Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric proprieties of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit), originally developed by Serpa and colleagues and adapted to Portuguese gym/fitness context. Methods: A cross-sectional survey utilizing a web self-administered questionnaire was used. The sample was composed of 453 gym/fitness center practitioners, aged between sixteen and seventy-nine years old (M = 35.64; SD = 13.08), enrolled in several gym activities. Results: The confirmatory factorial analysis provided support to the four-factor structure proposed. All factors displayed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The multi-group analysis revealed cross-validity and the model´s invariance. The correlation between QAD-Fit and the Doping-related Theory of Planned Behavior Measures (DRTPBM) revealed evidence of its concurrent validity. Conclusion: The findings of this research revealed that QAD-Fit is a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument to assess attitudes towards doping consumption in gym and fitness settings.

Abstract The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI) is a multidimensional measure of threat appraisals associated with one's fear of failure. Whilst emerging research has supported the validity and reliability of the PFAI with North American and British sport participants, its psychometric proprieties remain untested within Portuguese samples. This study examined the psychometric proprieties of the PFAI with a sample of 556 Portuguese athletes. A confirmatory factor analysis was employed to test whether the proposed multi-factorial structure of the PFAI fits well the Portuguese data.All factors displayed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Multi-group analysis revealed cross-validity and the models' invariance. The correlations between fear of failure and sport anxiety measures revealed evidence of its concurrent validity. The PFAIappears to be a psychometrically sound measure anda valid and reliable tool for assessing fear of failure in Portuguese sport contexts.

"Propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Burnout para Árbitros." O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventario de Burnout para Árbitros (BIR) em português em uma amostra de árbitros de futebol profissional e explorar a validade nomológica do inventário através da validação concorrente. A análise mostrou uma estrutura fatorial de burnout para os árbitros com um segundo fator de ordem e três primeiros fatores de ordem; esgotamento físico e emocional, reduzido senso de realização e desvalorização esportiva. Um procedimento de validação mostrou que a estrutura de fator é replicável e o inventario apresenta uma confiabilidade interna, validade convergente e discriminante. Além do mais, o estudo avaliou a validade concorrente do inventario através da correlação entre os escores do BIR e o Perfil dos Estados de Humor (POMS). As subescalas de burnout e o burnout total se correlacionaram positivamente com a tensão, depressão, raiva, fadiga e confusão e negativamente com vigor, como esperado. Para concluir, o BIR em português mostrou ser confiável e válido na avaliação de árbitros que podem estar em situação de risco para o burnout.

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR) in Portuguese in a sample of professional soccer referees and to explore the nomological validity of the inventory through concurrent validation. The analysis showed a factorial structure of burnout for the referees with one second order factor and three first order factors; physical and emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment and sport devaluation. A cross-validation procedure showed that the factor structure was replicable, and the inventory demonstrated internal reliability as well as convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, the study assessed the concurrent validity of the inventory by examining the correlation between the scores of the Burnout Inventory for Referees and the scores of the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The subscales of burnout and total burnout were positively correlated with tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion and negatively with vigor, as expected. In conclusion, the Portuguese version of BIR presents good evidence of validity and reliability in the assessment of referees who may be at risk of suffering from burnout.

"Propriedades psicométricas del Inventário de Burnout para Árbitros." El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Burnout para Árbitros (BIR) en portugués en una muestra de árbitros de fútbol profesional y explorar la validez nomological del inventario a través de la validación concurrente. El análisis mostró una estructura del factorial de burnout para los árbitros con un segundo factor de orden y tres primeros factores de orden; agotamiento físico y emocional, sentido de realización reducido y devaluación del deporte. Un procedimiento de validación mostró que la estructura del factor era replicable, y el inventario demostró la fiabilidad interna, validez convergente y discriminante. Además, el estudio evaluó la validez concurrente del inventario a través de la correlación entre los escores del BIR y el Perfil de los Estados de Humor (POMS). Las sub-escalas de burnout y burnout total se correlacionaron positivamente con tensión, depresión, rabia, fatiga y confusión y negativamente con el vigor, como esperado. Para concluir, el BIR en portugués presenta el testimonio confiable de validez y fiabilidad en la evaluación de árbitros que pueden estar en peligro del sufrimiento de burnout.

This paper gives an analysis of personal and environmental variables related to aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours in a sample of Spanish sports competitors. We aim to: 1) ascertain how personality and expression variables relate to trait anger control and unsportsmanlike behaviors, in relation to men and women, age groups and type of sport, 2) identify and analyze the most maladjusted and the most adjusted profiles in a sample of sportsmen and women; 3) identify personality variables as predictors of aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours. Differences in gender, age and type of sport were appreciated in personality variables and in aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours. Men have better emotional adjustment (more behaviours of emotional stability, better self-esteem, self-confidence and leadership), and have worse social adjustment (fewer behaviours of tolerance, social skills and responsibility; more aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours). Women have better social adjustment (more behaviours of tolerance, understanding, adaptation, responsibility, discipline and sociability), and have worse emotional adjustment (greater anxiety). More aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours and greater emotional maladjustment were found in the youngest sportsmen and women. Aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours were more frequent in team sports. This study highlights personality variables as predictors of aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours.

