oocytes for IVM obtained by follicular punction was determined. Twenty adults female cats were randomly distributed on 3 experimental groups: Group SC (n=7) recieved 5 mg/day of FSH for 4 days, subcutaneoulsy; Group IM (n=6) recieved 2 mg/day of FSH for 5 days, intramuscular and Control Group (n=7) which did not recieve any treatment. The ovaries were surgically removed from all female cats and follicles were counted and measured and the oocytes were recovered. Follicles were clasified according to their diameter on < 2 mm y > or = 2 mm (preovulatory). Gonadotrophine treatment increased the total number of follicles and follicles with > or = 2 mm diameter when compared to control group (P< 0.05), regardless the FSH administration schemes. The FSH treatment also increased the total number of oocytes recovered and number of good grade oocytes for IVM when compared to control group (P< 0.05), regardless FSH administration schemes total recovery rates for oocytes and good grade oocytes were higher (P< 0.05) for follicles > or = 2 mm than for follicles with < 2 mm diameter. It can be concluded that intramuscular or subcutaneus administration of FSH in the female cat increases the number of preovulatory follicles and also the number of good grade oocytes obtained. Moreover, the subcutaneous administration of FSH, proposed in this work, enable an easy and faster handling of animals during treatment

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto del tratamiento gonadotrófico con FSH sobre las características foliculares y ovocitarias de gatas adultas, y comparar dos esquemas de administración de FSH en términos del número de ovocitos potencialmente aptos para MIV. Usando veinte gatas adultas, aleatoriamente, se formaron tres grupos de tratamiento. Grupo SC (n=7) 5 mg/ día de FSH por 4 días, vía subcutánea; Grupo IM (n=6) 2 mg/día de FSH por 5 días, vía intramuscular y un Grupo Control (n=7). Las gatas fueron ovariectomizadas y se realizó recuento, medición de folículos y recuperación de ovocitos. Los folículos fueron agrupados en dos categorías: < 2 mm y > o = 2 mm (considerados como preovulatorios). El tratamiento gonadotrófico aumentó (P< 0.05) el número total de folículos y número de folículos > o = 2 mm, comparado con el grupo control, independiente del esquema de administración de FSH. El tratamiento gonadotrófico, también aumentó (P<0.05) el número total de ovocitos recuperados y el número de ovocitos aptos para MIV, comparado con el grupo control, independiente del esquema de administración de FSH. Las tasas de recuperación de ovocitos totales y ovocitos aptos para MIV fueron superiores (P < 0.05) en folículos > o = 2 mm versus folículos< 2 mm. Podemos concluir entonces que la administración, intramuscular o subcutánea de FSH, aumenta el número de folículos de tamaño preovulatorio y, consecuentemente, el número de CCO de buena calidad, aptos para MIV. Además, cabe destacar que la administración subcutánea de FSH propuesta en este trabajo tendría la ventaja de facilitar el manejo de los animales y reducir el tiempo de tratamiento

SUMMARY The purpose of this work was to compare the effect of the site of transfer (ipsilateral or contralateral to the corpus luteum) of a second embryo to already mated cows on pregnancy and twinning rate. Thirty two frozen-thawed embryos were transferred ipsilateral to the corpus luteum of recipient cows and twenty eight were transferred contralaterally. On the ipsilateral group 21 cows became pregnant after first service (65.6%), while 21 out of 28 recipients were diagnosed as pregnant in the contralateral group (75%). No significant differences were observed between both groups. Twin pregnancy rate at 60 and 90 days after service was 57.1 and 45% of pregnant recipients for the ipsilateral group and 14.3 and 4.8% for the contralateral group. Significant differences (P< 0.05) were observed between groups at both times. Although embryos transferred to the ipsilateral horn have higher probabilities to survive when the native embryos are reabsorbed in comparison with the ones transferred to the contralateral horn, we did not observe differences on the pregnancy rate of both groups after first service. The difference we observed in the number of twin pregnancies between groups was higher than that described in the literature. These results confirm the fact that the existence of 2 embryos in one uterine horn does not increase the embryo or foetal mortality rate. According to our findings we can conclude that the transfer of a second embryo to the ipsilateral uterine horn of already mated cows is a better twin induction technique than contralateral transfers

