ABSTRACT: In Chile, the abuse of the freedom of enterprise has been felt with gravity in standard contracts. In the framework of the doctrine of the abuse of fundamental rights, this work studies the scope of the illegitimate exercise of this freedom. In such a perspective, the unfair terms are configured because of the abusive exercise of the contracting / negotiating power of the business owner. These are premeditated unfair actions that materialize through various business strategies and that, when inserted into the general contracting conditions, affect a significant number of consumers in a systemic manner. Six leading cases are offered to illustrate this thesis, which are especially useful for the analysis of the problems that freedom of enterprise presents to the country, in view of the current constitutional process.

RESUMEN: En Chile, el abuso de la libertad de empresa se ha hecho sentir con especial gravedad en los contratos por adhesión. Este trabajo estudia los alcances del ejercicio ilegítimo de la libertad de empresa en la materia, partiendo de la doctrina del abuso de los derechos fundamentales. En tal perspectiva, las cláusulas abusivas se configuran como resultado del ejercicio abusivo de la facultad de contratación/negociación del empresario. Se trata de injustos premeditados que materializan diversas estrategias de negocios y que, al insertarse en las condiciones generales de contratación, afectan con carácter sistémico a un número importante de consumidores. Se ofrecen seis casos ejemplares discutidos judicialmente que ilustran esta tesis, los cuales son de especial utilidad para el análisis de los problemas que la libertad de empresa presenta al país, de cara al actual proceso constituyente.

Abstract: In private wills, the legislator has tried to balance two interests that are object of legal protection: to safeguard the testator who does not wish to communicate his last will to third parties and to assure that, once it is necessary to carry out his testamentary provisions, we face the will of whom can no longer be consulted. The complexity of the formalities that normally entail the granting of private wills has motivated its disappearance in modern revisions of succession law, usually replacing it with the simplicity of the holographic will and its subsequent registration and now also by certain digital documents. The Chilean Civil Code has not yet followed such path, but practice has provided for certain variants that aim to lessen any doubt of the testator’s last will in case of loss of the document, such as its granting of several copies with the same content, circumstance that is certified by the respective Notary. Through the review of the sources and the breakdown of its legal formalities, we intend to verify that such certification is not possible without compromising the validity of the will as it affects its essential feature (the secrecy of tis provisions), urging to discard such practice and, if necessary, search for a legislative modification that grants the desired certainty to the testator.

Resumen: En la regulación de los testamentos cerrados, se ha pretendido equilibrar dos bienes jurídicos: proteger al testador que no desea poner su última voluntad en conocimiento de terceros y dar certeza de que, una vez que sea necesario llevar a efecto sus disposiciones, se esté efectivamente ante la voluntad de quien ya no puede ser consultado. La complejidad de las formalidades que acompañan al testamento cerrado ha motivado su desaparición en las revisiones modernas del derecho sucesorio, usualmente reemplazándolo por la simpleza del testamento ológrafo y su posterior registro y -ahora- por ciertos documentos digitales. El Código Civil chileno no ha seguido igual camino, pero la práctica forense ha dado cuenta de variantes que pretenden evitar las dudas sobre la efectiva voluntad del testador frente a la eventual pérdida del documento, como es su otorgamiento en varios ejemplares de idéntico tenor, circunstancia que es certificada por el notario respectivo. Por medio de un estudio de las fuentes y del desglose de las formalidades legales, se pretende comprobar que ello no es posible sin comprometer la validez del testamento por incidir en su característica esencial (el secreto de las disposiciones), instando por desecharla y, de ser necesario, promover una modificación legislativa que conceda la certeza anhelada por el testador.

RESUMEN Este trabajo aborda la aparente contradicción que se produce entre los arts. 462 y 503 del CC chileno respecto de la inhabilidad que tiene un cónyuge para ser curador del otro que padece demencia, situación que también se extiende a los convivientes civiles por aplicación de la Ley n.º 20830. Ella se acrecienta por cierta interpretación jurisprudencial que considera que la separación total de bienes impide que se discierna esa curaduría. Debido a los cambios que han experimentado dichas normas desde la promulgación del CC, la comprensión de esa evolución y una lectura sistemática del sistema de guardas resulta crucial para fijar el sentido y alcance de la inhabilidad de un cónyuge o conviviente civil para ser curador del otro. Por cierto, ese sistema requiere un urgente ajuste para adecuarlo a las normas internas e internacionales sobre discapacidad.

