Severe respiratory alkalosis is a life-threatening condition, as it induces hypo- calcaemia and extreme adrenergic sensitivity leading to cerebral and myocardial vasoconstriction. We report a 37-year-old woman with previous consultations for a conversion disorder. While she was infected with SARS-CoV-2 (without pulmonary involvement), she consulted in the emergency room due to panic attacks. On admission, she developed a new conversion crisis with progressive clinical deterioration, hyperventilation, and severe respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.68, Bicarbonate 11.8 mEq/L and PaCO2 10 mmHg). Clinically, she was in a coma, with respiratory and heart rates 55 and 180 per min, a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, impaired perfusion (generalized lividity, distal coldness, and severe skin mottling) and tetany. She also had electrocardiographic changes and high troponin levels suggestive of ischemia, and hyperlactatemia. She was managed in the hospital with intravenous benzodiazepines. The clinical and laboratory manifestations resolved quickly, without the need for invasive measures and without systemic repercussions.

A definição de empresa é um elemento chave a partir da qual se analisa o complexo fenômeno da terceirização. O artigo aborda essa problemática a partir do caso chileno, em que a definição de empresa ocupa um lugar central na legislação trabalhista, com consequências sociais e políticas decisivas para o mundo do trabalho. O artigo está organizado em duas seções. A primeira seção analisa o processo de consolidação e regulação da terceirização no país. A partir desse marco geral, a segunda seção aborda mais precisamente a definição de empresa e seu escopo à luz da realidade contemporânea da terceirização no Chile.

The question about what a firm is offers a key perspective to analyze the complex phenomenon of outsourcing. This article tackles this problem from the Chilean case, where the definition of firm takes a specific place in the Labor Law, with social and political consequences to the worlds of work. The article is organized in two sections. In the first one, I analyze both the consolidation and regulation of outsourcing in Chile. From this framework, in the second section I discusses the definition of firm in the light of the current reality of outsourcing in Chile.

La definición de empresa es un prisma clave desde el cual analizar el fenómeno complejo de la tercerización. El artículo aborda esta problemática desde el caso chileno, donde la definición de empresa ocupa un lugar central en la legislación laboral, con consecuencias sociales y políticas determinantes para el mundo del trabajo. El artículo está organizado en dos secciones. La primera sección analiza el proceso de consolidación y regulación de la tercerización en el país. A partir de esto marco general, la segunda sección aborda más precisamente la definición de empresa y sus alcances a la luz de la realidad contemporánea de la tercerización en Chile.

La définition d’entreprise est une perspective-clé pour analyser le phénomène complexe de l’externalisation. L’article aborde cette problématique à partir du cas chilien, où la définition d’entreprise trouve une place centrale dans la Loi du Travail, en produisant des conséquences sociales et politiques déterminantes pour le monde du travail. L’article est organisé dans deux sections. La première analyse la consolidation et régulation de l’externalisation dans le pays. Partant de ce cadre général, la deuxième section aborde plus précisément la définition d’entreprise et ses conséquences à la lumière de la réalité contemporaine de l’externalisation au Chile.

ABSTRACT: Quillaja genus (Quillajaceae family) is endemic to South America, where is represented by two species, Quillaja saponaria and Quillaja brasiliensis. One outstanding characteristic of these forest tree species is their production of saponins, a family of amphipathic glycosides, involved in the defensive response of plants against biotic and abiotic factors. Saponins are metabolites of economic importance due to their chemical and physical properties. Basic and applied research efforts performed during the last decades, mainly on Q. saponaria, have placed these compounds as an important raw material in industrial areas, such as food and beverage, cosmetics, vaccine production, biopesticides, among others. In this review, we summarize information on saponins from Quillaja species during the last years, analyzing current developments by application areas, as well as their chemical composition and properties. We also describe the general advances in revealing saponin biosynthesis pathways, related genes and Quillaja genomes, as well as the conservation status, domestication processes, and perspectives in the context of implementing genetic improvement programs.