Abstract Introduction Frequency-following response with speech stimulus (FFR-speech) is a subcortical potential that satisfactorily evaluates the processing of verbal information. However, there still are differences in the literature regarding its analysis and stimulation protocol. Objective To compare two stimulation protocols for the capture of FFR-speech, to identify the percentage of occurrence of the waves among them and to compare it with the specialized literature, as well as to describe the interpeaks of its waves. Method Considering the eligibility criteria, the sample consisted of 30 normal-hearing adults, with no complaints of speech comprehension. All of themwere submitted to a basic audiological evaluation, to brainstem auditory evoked potential with click stimulus, and to FFR-speech. In the latter, 2 types of stimulation were performed, 3 series of 1,000 sweeps, and 2 series of 3,000 sweeps, for subsequent analysis of the resulting wave, in which we tried to mark the peak V followed by valleys A, C, D, E, F, and O. Results Differences in latency and interpeaks were not found between the protocols. In general, a higher occurrence of waves in the stimulation of 2 series of 3,000 sweeps was observed, but only the A valley presented a significant difference. When the values of the waves were compared with the literature, the V and A waves showed fewer occurrences in the present study. Conclusion The protocol of 2 series of 3,000 sweeps was better for FFR-speech in the studied equipment, considering the higher occurrence of waves, even though it is inferior to the specialized literature. Furthermore, it was possible to describe interpeak values and to observe no difference between the studied protocols

Abstract Introduction The use of the speech-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) shows how the brainstem operates up to the subcortex in a more complexmanner than when the click-evoked ABR is used. Objective To study the applicability of the speech-evoked ABR in adults with hearing loss. Methods The sample was composed of a study group of 11 subjects, with ages ranging between 18 and 59 years, and auditory thresholds within normal standards, with loss of up to 65 dB at high frequencies or up to moderately severe symmetric sensorineural hearing loss. The sample underwent a basic audiological assessment, as well as speech-evoked ABR and click-evoked ABR, in which waves I, III and V, and V, A, C, D, E, F were respectively marked. The electrophysiological assessments were performed using the SmartEP device (Intelligent Hearing Systems, Miami, FL, US). Results For the speech-evoked ABR, the reference values were used in the identification and analysis of the study group. Those values found for the study group were: V = 8.56; A = 10.97; C = 21.33; D = 29.51; E = 37.93; F = 46.96; and O = 55.97. In the comparison between groups, the study group presented an increase in latency only in wave C. Conclusion The speech-evoked ABR can be performed in subjects with up to moderately severe hearing loss, and the test proved to be appropriate, because, unlike the click-evoked ABR, the former does not suffer influence of peripheral hearing loss.

