Resumo Este estudo foi voltado a caracterização e avaliação do potencial da combinação de estratégias de tratamento para a remoção de compostos fenólicos, cor e ecoxicidade de um efluente gerado por uma indústria madeireira de Produção de Laminados. A caracterização de uma amostra do efluente gerado pelo processo de laminação de pinus coletada em uma indústria da região Sudoeste do estado do Paraná confirmou o potencial impactante do efluente, com destaque para o elevado teor de compostos fenólicos (1.530 ±50 mg/L), cor (2.159 ±30 unidades), significativa toxicidade aguda (63% de mortalidade de microcrustáceos Artemia. salina) e baixa biodegradabilidade (DBO5 /DQO=0,53) podendo, se eventualmente lançado em corpos receptores, causar irreversíveis e deletérios efeitos a microbiota aquática. Os processos de tratamento estudados neste trabalho envolveram ozonização catalítica mediada por material catalítico ferroso baseado em carepas de aço e processo biológico com fungos Pleurotus florida, avaliados de forma individual e integrados da sequinte forma: Ozonização catalítica>>processo biológico e vice-versa. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos pela aplicação da sequência “ozonização catalítica>>processo biológico”, que resultou em reduções de 96,2% em concentrações de lignina solúvel, 93,3% nas unidades de cor e mais de 99% na redução de fenóis totais, além de baixa taxa de mortalidade de A. salina (≈10%). No processo integrado, a aplicação da ozonização catalítica antes do processo biológico apresenta maiores vantagens em razão do processo de pré-decomposição de compostos recalcitrantes pela ação química da ozonização catalítica, que pode converter estes compostos em biodegradáveis, facilitando a ação do processo biológico para a remediação do efluente estudado.

Abstract This study characterized and evaluated the potential of a combination of treatment strategies for the removal of phenolic compounds, color, and ecotoxicity of an effluent generated by a laminated wood industry. The characterization of a sample of the effluent generated by the pine lamination process collected in an industry in the Southwest region of the state of Paraná confirmed the potential impact of the effluent, with emphasis on the high content of phenolic compounds (1,530 ±50 mg/L), color (2,159 ±30 units), significant acute toxicity (63% mortality of microcrustaceans Artemia salina) and low biodegradability (BOD/COD=0.53), which, if eventually released into receiving bodies, can cause irreversible and harmful effects to the aquatic microbiota. The treatment processes studied in this work involved catalytic ozonation mediated by ferrous catalytic material based on steel scale and biological process with Pleurotus Florida fungi, evaluated in an individual way and sequentially integrated as follows: Catalytic ozonation>>biological process and vice-versa. The best results were obtained by applying the sequence "catalytic ozonation>>biological process", which resulted in reductions of 96.2% in soluble lignin concentrations, 93.3% in color units and more than 99% reduction in total phenols, in addition to a low mortality rate of A. salina (≈10%). In the integrated process, the application of catalytic ozonation before the biological process presents greater advantages because of the pre-decomposition process of recalcitrant compounds by the chemical action of catalytic ozonation, which can convert these compounds into biodegradable, facilitating the action of the biological process for the remediation of the effluent.

Resumo Os fungos pleurotus são basidiomicetos que se destacam na degradação de compostos orgânicos de natureza recalcitrante, como derivados de lignina e compostos fenólicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar comparativamente a capacidade dos fungos Pleurotus ostreatus POS 560 e Pleurotus floridae PSP1 na degradação de 2,4 e 2,6-dinitrotolueno (DNTs) em efluente da indústria de explosivos. A caracterização indicou 318 mg L-1 de DNTs, 246 mg L-1 de DQO e fator de toxicidade para Daphnia magna correspondente a 8. A condução de um estudo multivariado estimou a influência das variáveis pH (5.0 e 6.0), concentração de co-substrato (10 e 20 g L-1 de glicose) e espécies do fungo Pleurotus (ostreatus e floridae) sobre a degradação de DNTs, tendo indicado que as variáveis Fungo e [Glicose] se mostraram significativas (p<0.05) apresentando efeitos da ordem de +4.45±0.26 e -1.14±0.26, respectivamente. A reprodução das melhores condições de eficiência (P. floridae; pH 6,0 e 10 g L-1 de glicose) em frascos agitados (100 rpm, 26oC) foi capaz de promover em 14 dias de tratamento remoções de matéria orgânica e fator de toxicidade em níveis da ordem de 55 e 50%, respectivamente, além da completa degradação de DNTs a qual ocorreu nas primeiras 120 horas de tratamento, período durante o qual também foi caracterizada atividade máxima das enzimas peroxidase e Mn-peroxidase, sugerindo alto potencial do bioprocesso em estudo para remediação de efluentes contaminados com compostos nitroaromáticos.

