Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the genetic parameters for growth traits in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fish of similar age and weight. The data set included monthly measurements of body weight and length from120 fish for a year (1,440 measurements). The study found that weight gain had a heritability estimate of 0.01, while length gain had a heritability estimate of 0.27. There was a high positive correlation (0.84) between weight and length gains. The genetic variance and heritability of body weight decreased with age. This study suggests that breeding programs should select for body weight and weight gain to promote genetic gain in tambaqui. Selecting younger animals can also help reduce costs while still achieving genetic gains.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os parâmetros genéticos para características de crescimento em indivíduos de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) de idade e peso semelhantes. Um conjunto de dados incluiu medições mensais de peso corporal e comprimento de 120 peixes durante 1 ano (1.440 medições). As estimativas de herdabilidade para ganho de peso foi de 0,01, enquanto o comprimento foi 0,27. Houve correlação genética alta, positiva e favorável (0,84) entre o ganho de peso e comprimento. A variância genética aditiva e a herdabilidade do peso corporal diminuíram com o aumento da idade. Estes resultados sugerem que os programas de melhoramento devem utilizar o peso corporal e o ganho de peso para promover ganho genético no tambaqui. Além disso, a seleção de animais mais jovens também pode ajudar na redução dos custos, e ao mesmo tempo, obter ganhos genéticos.

Abstract The oxidation and deposition of transition metal oxides on porous carbon precursor materials strongly influence the final performance of supercapacitor electrodes. Thus, the influence of oxidation time combined with simple iron oxide deposition was evaluated on a flexible carbon fiber cloth electrode oxidized at three different times and exposed to spontaneous iron oxide deposition. The 140 minutes oxidation time increased by two times the iron quantity deposited on the activated carbon fiber cloth (ACC) and also increased the crystallinity of the carbon matrix. The iron oxide deposition improved the contribution of anions to store energy, enhancing the pseudocapacitive effect in the samples. The optimal oxidation time of the ACC140_Fe sample with the greater iron oxide deposition achieves 116.8 F g-1. The binder-free flexible electrode presents a successful design through pre-oxidation and spontaneous iron oxide deposition on the carbon matrix without expensive and environmentally unfriendly chemical treatments.

Abstract From the first hydraulic fracturing in the 40’s until nowadays, the techniques of each process step have evolved significantly. This study presents a new approach on the development of metakaolin (MK) and geopolymer based proppant with and without nanocarbon materials such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide. For manufacturing the microspheres, the chosen method was intensive mixing of raw material with dispersed nanocarbons followed by sintering metakaolin and curing the geopolymer using an alkaline medium (NaOH). Compression mechanical tests, bulk density, turbidity, and K&S method analysis were made following API RP 19C standard. The sample containing 4.3 M NaOH to produce alkali-activated metakaolin sintered at 1300 ºC for 2 h presented higher mechanical resistance generating 2.4% of fines at 3 K (3000 psi). The geopolymer samples showed higher crushing strength and lower bulk density when compared to the MK samples without heat treatment. Furthermore, reduced graphene was produced and incorporated into activated MK. Morphology and presence of carbon nanostructures on the proppants were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Crushing test reached 3 K enabling it to be used as a ceramic synthetic proppant containing carbon nanomaterials.

Abstract The geopolymers synthesis are based on geopolymerization, a sequence of reactions processed in an alkaline medium through oligomers providing a three-dimensional molecular structure. In this work, the polycondensation of metakaolin was performed with alkaline activators (NaOH and sodium silicate), wood sawdust and other additives. Two different compositions were evaluated after and before sintering at a high temperature (850 °C). The effect of sawdust addition and the thermal treatment of geopolymers were evaluated by scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, mechanical properties, apparent density and porosity by different characterization techniques to guide of development of high porous and low-density materials for thermal and noise control application on building/home construction engineering applications.

Resumo Os reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos podem ser classificados como não convencionais ou convencionais de acordo com a dificuldade de extração de óleo e gás, como a necessidade de tecnologia e técnicas de alto custo. Atualmente a extração de hidrocarbonetos do xisto betuminoso, conhecido popularmente como gás/óleo de xisto (“shale gas/oil”), é realizada por meio da técnica de fraturamento hidráulico em reservatórios não convencionais onde se utilizam 95% de água, 0,5% de aditivos e 4,5% de propantes. Problemas ambientais relacionados à técnica de fraturamento hidráulico e ao desenvolvimento de novos tipos de propantes são os desafios atuais enfrentados pelas empresas, pesquisadores, agências regulatórias, ambientalistas, governo e a sociedade. É previsto um aumento na produção de combustível nos EUA por meio do “shale” que traz consigo o desenvolvimento de novos propantes e tecnologias de exploração. Esse artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre propantes: suas definições, usos, classificações além de informações sobre o mercado mundial, principais produtores e suas características técnicas. A produção de produtos em nanoescala como propantes anticorrosivos, propantes inteligentes e contendo nanotubos de carbono já é realizada em países como Bélgica e Alemanha, além de vários países asiáticos.