ABSTRACT This work addresses the apparent contradiction that occurs between Sections 462 and 503 of the Chilean Civil Code regarding the inability that one spouse must be the guardian of the other who suffers from dementia, a situation that also extends to civil partners according to Act number 20.830. It is accentuated by certain jurisprudence interpretation that seems to prevail and that considers that the total separation of assets prevents that curatorship is discerned. Due to the changes that these norms have undergone since the promulgation of the Civil Code, the understanding of this evolution and a systematic reading of the keeper system is crucial to establish the meaning and scope of the inability of a spouse or civil partner to be curator of the other. By the way, this system requires urgent adjustment to bring it into line with internal and international standards on disability.

Abstract The Supreme Court rejected an appeal on the merits filed to reverse the dismissal of a third-party possession. The basis for this decision was that the act of awarding the rights to a property because of the liquidation of a community derived from a conjugal community and the payment of an alimony for which a person transferred the remaining percentage of rights to favor of their ex-spouse required a differentiated treatment, distinguishing it from the separate property agreement entered in the same instrument. Specifically, the discussion focused on the role of registry entry with respect to adjudication, which the third party considered was expressly required by law, but whose origin results from the general rules that inform the Chilean registry system, without forgetting the particularities of the conjugal community regime.

Resumen La Corte Suprema rechazó un recurso de casación en el fondo interpuesto para revertir la desestimación de una tercería de posesión. El fundamento de esa decisión consistió en que el acto de adjudicación de los derechos sobre un inmueble, como consecuencia de la liquidación de una comunidad derivada de una sociedad conyugal, y el pago de una compensación económica, por la cual una persona transfería el restante porcentaje de derechos a favor de su excónyuge, requerían un tratamiento diferenciado, distinguiéndolo del pacto de separación de bienes celebrado en el mismo instrumento. En concreto, la discusión se centró en la función de la inscripción conservatoria respecto de la adjudicación, que la tercerista estimaba que venía exigida de manera expresa por la ley, pero cuya procedencia resulta de las reglas generales que informan el sistema registral chileno, sin olvidar las particularidades del régimen de sociedad conyugal.

Abstract The Supreme Court accepted an appeal on the merits and gave rise to a restitutory injunction through which the owner of real state asked that the use of a passage adjacent to her property be restored and it belonged in common to all the neighbors. On this passage there was a transit easement that benefited the good in common and was established in the neighboring co-owners. The Court considered that the restitutory injunction is aimed at recovering the material possession of a registered real estate of which the plaintiff has been deprived. With a divided vote, the compensation for damages requested by the plaintiff was rejected, because the damages claimed were not proven.

Resumen La Corte Suprema acogió un recurso de casación en el fondo y dio lugar a una querella de restitución a favor de la dueña de un inmueble, que solicitaba se le restituyese el uso de un pasaje aledaño a su propiedad y que pertenecía en común a todos los vecinos que colindaban con él. Sobre dicho pasaje existía una servidumbre de tránsito que gravaba el bien común y estaba establecida en beneficio de los vecinos copropietarios. La Corte consideró que la querella de restitución busca recuperar la tenencia material de un bien raíz inscrito de la que ha sido despojado el demandante. Con votación dividida, se rechazó la indemnización de perjuicios solicitada por la querellante, por no estar probados los daños reclamados.

