Abstract Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis) and West Indian (Trichechus manatus) manatees are aquatic mammals vulnerable to extinction found in the Amazon basin and the coastal western Atlantic. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a key role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns using leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). We described the diversity of TLR4 and TLR8 genes in these two species of manatee. Amazonian manatee showed seven SNPs in TLR4 and the eight in TLR8, while West Indian manatee shared four and six of those SNPs, respectively. In our analysis, TLR4 showed one non-conservative amino acid replacement substitution in LRR7 and LRR8, on the other hand, TLR8 was less variable and showed only conserved amino acid substitutions. Selection analysis showed that only one TLR4 site was subjected to positive selection and none in TLR8. TLR4 in manatees did not show any evidence of convergent evolution compared to species of the cetacean lineage. Differences in TLR4 and TLR8 polymorphism may be related to distinct selection by pathogens, population reduction of West Indian manatees, or an expected consequence of population expansion in Amazonian manatees. Future studies combining pathogen association and TLR polymorphism may clarify possible roles of these genes and be used for conservation purposes of manatee species.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a fixação das cunhas de metal trabeculado em pacientes submetidos a revisão de artroplastia do quadril com grandes defeitos ósseos acetabulares. Métodos: Foram avaliadas as radiografias de 19 pacientes, ou 21 quadris, submetidos a revisão de artroplastia do quadril com cunha de metal trabeculado de setembro de 2010 a dezembro de 2014. Foram incluídos somente os casos Paprosky 3 A E 3 B. Exames de imagem pré-operatórios e pós-operatório foram analisados. A não fixação do implante foi definida pela presença de variação angular do componente superior a 10 graus ou deslocamento superior a 6 mm. Pacientes com tempo de seguimento inferior a 24 meses ou aqueles que não compareceram às duas últimas consultas foram excluídos. Resultados: O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 39,4 meses (25-61). A fixação foi alcançada em todos os casos, apesar da complexidade. O único caso de luxação foi submetido a redução aberta. Um caso evoluiu com infecção, foi abordado cirurgicamente em dois momentos, com amplo desbridamento e uso de antibiótico venoso, conforme protocolo, e apresentou boa evolução. Conclusão: O implante em cunha de material trabeculado apresentou resultados excelentes em curto e médio prazos, pode ser mais uma opção nas reconstruções dos grandes defeitos acetabulares, por vezes substitui a reconstrução óssea com o uso de banco de ossos ou enxerto autólogo.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study is aimed at evaluating the fixation of trabecular metal wedges in patients who underwent revision of total hip arthroplasty with large acetabular bone defects. Methods: The radiographs of 19 patients (21 hips), who underwent revision of total hip arthroplasty using trabecular metal wedges from September 2010 to December 2014 were evaluated. This study included only cases of Paprosky 3A and 3B. Preoperative and postoperative images were analyzed. Non-fixation of the implant was defined by the presence of angular variation of the component higher 10 degrees or displacement greater than 6 mm. Patients with follow-up times of less than 24 months or who did not attend the last two appointments were excluded from the study. Results: The mean follow-up time was 39.4 months (25-61). Fixation was achieved in all cases despite its complexity. There was only one case of dislocation that was treated with open reduction. One case developed infection, and was surgically approached on two occasions, with extensive debridement and intravenous antibiotics following protocol, with good evolution. Conclusion: The implanted trabecular metal wedges showed excellent results in the short- and medium-term and may represent another option in the reconstruction of large acetabular defects, sometimes replacing bone reconstruction that uses bone tissue banks or autologous graft.

Objetivou-se determinar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro das silagens de diferentes frações da parte aérea de quatro variedades de mandioca. Os ensaios de degradabilidade foram realizados segundo um delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, sendo 4 variedades (Amarelinha, Sabará, Olho Roxo e Periquita) e 3 frações da parte aérea (planta inteira, terço superior e sobras do plantio). As silagens do terço superior e das sobras do plantio apresentaram maior fração solúvel da MS em relação à planta inteira. Dentro de cada variedade, a Sabará e a Olho Roxo apresentaram na fração do terço superior maiores degradabilidades efetivas da MS. Entre as variedades, a Sabará apresentou maior degradabilidade efetiva da MS (51,59%). As variedades Sabará e Periquita foram iguais e apresentaram degradabilidade efetiva da PB superiores às variedades Amarelinha e Olho Roxo na silagem do terço superior. A Sabará apresentou maior degradabilidade efetiva da FDN nas silagens do terço superior e sobras de plantio. A silagem da parte aérea da variedade de mandioca Sabará apresenta melhor degradabilidade ruminal , considerando-se a fração do terço superior. As sobras de plantio também demonstram bom potencial para utilização na forma de silagem, na alimentação de ruminantes.