RESUMO Objetivos: adaptar o Teste de Fala Comprimida e verificar a aplicabilidade do novo teste, correlacionando-o com o original. Métodos: a adaptação do Teste de Fala Comprimida se deu por meio de critério de balanceamento fonético. Foi utilizado um programa de edição (Free audio editor) para recortar as palavras do teste original e gerar um novo arquivo. Mantiveram-se 25 palavras das 50 já existentes no teste original. Para validação foram avaliados 73 indivíduos com faixa etária de 16 a 30 anos, os quais realizaram os procedimentos de Anamnese Audiológica e de Processamento Auditivo, Inspeção Visual do Meato Acústico Externo, Audiometria Tonal Liminar, Logoaudiometria, Medidas de Imitância Acústica, Testes Dióticos, Teste de Fala Comprimida e Teste de Fala Comprimida adaptado. Resultados: foi gerada a nova lista com 25 palavras dissilábicas. Houve diferença entre o número de erros e entre as porcentagens de acertos por orelha, entre o Teste de Fala Comprimida e o adaptado. A força de correlação entre os testes foi moderada, não podendo assim ser utilizados os valores de referência do teste original no instrumento adaptado. Conclusão: foi possível adaptar o Teste de Fala Comprimida constatando uma correlação moderada entre os testes, e verificar a aplicabilidade do Teste de Fala Comprimida Adaptado. Sendo assim, o teste adaptado necessita de novos valores de referência, isto é, de critérios de normalidade.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to adapt the Time-Compressed Speech Test and verify the applicability of the new test, correlating it with the original. Methods: the adaptation of Time-Compressed Speech Test was possible through the criterion of phonetic balance. It was used an editing software called Free Audio Editor to cut the words from the original test and generate the new file. From fifty words already presented in the original test, twenty-five were preserved in the new test. For the validation, were evaluated 73 subjects aged from 16 to 30 years-old, who performed the procedures of Hearing Anamnesis and of Auditory Processing, Visual Inspection of the External Acoustic Canal, Pure Tone Audiometry, Speech Audiometry, Acoustic Immittance Measurement, Diotic Testing, original Time-Compressed Speech Test and adapted Time-Compressed Speech Test. Results: a new list of 25 two-syllable words was created. There were differences between the number of errors and the percentages of correct answers by ear, between the original and the adapted Time-Compressed Speech Test. The strength correlation between the tests was moderate, thus the reference values of the original test could not be used in the adapted instrument. Conclusion: it was possible to adapt the Time-Compressed Speech Test observing a moderate correlation between both tests and verify the applicability of the Adapted Time-Compressed Speech Test. Therefore, the adapted test needs new reference values, in other words, normality criteria are required.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Os potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência representam a atividade cortical relacionada às habilidades de atenção, memória e discriminação auditiva. O processamento do sinal acústico ocorre de maneira diferente entre estímulos verbais e não verbais, podendo interferir nos padrões de latência e amplitude. OBJETIVO: Descrever as latências dos potencias P1, N1, P2, N2 e P3 e a amplitude do P3 com os diferentes estímulos e classificar em presença e ausência estas informações. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 30 indivíduos, com faixa etária de 18 a 32 anos. Equiparados quanto ao gênero e normo-ouvintes. Foram utilizados estímulos não verbais (1.000 HZ -frequente e 4.000 Hz -raro) e verbais (/ba/-frequente e /ga/, /da/, /di/-raros). RESULTADOS: Considerando o componente N2, para o tone burstencontrou-se a menor latência em torno de 217,45 ms e para o estímulo BA/DI a maior latência em torno de 256,5 ms. No que diz respeito a componente P3, a latência encontrada com tone burst foi a menor em torno de 298,7 ms e com o estimulo BA/GA a maior em torno de 340 ms. Para a amplitude em P3, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os diferentes estímulos. Quanto às informações referentes aos valores das latências dos componentes P1, N1, P2, N2 e P3, independente do estímulo utilizado houve presença dos componentes sem diferenças estatísticas entre eles. CONCLUSÃO: Houve diferença na latência do potencial N2 e P3 entre os estímulos, mas não foi observada diferença para a amplitude do P3.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Long-latency auditory evoked potentials represent the cortical activity related to attention, memory, and auditory discrimination skills. Acoustic signal processing occurs differently between verbal and nonverbal stimuli, influencing the latency and amplitude patterns. OBJECTIVE: To describe the latencies of the cortical potentials P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3, as well as P3 amplitude, with different speech stimuli and tone bursts, and to classify them in the presence and absence of these data. METHODS: A total of 30 subjects with normal hearing were assessed, aged 18-32 years old, matched by gender. Nonverbal stimuli were used (tone burst; 1000 Hz - frequent and 4000 Hz - rare); and verbal (/ba/ - frequent; /ga/, /da/, and /di/ - rare). RESULTS: Considering the component N2 for tone burst, the lowest latency found was 217.45 ms for the BA/DI stimulus; the highest latency found was 256.5 ms. For the P3 component, the shortest latency with tone burst stimuli was 298.7 with BA/GA stimuli, the highest, was 340 ms. For the P3 amplitude, there was no statistically significant difference among the different stimuli. For latencies of components P1, N1, P2, N2, P3, there were no statistical differences among them, regardless of the stimuli used. CONCLUSION: There was a difference in the latency of potentials N2 and P3 among the stimuli employed but no difference was observed for the P3 amplitude.

