OBJECTIVES:This study sought to verify the effects of acupuncture as an adjuvant treatment for the control of asthma.METHODS:This was a randomized, controlled, crossover trial conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. A total of 74 patients with mild/moderate, persistent asthma were randomized into two therapeutic groups: Group A - 31 patients underwent 10 real weekly acupuncture sessions, followed by a 3-week washout period and 10 sham weekly acupuncture sessions; and Group B - 43 patients underwent 10 sham weekly acupuncture sessions, followed by a 3-week washout period and 10 real weekly acupuncture sessions. Patients used short- and long-acting β-2 agonists and inhaled corticosteroids when necessary. Prior to treatment and after each period of 10 treatment sessions, the patients were evaluated for spirometry, induced sputum cell count, exhaled nitric oxide (NO) and with the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and Questionnaire on Quality of Life-Asthma (QQLA) questionnaires. Daily peak flow and symptom diaries were registered. The level of significance adopted was 5% (α=0.05).RESULTS:In Group B, after real acupuncture, there was a decrease in eosinophils (p=0.035) and neutrophils (p=0.047), an increase in macrophages (p=0.001) and an improvement in peak flow (p=0.01). After sham acupuncture treatment, patients experienced less coughing (p=0.037), wheezing (p=0.013) and dyspnea (p=0.014); similarly, after real acupuncture, patients reported less coughing (p=0.040), wheezing (p=0.012), dyspnea (p<0.001) and nocturnal awakening episodes (p=0.009). In Group A, there was less use of rescue medication (p=0.043). After the sham procedure, patients in Group A experienced less coughing (p=0.007), wheezing (p=0.037), dyspnea (p<0.001) and use of rescue medication (p<0.001) and after real acupuncture, these patients showed improvements in functional capacity (p=0.004), physical aspects (p=0.002), general health status (p<0.001) and vitality (p=0.019). Sham acupuncture also led to significant differences in symptoms, but these were not different from those seen with real acupuncture. Spirometry and exhaled NO levels did not show a difference between sham and real acupuncture treatment. In addition, no significant difference was demonstrated between treatments regarding the quality of life evaluation.CONCLUSION:Real and sham acupuncture have different effects and outcomes on asthma control. The crossover approach was not effective in this study because both interventions led to improvement of asthma symptoms, quality of life and inflammatory cell counts. Thus, sham acupuncture cannot serve as a placebo in trials with acupuncture as the main intervention for asthma.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: A investigação de intensidades padrão de exercício físico é importante para melhor compreender e desenvolver programas de reabilitação para enfisema. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes intensidades (moderada e alta) de exercício físico sobre o desenvolvimento de enfisema induzido por protease (instilação endotraqueal de papaína) em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos que receberam instilação intra-traqueal de solução de papaína ou veículo: (i) papaína, exercício de alta intensidade, (ii) papaína, exercício moderado, (iii) soro fisiológico, exercício de alta intensidade, (iv) soro fisiológico, sedentário e (v) papaína, sedentário. Quarenta dias após a instilação intra-traqueal os grupos de exercício foram submetidos a um protocolo de treinamento físico em esteira durante 10 semanas, 5 dias/ semana, a 0.9 km/h (papaína e solucão salina exercício de alta intensidade), ou em 0.6km/h (papaína exercício moderado). Medimos elastância do sistema respiratório e resistência, as fibras de colágeno no parênquima pulmonar, e a intercepção linear média pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Todos os grupos de animais que receberam instilação de papaína apresentaram maior destruição da parede alveolar em comparação com animais que receberam apenas solução salina. O grupo papaína exercício de alta intensidade apresentou maiores valores de intercepto linear médio em comparação com grupos de enfisema que foram treinados em uma intensidade moderada ou não submetidos ao exercício. CONCLUSÃO: A alta intensidade de treinamento físico produziu mais destruição alveolar em um modelo experimental de enfisema em ratos quando comparada ao exercício de intensidade moderada, ou a nenhum exercício.