The objective of this study was to determine the degradability of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of silage from different shoot fractions of four varieties of cassava. The degradability tests were performed according to a randomized block design in a factorial 4 x 3, 4 varieties (Amarelinha, Sabará, OlhoRoxoand Periquita) and 3 shoot fractions (whole plant, planting remains and upper third). The upper third of the silage and the planting remains presented higher soluble fraction of DM than the whole plant. Within each variety, Sabará and Olho Roxo presented, in the upper third, higher fraction of DM effective degradability. Among the varieties, Sabará presented higher DM effective degradability. The varieties Sabará and Periquita were equal and presented higher CP effective degradability than varieties Amarelinha and Olho Roxo in the upper third of the silage. Sabará showed higher NDF effective degradability in the upper third and planting remains. The silage from the shoot of Sabará variety showed better rumen degradability, mainly in the upper third fraction. The planting remains also showed good potential for use as silage in feed for ruminants.

Soroprevalence for Hepatitis C virus is reported as 2.12% in Northern Brazil, with about 50% of the patients exhibiting a sustained virological response (SVR). Aiming to associate polymorphisms in Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) with chronic hepatitis C and therapy responses we investigated 125 chronic patients and 345 controls. Additionally, 48 ancestry markers were genotyped to control for population stratification. The frequency of the KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL2+HLA-C Asp80 gene and ligand was higher in chronic infected patients than in controls (p < 0.0009, OR = 3.4; p = 0.001, OR = 3.45). In fact, KIR2DL3 is a weaker inhibitor of NK activity than KIR2DL2, which could explain the association of KIR2DL2 with chronic infection. Moreover, KIR2DS2 and KIR2DS2+HLA-C Asp80 (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.51; p = 0.0084, OR = 2.62) and KIR2DS3 (p < 0.0001; OR = 2.57) were associated with chronic infection, independently from KIR2DL2. No differences in ancestry composition were observed between control and patients, even with respect to therapy response groups. The allelic profile KIR2DL2/KIR2DS2/KIR2DS3 was associated with the chronic hepatitis C (p < 0.0001; OR = 3). Furthermore, the patients also showed a higher mean number of activating genes and a lower frequency of the homozygous AA profile, which is likely secondary to the association with non-AA and/or activating genes. In addition, the KIR2DS5 allele was associated with SVR (p = 0.0261; OR = 0.184).The ancestry analysis of samples ruled out any effects of population substructuring and did not evidence interethnic differences in therapy response, as suggested in previous studies.

Seqüências tipo mitocondriais têm comumente sido encontradas no genoma nuclear de diversos organismos. Quando acidentalmente incluídas em estudos de seqüências mitocondriais, diversas conclusões errôneas podem ser obtidas. No entanto, estes pseudogenes nucleares tipo mitocondriais podem ser usados para a estimativa da taxa relativa de evolução de genes mitocondriais e também como grupo externo em análises filogenéticas. No presente trabalho, seqüências mitocondriais com características do tipo de pseudogene, tais como deleções e/ou inserções e códons de parada, foram encontradas em tamarins (Saguinus spp., Callitrichinae, Primates). A análise filogenética permitiu a estimativa do tempo da migração da seqüência mitocondrial para o genoma nuclear e algumas inferências filogenéticas. A escolha de um grupo externo não adequado (Aotus infulatus) não permitiu uma reconstrução filogenética confiável da subfamília Callitrichinae. A divergência bastante antiga de Cebidae (Callitrichinae, Aotinae e Cebinae) pode ter favorecido o aparecimento de homoplasias, obscurecendo a análise.

Mitochondrial DNA-like sequences have been found in the nuclei of a variety of organisms. These nuclear pseudogenes can be used to estimate relative evolutionary rates of mitochondrial genes, and can be used as outgroups in phylogenetic analyses. In this study, mitochondrial sequences with pseudogene-like characteristics, including deletions and/or insertions and stop codons, were found in tamarins (Saguinus spp., Callitrichinae, Primates). Phylogenetic analysis allowed estimation of the timing of the migration of these sequences to the nuclear genome, and also permitted inferences on the phylogeny of the genus. The choice of an inadequate outgroup (Aotus infulatus) prevented a good phylogenetic resolution of the subfamily Callitrichinae. The relatively ancient divergence of the Cebidae (Callitrichinae, Aotinae and Cebinae) may have favored confounding homoplasies.