Objetivo Avaliar o nível de dificuldade de identificação dos estímulos verbais e não verbais, segundo classificação dos próprios participantes, e comparar com a latência do potencial cortical P3. Métodos Foram avaliados 30 sujeitos, com média de idade de 23 anos, normo-ouvintes. O potencial P3 foi pesquisado com estímulos não verbais (tone burst)e verbais (/ba/ x /di/, /ba/ x /ga/, /ba/ x /da/). Cada sujeito classificou os estímulos em "mais fácil" e "mais difícil".Resultados : A maioria dos indivíduos classificou o contraste /ba/ x /di/ como sendo o mais fácil de identificar e o contraste /ba/ x /ga/, como o mais difícil. Os sujeitos referiram que os estímulos de fala foram mais fáceis de identificar quando comparados com tone burst. O nível de dificuldade descrito pelos indivíduos influenciou nas latências dos estímulos /Di/ e /Da/, classificados como mais fáceis, e evidenciados na menor latência do P3.Conclusão O contraste /Ba/ x /Di/ foi considerado o de maior facilidade de percepção, sendo evidenciado pela menor latência do P3. Os contrastes de fala foram classificados mais fáceis quando comparados com os estímulos tonais. Essas comparações auxiliam o clínico na escolha do estímulo utilizado e no correto diagnóstico audiológico.

Purpose Evaluating the level of difficulty of identifying verbal and non-verbal stimuli, according to the classification of the participants, as well as comparing the latency of the P3 cortical potential.Methods Thirty subjects, with a mean age of 23 years and normal hearing, were evaluated. The P3 potential was performed with non-verbal stimuli (tone burst) and verbal (/ba/ x /di/, /ba/ x /ga/, /ba/ x /da/). Each subject had to classify stimulus in "the easiest" and "the most difficult".Results Most subjects rated the /ba/ x /di/ contrast as the easiest to identify and the contrast /ba/ x /ga/ the most difficult. The subjects reported that the speech stimulus were easier to identify when compared to tone burst. The difficulty level described by the subjects influenced the latencies of stimuli /Di/ and /Da/, ranked as the easiest and they were evidenced in the lowest latency of P3.Conclusion The /Ba/ x /Di/ contrast was considered the easiest for perception, being evidenced by the lowest latency of P3. The speech contrasts were classified as the easiest when compared with the tonal stimuli. These comparisons help the clinician in selecting the stimuli and in the correct audiological diagnosis.

OBJETIVO: verificar de que modo se dá a aquisição lexical inicial de crianças com desenvolvimento típico, em termos de tipos e ocorrências dos itens lexicais e se a hipótese do viés nominal realmente ocorre, e em qual versão, forte ou fraca. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por 20 crianças de ambos os sexos, com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem. Este estudo abrangeu a faixa etária de 1:0 a 1:11 (ano : meses) dividida em três subfaixas (1:0 - 1:3;29, 1:4 - 1:7;29, 1:8 - 1:11;29). Foram realizadas gravações da fala espontânea de cada sujeito, e após, análise lexical quanto aos tipos e ocorrências dos itens lexicais produzidos. Empregou-se a estatística Mann Whitney; Kruskal - Wallis e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância p< 0.05. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença estatística para nenhuma das variáveis em relação ao sexo, porém, há diferença entre as subfaixas etárias 1 em relação a 2 e a 3 para a maioria das variáveis, além disso, verificou-se o predomínio das palavras de conteúdo nas subfaixas etárias 2 e 3 e por fim, verificou-se o predomínio de substantivos sobre os verbos em todas as faixas etárias. CONCLUSÃO: a aquisição lexical inicial em crianças com desenvolvimento típico dá-se de forma progressiva de acordo com o aumento da faixa etária e neste período, a variável sexo não influencia na produção linguística. Além disso, a existência da hipótese do viés nominal foi confirmada em sua versão fraca, corroborando a tese que inspirou essa pesquisa.