OBJECTIVE: Investigation of standard intensities of physical exercise is important to better comprehend and develop rehabilitation programs for emphysema. We aimed to evaluate the effects of different intensities (moderate and high-intensity) of physical exercise on the development of a protease-induced (papain intratracheal instillation) emphysema in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly separated into five groups that received intratracheal instillation of papain solution or vehicle: (i) papain high intensity exercise, (ii) papain moderate exercise, (iii) saline high intensity exercise, (iv) saline sedentary and (v) papain sedentary. Forty days after intratracheal instillation, the exercise groups were submitted to an exercise-training protocol on a treadmill during 10 weeks, 5 days/week, at 0.9 km/h (Papain and saline high exercise), or at 0.6 km/h (papain moderate exercise).We measured respiratory system elastance and resistance, the collagen fiber lung parenchyma, and the pulmonary mean linear intercept. RESULTS: All animal groups that received papain instillation presented higher alveolar wall destruction compared to animals that received only saline solution. The papain high intensity exercise group presented higher values of mean linear intercept compared to emphysema groups that were trained at a moderate intensity or not submitted to exercise. CONCLUSION: High intensity exercise training worsened alveolar destruction in an experimental model of emphysema in rats when compared to moderate intensity exercise, or to no exercise.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to verify the degree of anxiety, respiratory distress, and health-related quality of life in a group of asthmatic patients who have experienced previous panic attacks. Additionally, we evaluated if a respiratory physiotherapy program (breathing retraining) improved both asthma and panic disorder symptoms, resulting in an improvement in the health-related quality of life of asthmatics. METHODS: Asthmatic individuals were assigned to a chest physiotherapy group that included a breathing retraining program held once a week for three months or a paired control group that included a Subtle Touch program. All patients were assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, the Sheehan Anxiety Scale, the Quality of Life Questionnaire, and spirometry parameter measurements. RESULTS: Both groups had high marks for panic disorder and agoraphobia, which limited their quality of life. The Breathing Retraining Group program improved the clinical control of asthma, reduced panic symptoms and agoraphobia, decreased patient scores on the Sheehan Anxiety Scale, and improved their quality of life. Spirometry parameters were unchanged. CONCLUSION: Breathing retraining improves the clinical control of asthma and anxiety symptoms and the health-related quality of life in asthmatic patients.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate whether exhaled nitric oxide may serve as a marker of intraoperative bronchospasm. INTRODUCTION: Intraoperative bronchospasm remains a challenging event during anesthesia. Previous studies in asthmatic patients suggest that exhaled nitric oxide may represent a noninvasive measure of airway inflammation. METHODS: A total of 146,358 anesthesia information forms, which were received during the period from 1999 to 2004, were reviewed. Bronchospasm was registered on 863 forms. From those, three groups were identified: 9 non-asthmatic patients (Bronchospasm group), 12 asthmatics (Asthma group) and 10 subjects with no previous airway disease or symptoms (Control group). All subjects were submitted to exhaled nitric oxide measurements (parts/billion), spirometry and the induced sputum test. The data was compared by ANOVA followed by the Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's test. RESULTS: The normal lung function test results for the Bronchospasm group were different from those of the asthma group (p <0.05). The median percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum was higher for the Asthma [2.46 (0.45-6.83)] compared with either the Bronchospasm [0.55 (0-1.26)] or the Control group [0.0 (0)] (p <0.05); exhaled nitric oxide followed a similar pattern for the Asthma [81.55 (57.6-86.85)], Bronchospasm [46.2 (42.0 -62.6] and Control group [18.7 (16.0-24.7)] (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Non-asthmatic patients with intraoperative bronchospasm detected during anesthesia and endotracheal intubation showed increased expired nitric oxide.

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a segurança da indução de escarro em crianças e adolescentes asmáticos. Caracterizar a citologia do escarro durante a estabilidade clínica e exacerbação. Correlacionar a citologia do escarro com os eosinófilos no sangue periférico, IgE sérica e grau de obstrução brônquica. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutados 96 pacientes asmáticos, de 6 a 18 anos, para um estudo transversal. Foi realizada espirometria antes e, após, broncodilatador. A seguir, foi coletado o escarro, espontaneamente ou após indução com inalação de solução salina em concentrações crescentes. Foi coletada amostra de sangue para quantificar a IgE sérica e os eosinófilos. RESULTADOS: Obtiveram-se amostras adequadas de escarro para análise em 68 (70,8%) dos pacientes recrutados. Não houve broncoconstrição relevante durante a indução. A presença de maior número de eosinófilos no escarro de acordo com a maior gravidade clínica da asma não foi estatisticamente significante. Não houve correlação entre o grau de obstrução brônquica medido pelo VEF1 e as células inflamatórias do escarro. O mesmo foi observado em relação aos eosinófilos no sangue periférico e à IgE sérica. No grupo com exacerbação da asma, observou-se uma quantidade maior de neutrófilos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A indução de escarro mostrou-se segura para obtenção de amostras clínicas em crianças e adolescentes, mesmo durante exacerbações, respeitando-se limitações clínicas e funcionais. O índice de sucesso da indução de 67% foi considerado satisfatório. A quantificação dos eosinófilos não discriminou a gravidade clínica e funcional da asma e mostrou-se independente do grau de obstrução das vias aéreas neste grupo de pacientes em tratamento com corticosteróides inalatórios. No escarro de pacientes em exacerbação da asma, houve um predomínio proporcional de neutrófilos.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety of sputum induction in asthmatic children and adolescents, to characterize sputum inflammatory cells while clinically stable and during exacerbation and to correlate sputum inflammatory cells with peripheral blood eosinophils, serum IgE and the degree of bronchial obstruction. METHODS: Ninety-six asthmatic patients aged 6 to 18 years were recruited for the present cross-sectional study. Spirometry was performed before and after administration of a bronchodilator. Sputum was collected spontaneously or after induction by the inhalation of saline solution at increasing concentrations. Blood samples were obtained for serum IgE and eosinophil quantification. RESULTS: Sputum samples adequate for analysis were obtained from 68 (70.8%) of the patients recruited. No relevant bronchoconstriction was observed during induction. The presence of a larger number of eosinophils in sputum did not correlate with more clinically severe asthma. No correlation was observed between the degree of bronchial obstruction, measured based on FEV1, and inflammatory cells in sputum, peripheral blood eosinophils or serum IgE. Larger numbers of neutrophils were observed in the asthma exacerbation group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sputum induction was found to be a safe procedure for obtaining clinical samples from children and adolescents even during exacerbations, allowing for clinical and functional limitations. The 67% induction success rate was considered satisfactory. In this group of patients, receiving inhaled corticosteroids, eosinophil quantification did not distinguish between the clinical and functional severity of asthma and was independent of the degree of airway obstruction. A proportional predominance of neutrophils was observed in the sputum of patients with asthma exacerbation.