RESUMEN. Este trabajo analiza la acción de indemnización de perjuicios que el rei-vindicador puede intentar contra el demandado que, de mala fe, se da por poseedor de la cosa sin serlo, y que el código civil chileno trata en el artículo 897. Ella reviste interés porque viene recogida como un supuesto de protección meramente obligacional a favor del dueño, habiéndose desprendido de la asimilación a la acción reivindicatoria que se había producido en el derecho romano posclásico, y queda conectada con el deber que tiene el mero tenedor de indicar el nombre y la residencia del poseedor para que el juicio continúe contra él. Esta configuración exige considerar en particular la historia legislativa de la regla en el código civil chileno, así como su correspondencia con otros códigos que la han conservado, para después diseccionar su supuesto de hecho y consecuencias jurídicas, con especial atención a los problemas que su ejercicio puede entrañar en lo que atañe a la compatibilidad con otras acciones, la prescripción y el daño resarcible.

ABSTRACT. This paper analyses the action for damages that the claimant may try against the defendant that, in bad faith, states to be a possessor without being so, and that the Chilean Civil Code regulates in its article 897. This case is interesting because it is ruled as a protection for the owner to be compensated, detaching from the assimilation to an action for the recovery of the possession as it was construed in the post-classic Roman law, and that is connected with the mere holder's duty to indicate the name and residence of the possessor so that the trial may continue against him. This configuration requires paying attention to the legislative history of the rule in the Chilean Civil Code and its correspondence with other codes that have maintained it, to then dissect the description of the factual assumption and the legal consequences of that rule, with special attention to the problems that its exercise may entail in terms of the compatibility with other actions, with its statute of limitations and the compensable damage.

Abstract The Supreme Court accepted an appeal on the merits, considering that the piece of land which ownership was claimed was sufficiently specified with the sketch submitted by the plaintiff and prepared by a surveying engineer. That drawing was made according to the boundaries indicated in the registration on the Land Registry, and the topographical survey was corroborated by the personal inspection made by the court. The use of yards as a measure to mark out the boundaries does not prevent the correct specification of the claimed land.

Resumen La Corte Suprema acogió un recurso de casación en el fondo, por estimar que el retazo de terreno que se reivindicaba estaba suficientemente individualizado con el croquis acompañado por el demandante y preparado por un ingeniero agrimensor. Ese dibujo había sido confeccionado a partir de los deslindes señalados en la inscripción conservatoria, y el levantamiento fue corroborado en el lugar al efectuar la inspección personal del tribunal. La utilización de varas como medida para delimitar los linderos no obsta a la correcta singularización del inmueble reclamado.

Problemas regístrales en torno a la edificación en suelo ajeno. Corte Suprema, sentencia de 26 de febrero de 2020, rol núm. 18.877-2018, WESTLAW CL/JUR/18666/2020

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar a morbidade por esquistossomose na população indígena Xakriabá usando a ultrassonografia. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de campo censitário realizado na terra da população indígena Xakriabá (166 convidados; 148 participantes; idade de 0-77). Foram feitos ultrassonografia abdominal, exame físico e coproscopia (EPF). Os testes Mann-Whitney U e qui-quadrado foram usados para comparações. Foram realizadas análise de risco (odds ratio - OR) e regressão logística. Resultados: De 116 índios com resultado de EPF, 31 (26,7%) tiveram ovos de Schistosoma; 22/31 (70,9%) tinham idade entre 4-16 anos. A carga parasitaria mediana foi 144 ovos/g (intervalo interquartílico: 264). De 105 examinados por ultrassom, 68 (64,8%) tiveram lobo hepático esquerdo aumentado, 6 (5,7%) tiveram esplenomegalia e 4 (3,8%) tiveram hipertensão portal. EPF+ foi mais frequente nos indivíduos com lobo esquerdo aumentado (OR: 3,4; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%: 1,1-11,2; p = 0,043). Fibrose periportal ocorreu em 30/105 (28,6%) examinados, e desses 30, 9 (30%) apresentavam padrão C, 10 (33,3%) apresentavam padrão D e 11 (36,7%) apresentavam padrão Dc. A idade foi o único fator de risco independente para fibrose (p = 0,007). A fibrose ocorreu até nove vezes mais em usuários de álcool que em não usuários (OR: 9,28; IC 95%: 2,60-33,06; p < 0,001). Formas crônicas ocorreram em 54/138 (39,1%) participantes, sendo 32 dos 54 (64,8%) em menores de 30 anos; um (1,8%) era hepatoesplênico. Conclusão: A esquistossomose na população Xakriabá caracteriza-se por alta positividade, predomínio em crianças e presença de formas hepáticas crônicas em jovens, especialmente entre usuários de álcool.