Abstract Hydrocarbon reservoirs can be classified as unconventional or conventional depending on the oil and gas extraction difficulty, such as the need for high-cost technology and techniques. The hydrocarbon extraction from bituminous shale, commonly known as shale gas/oil, is performed by using the hydraulic fracturing technique in unconventional reservoirs where 95% water, 0.5% of additives and 4.5% of proppants are used. Environmental problems related to hydraulic fracturing technique and better performance/development of proppants are the current challenge faced by companies, researchers, regulatory agencies, environmentalists, governments and society. Shale gas is expected to increase USA fuel production, which triggers the development of new proppants and technologies of exploration. This paper presents a review of the definition of proppants, their types, characteristics and situation in the world market and information about manufacturers. The production of nanoscale materials such as anticorrosive and intelligent proppants besides proppants with carbon nanotubes is already carried out on a scale of tonnes per year in Belgium, Germany and Asia countries.

As massas de tamponamento para furos de corrida de altos-fornos são materiais refratários diretamente ligados a toda logística de produção de ferro gusa, pois é um dos agentes responsáveis pela estabilidade de vazamento destes equipamentos siderúrgicos. Durante a injeção da massa no interior do furo (na operação de tamponamento do forno), toda a escória e gusa remanescentes devem ser conduzidas para dentro do forno, a fim de que o furo seja completamente preenchido. Além disso, este produto deve recompor o cogumelo, que é a parte interior do cadinho do alto-forno, formada principalmente por massa de tamponamento antiga. No momento do vazamento do forno a massa de tamponamento, que foi injetada, curada e sinterizada no furo de corrida, deve apresentar relativa facilidade de perfuração por uma broca conduzida por máquina perfuratriz, proporcionando vazamento estável do forno. Desta forma, a massa de tamponamento é um material refratário monolítico de elevado nível tecnológico, com um conjunto de características que deve atender plenamente a exigências distintas. Ao mesmo tempo em que o produto deve apresentar determinado nível de densificação para suportar o agressivo ataque do gusa e da escória líquidos, deve proporcionar também relativa facilidade de perfuração, com um adequado nível de porosidade após sua sinterização. Além disso, este produto deve suportar condições extremamente elevadas de temperatura e pressão interna do alto-forno. Neste trabalho serão apresentadas técnicas de caracterização das massas de tamponamento para altos-fornos focando o balanço entre suas principais características. Entre estas, serão considerados aspectos ligados à adesão, usinabilidade e densificação do produto. No final será aplicada a metodologia AHP (Processo de Hierarquização Analítico) para priorização e escolha da melhor formulação testada, considerando-se todos os parâmetros envolvidos.

The hot metal production process is very dependent on the performance of the taphole mix, which directly influences the stability of the blast furnace. During the plugging operation the taphole mix must conduct all the metal and slag back into the furnace, thereby filling in and sealing the hole. Additionally it must also adhere to the old mix and recompose the so-called mushroom, which protects the inner part of the furnace hearth. Conversely, for the tapping operation, the mix, which has been cured and sintered, needs to be easily drilled in order to provide a stable and safe tapping? Therefore, the taphole mix is a complex and highly technological refractory product, designed to attend widely different demands. During operation it must be sintered and consolidated in order to attain good corrosion/erosion resistance against slag and hot metal, whereas for the tapping operation it must be soft enough to provide an easy drilling. Moreover, the taphole mix should resist to high temperatures and to the high pressure coming from the inner part of the blast furnace. In this work, a number of tests are presented in order to evaluate the performance of taphole mixes. The experiments were selected according to the most important demands that the mixes need to attain in actual operations: extrusion index, adhesion capacity, drilling resistance, mechanical strength, refractoriness, and others. The results of the tests were assessed according to the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method, which allows for the selection of the best formulation considering all parameters involved.

The solubility of 93% pure bixin in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and of the bixin present in annatto seeds (Bixa orellana L.) was measured. For the seeds, the measurements were made in a temperature range from 30 to 50ºC and pressure between 10 and 35 MPa and for the pure bixin, at 40ºC from 10 to 35 MPa. The main pigments of annatto seeds are bixin and norbixin, but the extracts only showed the presence of cis and trans-bixin, indicating that norbixin is not soluble in SC-CO2. The annatto seeds used in the experiments contained about 2.7% bixin and 3.1% oil. In the seeds, the crossover point of solubility was at about 28 MPa and values for solubility were about ten times higher than those of the pure bixin, giving evidence that the oil acted as a co-solvent with the CO2.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplantation. Disseminated toxoplasmosis after liver transplantation is a rare but fatal event. Serologic screening of the donor and the recipient is essential to prophylactic management, early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies to minimize the consequences of these infections. The aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of CMV and Toxoplasma gondii (TG) in a Brazilian liver transplant waiting list (LTWL). Serological data were collected from 44 candidates on the LTWL between May 2003 and November 2004. Serological investigation of antibodies IgM and IgG against CMV (anti-CMV) and TG (anti-T. gondii) was performed using fluorometry commercial kits. IgG anti-CMV was positive in 37 patients (94.9%) out of 39 available results. There were not IgM anti-CMV positive results. Out of 36 analyzed patients, 22 (61.1%) presented positive IgG anti-T. gondii and none had positive IgM anti-T. gondii. The high CMV seroprevalence among our LTWL reinforces the need for appropriate protocols to avoid related complications, like reactivation and superinfection by CMV. Environmental and drug prophylactic strategies against primary infection and reactivation, as well as early diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis complications, are essential for the good outcome of transplant patients.