Abstract Pleurotus fungi are basidiomycetes that stand out in the degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds such as lignin derivatives and phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to make a comparative evaluation of the capacity of the Pleurotus ostreatus POS 560 and Pleurotus floridae PSP1 fungi in the degradation of 2,4 and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNTs) in effluent from an explosive factory. The characterization of the effluent indicated 318 mg L-1 of DNTs, 246 mg L-1 of COD and toxicity factor for Daphnia magna corresponding to 8. The conduct of a multivariate study estimated the influence of the variables pH (5.0 and 6.0), co-substrate concentration (10 and 20 g L-1 of glucose) and species of the fungus Pleurotus (ostreatus and floridae) on the degradation of DNTs, indicating that the variables Fungus and [Glucose] were significant (p <0.05) presenting effects in the order of + 4.45 ± 0.26 and -1.14 ± 0.26, respectively. The reproduction of the best efficiency conditions (P. floridae; pH 6.0 and 10 g L-1 of glucose) in agitated flasks (100 rpm, 26oC) was able to carry out, within 14 days of treatment, the removal of organic matter and toxicity factor in levels on the order of 55 and 50%, respectively, in addition to the complete degradation of DNTs which occurred in the first 120 hours of treatment. In this period, the maximum activity of the peroxidase and Mn-peroxidase enzymes was also characterized, suggesting high potential of the bioprocess under study for remediation of effluents contaminated with nitroaromatic compounds.

Resumo O conjunto de paredes e portas separadas pela circulação de uso comum em edifícios residenciais passou a ter seu desempenho acústico avaliado, a partir da entrada em vigor da norma brasileira NBR 15575. Nesse contexto, este trabalho propõe determinar a influência das características dos elementos construtivos - portas e circulações entre unidades habitacionais - no isolamento ao ruído aéreo do conjunto de paredes e portas separadas pelo hall de entrada. Foram escolhidos três prédios e realizada uma série de ensaios de desempenho acústico em campo, abrangendo diversas situações. Também foram usados artifícios para a vedação das frestas das portas, a fim de verificar a melhora do desempenho do sistema. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a perda de desempenho acústico com o aumento das frestas entre a folha da porta e o piso. Ainda, foram encontradas relações entre o tempo de reverberação dos ambientes de circulação e a distância entre as portas de entrada das unidades habitacionais. Pode-se concluir que o alinhamento frontal de portas de entrada das unidades habitacionais distintas e halls com elevado tempo de reverberação reduzem a eficiência do isolamento acústico do conjunto de portas e parede voltadas para circulações de uso comum em edifícios habitacionais, assim como frestas mal vedadas.

Abstract The set of walls and doors separated by communal circulation areas in residential buildings began to have their acoustic performance evaluated since the Brazilian standard NBR 15575 was implemented. The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the characteristics of the constructive elements - doors and corridors between housing units - on the insulation of the air noise of the set of walls and doors separated by the entrance hall. Three buildings were chosen and a series of acoustic performance tests were performed on the site, covering several situations. Devices were used to seal the door gaps in order to verify the improvement of the performance of the system. The results point to loss of acoustic performance with larger gaps between the door and the floor. In addition, a relationship was detected between the reverberation time of the circulation environments and the distance between the entrance doors of the housing units. The conclusion of the study is that frontal alignment of the entrance doors of the different housing units and corridors with high reverberation time as well as badly sealed gaps reduce the acoustic insulation efficiency of the set of doors and wall facing communal circulation areas in residential buildings.

Several papers have been written on the complex problem of the stochastic dynamics of the magnetic moments of super-paramagnetic particles, simultaneously with the stochastic rotation of these colloidal particles in a ferrofluid [1-3]. None of these works, however, is sufficiently general and conveniently simple and clear to be used in sumulational works to appropriately describe the experimental super-paramagntetic resonance lines. We have a new proposal for the equations of rotational motion, which is appropriate for simulations. Those equations are stochastic differential equations with multiplicative noise. Therefore, they have to be interpreted as Stratonovich-Langevin equations and the roles of stochastic calculus have to be used in the simulations. For this reason we will briefly present the essence of the numerical algorithms used in the solutions of Stratonovich equations. Finally, the simulational results for the magnetic response functions, and the corresponding dynamic susceptibilities, will be shown and their consequences will be analyzed.

Colloidal particles move in the carrier liquid under the action of several forces and torques. When the particles carry a dipole moment, electric or magnetic, as in ferrofluids, the rotational and translational motions are coupled because the field on a particle depends on the spatial and directional distribution of the others and the force and torque on it depends on the field. Moreover, there is Brownian, as well as dissipative forces and torques on each particle. Consequently, the numerical solution of the equations of motion requires, besides the techniques of Classical Molecular Dynamics, those of Stochastic Dynamics. The algorithm is explained in some detail and applied on a typical ferrofluid. For different values of the temperature, the possibility of the formation of structures is examined.

We present a set of six non-linear stochastic diffferential equations for the six variables which are relevant for the dynamical behavior of the magnetic moments in ferrofluids, namely, the three Euler angles of the magnetic particle, the two polar angles of the magnetic moment relative to the particle and the modulus of the magnetic moment. The interaction between the magnetic particle and the solvent fluid is modeled by dissipative and random noise torques, and so is the interaction between the particle and its magnetic moment, treated as an independent physical entity. In the appropriate limits, the model system reduces to the cases of super-paramagnetic or of non-super-paramagnetic (blocked magnetic moments) particles. Numerical results show that for non-zero moment of inertia the precession of the magnetic moment around the magnetic field is accompanied by "nutation". It is also indicated how the dynamic complex susceptibility may be calculated from the equations of motion and the numerical results show that the nutation leads to a second resonance peak.