Abstract Objective: To use ultrasound to investigate the morbidity related to schistosomiasis in the Xakriabá indigenous population. Materials and Methods: This was a field-based census study conducted in the territory of the Xakriabá people. A total of 166 individuals were invited, and 148 (≤ 77 years of age) agreed to participate. Most participants underwent abdominal ultrasound, physical examination, and stool examination. Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used for comparisons. We determined risk by calculating odds ratio (OR) and performed logistic regression analysis. Results: Schistosoma mansoni eggs were found in 31 (26.7%) of the 116 stool samples examined, 22 (70.9%) of the 31 being from individuals 4-16 years of age. The median count was 144 eggs/g of feces (interquartile range, 264). Of the 105 participants examined with ultrasound, 68 (64.8%) had hepatomegaly (left lobe), 6 (5.7%) had splenomegaly, and 4 (3.8%) had portal hypertension. Egg-positive stool samples were more common in those with an enlarged left lobe (OR = 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-11.2; p = 0.043). Periportal fibrosis was found in 30 participants (28.6%), of whom 9 (30%) had pattern C, 10 (33.3%) had pattern D, and 11 (36.7%) had pattern Dc. Age was the only independent risk factor for fibrosis (p = 0.007). Fibrosis was up to nine-fold more common in alcohol drinkers than in nondrinkers (OR = 9.28; 95% CI: 2.60-33.06; p < 0.001). Among the 138 participants in whom the clinical form was classified, the chronic hepatic form was identified in 54 (39.1%), of whom 32 (59.2%) were under 30 years of age and one (1.8%) was hepatosplenic. Conclusion: Schistosomiasis in the Xakriabá population is characterized by a high frequency of egg-positive stool samples, predominantly in children/adolescents, and by chronic hepatic form in the young, especially among alcohol drinkers.

La inscripción conservatoria como elemento legitimante para el ejercicio de las acciones reivindicatoria y publiciana La acción publiciana solo procede a favor del poseedor regular, el cual debe contar a su favor con la competente inscripción. La acción publiciana como una consecuencia del régimen de las cosas adoptado por el Código Civil, basada en la presunción de mejor derecho. Prestaciones mutuas y edificación en suelo ajeno. La denuncia de obra nueva. La accesión invertida. Corte Suprema, sentencia de 5 de junio de 2018, rol n.° 35.127-2017 (CL/JUR/2620/2018)*.

Resumen: La presente revisión integrativa tiene como objetivo conocer los principales factores que influyen en el rendimiento de los estudiantes portugueses, singapurenses, holandeses, españoles y brasileños en Alfabetización Matemática en las ediciones del PISA, de 2000 a 2012, de acuerdo con la literatura publicada. De los estudios surgieron cinco factores: sistema educativo, contexto socioeconómico de las familias, características de las escuelas y de los estudiantes y uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación. Esta revisión evidencia que hay una multiplicidad de factores complejos e íntimamente interconectados que afectan al desempeño de los estudiantes en el estudio PISA. También sugiere la existencia de una laguna significativa de estudios en la literatura, lo que hace necesaria una mayor inversión en investigaciones en esta área.

Abstract: The present integrative review had as goal to know the main factors influencing the performance of Portuguese, Singaporean, Dutch, Spanish and Brazilian students to Mathematical Literacy in the editions of PISA from 2000 to 2012, according to the published literature. Five determinant factors have been identified: the educational system, the socioeconomic context of the families, the characteristics of schools and of students, and the use of information and communication technologies. This integrative review shows that there is a multiplicity of complex and closely interconnected factors that affect the performance of students in PISA. It also suggests a significant gap of studies requiring a greater investment in research in this area.