En este trabajo se analizan variables personales y ambientales relacionadas con conductas agresivas y antideportivas, en una muestra española de deportistas competidores. Los objetivos son: 1) Conocer la relación entre variables de personalidad, de expresión y control de la ira rasgo y conductas antideportivas entre hombres y mujeres, grupos de edad y naturaleza del deporte; 2) Detectar y analizar perfiles más desajustados y más ajustados en la muestra de deportistas; 3) Identificar variables de personalidad predictoras de conductas agresivas y antideportivas. Se apreciaron diferencias de género, edad y naturaleza del deporte en las variables de personalidad y en conductas agresivas y antideportivas. Los hombres presentan mejor ajuste emocional (más conductas de estabilidad emocional, mejor autoestima, autoconfianza y liderazgo), y peor ajuste social (menos conductas de tolerancia, habilidad social y responsabilidad; más conductas agresivas y antideportivas). Las mujeres, mejor ajuste social (más conductas de tolerancia, comprensión, adaptación, responsabilidad, disciplina y sociables), y peor ajuste emocional (una mayor ansiedad). Se detectó más conductas agresivas y antideportivas y mayor desajuste emocional en los deportistas más jóvenes. Las conductas agresivas y antideportivas fueron más frecuentes en deportes de equipo. El estudio pone de relieve variables de personalidad como predictoras de conductas agresivas y antideportivas.

O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir o Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) para a língua portuguesa e verificar sua validade por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória, consistência interna e fidedignidade teste-reteste. Participaram do estudo sete profissionais (quatro tradutores e três professores doutores em Psicologia do Esporte) e 502 atletas de modalidades coletivas do estado do Paraná. A versão na língua portuguesa foi obtida por meio do método de tradução cross-cultural. Para a análise dos dados, utilizaram-se a análise fatorial confirmatória, o alfa de Cronbach e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasses. Os resultados evidenciaram que a versão para a língua portuguesa contém questões claras e pertinentes, apresentando o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo (CVCt) > 0,70; apresenta consistência interna satisfatória (r>0,70) e fidedignidade teste-reteste aceitável (r > 0,80). A análise fatorial confirmatória demonstrou que os itens 2 ("Eu estou feliz com a quantidade de tempo que tenho jogado") e 5 ("Alguns dos meus melhores amigos estão nesta equipe") não apresentaram confiabilidade individual aceitável, sendo assim excluídos. O modelo com 16 itens apresentou índices de ajustamento satisfatórios de validade fatorial confirmatória. Concluiu-se que a versão brasileira do GEQ demonstrou boas características psicométricas e se mostrou válida para avaliar a coesão de grupo em equipes esportivas.

This study aimed to translate the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) to the Portuguese language and check its validity by validating the items through confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency and test-retest reliability of this version. The subjects were seven professionals (four translators and three doctors in Sport Psychology) and 502 athletes of different kinds of collective sports of the state of Paraná. The Portuguese version was obtained from the method of cross-cultural translation. For data analysis it was used confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient. The results showed the Brazilian version contains clear and relevant items, showing Coefficient of Content Validity (CVC) > 0,70; it shows satisfactory internal consistency (r > 0,70) and acceptable test-retest reliability (r > 0,80). The confirmatory factor analysis showed that items 2 ("I'm happy with the amount of playing time I get") and 5 ("Some of my best friends are on this team") don't demonstrated acceptable reliability individually, thus they were excluded; the model with 16 items had satisfactory indices of fit of confirmatory factorial validity. It was concluded that Brazilian version of the GEQ has shown good psychometric characteristics and it proved to be valid to assess the group cohesion in sports teams.

O talento caracteriza-se por um nível de mestria superior que resulta de um desenvolvimento sistemático de competências numa ou várias áreas de atividade humana (GAGNÉ, 2009). No contexto desportivo, para que se verifique a prossecução deste nível de mestria é necessário que os atletas indiciem um bom desenvolvimento, antropométrico, fisiológico, técnico, tático e psicológico (ELFERINK-GEMSER et al, 2004). Face à diversidade e complexidade de fatores envolvidos, o processo de desenvolvimento de talentos requer um acompanhamento dinâmico e holístico, característico das abordagens interaccionistas que consideram o indivíduo, a sua herança genética e a influência de variáveis psicossociais (BAKER; DAVIDS, 2007). Este trabalho tem como objetivo efetuar uma análise de literatura científica relevante na área dos talentos desportivos de forma a, por um lado, compreender as principais dificuldades sentidas pelos autores que se dedicam a esta temática e, por outro, identificar novas variáveis de estudo e linhas metodológicas de investigação passíveis de serem exploradas no futuro.

Talent is characterized by a higher level of mastery resulting from a systematic development of skills in one or more fields of human activity (GAGNÉ, 2009). In the context of sports, to achieve this level of mastery, athletes must demonstrate well-developed anthropometric, physiological, technical, tactical and psychological characteristics (ELFERINK-GEMSER et al, 2004). Given the diversity and complexity of factors involved, the development process of talents in sport requires a holistic and dynamic monitoring, typical of interactionist approaches which consider the individual, his/her genetic inheritance and the influence of psycho-social variables (BAKER; DAVIDS, 2007). This study aims at conducting an analysis of the relevant scientific literature in this area, in order to understand, firstly, the main problems encountered by the experts who study this subject, and secondly, to identify new variables of study and methodological approaches of research that may be explored in the future.