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el efecto del sitio de depósito (ipsi o contralateral al CL) de un segundo embrión en vacas cubiertas sobre la tasa de preñez y de gestaciones dobles. Treinta y dos vacas receptoras recibieron un embrión congelado-descongelado ipsilateralmente a su cuerpo lúteo y 28 contralateralmente, 7 días posterior a su cubierta. En el grupo de transferencias ipsilaterales 21 receptoras se preñaron al primer servicio (65,6%), mientras que en el grupo contralateral 21 de las 28 receptoras se diagnosticaron preñadas (75%), no existiendo diferencias entre ambos grupos. Sin embargo, sí se observó diferencias en la tasa de preñez doble, entre los 60 y 90 días post servicio en ambos grupos (57,1 v/s 14,3% y 45 v/s 4,8% respectivamente). Contrariamente a algunos antecedentes que señalan la mayor sobrevida de embriones transferidos ipsilateralmente al ocurrir la muerte del embrión nativo, no se observó diferencias entre los porcentajes de preñez en ambos grupos. La diferencia observada en el número de gestaciones dobles entre el grupo de transferencia ipsilateral y el contralateral es mayor a la descrita en la literatura, pero confirma antecedentes de que la existencia de dos embriones en el cuerno uterino ipsilateral no aumenta la tasa de mortalidad embrionaria ni fetal. De acuerdo a lo descrito, se concluye que la transferencia de un segundo embrión al cuerno uterino ipsilateral de vacas previamente cubiertas es un método más efectivo de inducción de mellizos que la transferencia contralateral

Since reinvasion of São Paulo State by the Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquito in 1985, flower pots and vases have been important larval habitats despite educational messages focusing on their control. The objectives of this study were to characterize flower pots and vases as larval habitats with respect to the quantities present and infested, the types of plants involved, and the specific locations of the mosquito larvae; to explore local names for houseplants; and to examine factors affecting acceptance of control measures. The results showed an average of more than four potential plant-related larval habitats per premises, of which only 0.4% were occupied by the vector. Plant-related containers represented 31% of all the containers with Aedes aegypti larvae. Although a sample of 126 respondents was able to list 105 different houseplant names, 49% of the positive plants were of two types: ferns and the ornamental plant Dieffenbachia avoena. The public's apparent unwillingness to accept recommended anti-aegypti control measures involving houseplants seems related to the relative rarity of aegypti larvae in the very common houseplant containers, the control program's poor credibility as a source of information about plants, and a perception that the recommended control measures are harmful to plants. An intervention currently being planned for dengue control will use educational material that refers specifically to those plants whose containers are most commonly found to harbor aegypti larvae; it will also utilize information sources such as botanists with greater credibility regarding plants; and it will set out alternative plant care recommendations that are more likely to appeal as beneficial to the plants and that will stand a better chance of being accepted.

Desde 1985, después de la reinfestación de mosquitos Aedes aegypti (L.) en el Estado de São Paulo, se encontró que --a pesar de la diseminación de mensajes educativos destinados a su control-- las macetas y floreros son un hábitat importante de las larvas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar las macetas y floreros como hábitats de larvas de mosquitos en relación con su número y grado de infestación, los tipos de plantas involucradas y la localización específica de las larvas; investigar los nombres locales de las plantas domésticas y examinar los factores que afectan al cumplimiento de las medidas de control. Los resultados mostraron un promedio de más de cuatro posibles hábitats de larvas relacionados con plantas por cada sitio, de los cuales solo 0,4% tenían el vector. Los recipientes para plantas representaron 31% de todos los receptáculos con larvas de A. aegypti. A pesar de que de una muestra de 126 personas entrevistadas enumeraron 105 nombres de plantas domésticas, 49% de las plantas asociadas con larvas fueron solo de dos tipos: helechos y la planta ornamental Dieffenbachia avoena. La evidente falta de voluntad de la población para aceptar las medidas de control contra A. aegypti en lo que respecta a plantas domésticas parece deberse a la poca frecuencia relativa de A. aegypti en los recipientes domésticos, la falta de confianza en los programas de control como fuente idónea de información sobre plantas y la opinión de que las medidas de control recomendadas son dañinas para las plantas. Actualmente se está planeando una intervención para el control del dengue en la que se usará material educativo que trata específicamente sobre las plantas cuyos recipientes albergan con mayor frecuencia las larvas de A. aegypti. También se hará uso de fuentes de información botánica con mayor credibilidad en materia de plantas. Además, se formulará un plan diferente con un enfoque más atractivo desde el punto de vista de la salud de las plantas para incrementar su posibilidad de aceptación.