PURPOSE: verifying howthe initial lexical acquisition occurs in children with typical development, regarding to types and tokens of the lexical items. Furthermore, one wants to verify if the noun bias hypothesis occurs, and in what version, strong or weak. METHODS: the sample consisted of 20 children, male and female, with typical language development. Thisresearch covered ages from 1:0 to 1:11 (years: months) divided in three age groups(1:0 - 1:3;29, 1:4 - 1:7;29, 1:8 - 1:11;29). Audio data from spontaneous speech were collected, and after, lexicalanalysis was performed regarding to types and tokens produced. The Statistical tests Mann Whitney; Kruskal - Wallis and Wilcoxon were used, with significance level p< 0.05. RESULTS: no statistical significance was found to the variables regarding to sex. However, statistical difference was found between the age group 1 in relation to 2 and 3 to the majority of variables. Furthermore, one verified prevalence of content words in the age groups 2 and 3. The prevalence of nouns over verbs in all age groups was observed. CONCLUSION: the initial lexical acquisition in children with typical development occurs gradually according to the increase of age. In this period the sex variable doesn't influence in the linguistic performance. Furthermore, the noun bias hypothesis was confirmed in its weak version, confirming the thesis that inspired this research.

OBJETIVO:verificar quais fones sofrem omissão na posição de onset simples no sistema fonológico geral, de crianças com desvio fonológico, de acordo com a faixa etária e a gravidade do desvio fonológico.MÉTODOS:participaram deste estudo 60 sujeitos com diagnóstico de desvio fonológico e com idades entre 4 anos e 8 anos e 11 meses, que realizavam a omissão de qualquer fone do Português Brasileiro nas posições de onset inicial e/ou medial, com emprego de 40% ou mais da estratégia de reparo em seu sistema fonológico. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do teste binomial de comparação de 2 proporções, com p<0,05.RESULTADOS:houve predomínio de omissão das consoantes líquidas. Em relação à gravidade do desvio, tanto no desvio fonológico leve quanto no levemente moderado ocorreu somente omissão de líquidas, no moderadamente grave, líquidas e fricativas foram omitidas e no desvio grave ocorreram omissões de todas as consoantes do Português Brasileiro. Já de acordo com a faixa etária, houve maior número de omissões nas idades de 4 anos a 4 anos e 11 meses e de 5 anos a 5 anos e 11 meses.CONCLUSÃO: a omissão de fones na posição de onset simples foi predominante para a classe das líquidas e nos desvios mais graves. Além disso, houve uma tendência de que as crianças mais jovens apresentem maior número de omissões.

PURPOSE:verifying which sounds are omitted in the simple onset position in the general phonological system of children with speech disorder, according to the age and the speech disorder severity.METHODS:60 children with phonological disorder diagnosis took part in this study. All of them were aged from four to eight years and eleven months and who omitted any sound of Brazilian Portuguese in initial or medial onset position, with 40% or more of the repair strategy in the phonological system. The data were submitted to statistical analysis through Binomial Test of comparison between two proportions, with p < 0,05.RESULTS:there was prevalence of omission of liquid consonants. Regarding to the disorder severity, in the mild disorder and mild-moderate disorder only the liquids were omitted, in the moderate-severe disorder liquids and fricatives were omitted and in severe disorder, there were omissions of all consonants of Brazilian Portuguese. According to the age, there were more omissions in the following ages: four to four years and eleven months and five to five years and eleven months.CONCLUSION:the sound omission in simple onset position was prevalent to the liquids and in the more severe disorders. Moreover, there was a trend that younger children presented more omissions.