Resumo: A presente revisão integrativa teve como objetivo conhecer os principais fatores influenciadores do desempenho de estudantes portugueses, singapurenses, holandeses, espanhóis e brasileiros em Literacia Matemática nas edições do PISA, de 2000 a 2012, de acordo com a literatura publicada. Emergiram dos estudos cinco fatores: sistema educativo, contexto socioeconómico das famílias, características das escolas e características dos estudantes, e uso das tecnologias da informação e comunicação. Esta revisão integrativa evidencia que há uma multiplicidade de fatores complexos e intimamente interligados que afetam o desempenho de estudantes no PISA. Também aponta para uma lacuna significativa de estudos sobre o assunto, o que torna necessário um maior investimento em investigações nesta área.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre os padrões esqueléticos sagitais e verticais, e avaliar quais variáveis esqueléticas podem influenciar na chance de desenvolver uma má oclusão de Classe II ou de Classe III esquelética. Métodos: foi feito um estudo transversal, cuja amostra incluiu radiografias cefalométricas laterais pré-tratamento de 548 pacientes (325 mulheres, 223 homens), com idades entre 18 e 66 anos. O padrão esquelético sagital foi estabelecido por meio de três parâmetros distintos de classificação (ângulo ANB, Wits, App-Bpp); e o padrão esquelético vertical, por meio do ângulo SN.Plano Mandibular. As variáveis cefalométricas foram aferidas utilizando-se o software Dolphin (Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif, EUA) por um avaliador previamente calibrado. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado, teste ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis e modelo de regressão multinomial ordinal. Resultados: foram encontradas evidências de associação significativa (p< 0,05) entre os padrões esqueléticos sagitais e verticais, com maior proporção do padrão esquelético hiperdivergente nas más oclusões de Classe II, segundo os três parâmetros utilizados. Na Classe III, houve maior proporção do padrão esquelético hipodivergente, considerando-se os parâmetros ANB e App-Bpp. Pacientes com padrões esqueléticos hiperdivergentes (odds ratio [OR] = 1,85 - 3,65), prognatismo maxilar (OR=2,67 - 24,88) e retrognatismo mandibular (OR=2,57 - 22,65) apresentaram chance significativamente maior (p< 0,05) de desenvolver má oclusão esquelética de Classe II. Por outro lado, pacientes com retrognatismo maxilar (OR=2,76 - 100,59) e prognatismo mandibular (OR=5,92 - 21,50) apresentaram uma chance significativamente maior (p< 0,05) de desenvolver má oclusão esquelética de Classe III. Conclusões: Foi encontrada uma associação entre as más oclusões de Classe II e Classe III e o padrão esquelético vertical. Há uma tendência à compensação esquelética tanto nas más oclusões verticais quanto nas sagitais.

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish the association between sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns and assess which cephalometric variables contribute to the possibility of developing skeletal Class II or Class III malocclusion. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The sample included pre-treatment lateral cephalogram radiographs from 548 subjects (325 female, 223 male) aged 18 to 66 years. Sagittal skeletal pattern was established by three different classification parameters (ANB angle, Wits and App-Bpp) and vertical skeletal pattern by SN-Mandibular plane angle. Cephalometric variables were measured using Dolphin software (Imaging and Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif, USA) by a previously calibrated operator. The statistical analysis was carried out with Chi-square test, ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test, and an ordinal multinomial regression model. Results: Evidence of association (p< 0.05) between sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns was found with a greater proportion of hyperdivergent skeletal pattern in Class II malocclusion using three parameters to assess the vertical pattern, and there was more prevalent hypodivergence in Class III malocclusion, considering ANB and App-Bpp measurements. Subjects with hyperdivergent skeletal pattern (odds ratio [OR]=1.85-3.65), maxillary prognathism (OR=2.67-24.88) and mandibular retrognathism (OR=2.57-22.65) had a significantly (p< 0.05) greater chance of developing skeletal Class II malocclusion. Meanwhile, subjects with maxillary retrognathism (OR=2.76-100.59) and mandibular prognathism (OR=5.92-21.50) had a significantly (p< 0.05) greater chance of developing skeletal Class III malocclusion. Conclusions: A relationship was found between Class II and Class III malocclusion with the vertical skeletal pattern. There is a tendency toward skeletal compensation with both vertical and sagittal malocclusions.