Hydrogen permeation tests and tensile mechanical tests were performed at room temperature on API 5CT P110 steel to characterize hydrogen trapping and to evaluate their hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. The hydrogen trap density was calculated from two consecutive hydrogen permeation transients plotted using an electrochemical cell. Slow strain rate tensile tests on hydrogen-charged samples through cathodic polarization at different potentials were performed to evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. Thereby it was established the lowest potential that characterizes the onset of the cathodic overprotection for studied steel. After mechanical tests was observed a decrease in ductility as the protection potential became more negative and that the fracture mode was changed from ductile microvoid coalescence on the as-received steel to extended quasi-cleavage on the hydrogen-charged steel. The results showed that API 5CT P110 steel has high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement conditioned by a predominance of reversible traps in microstructure and by high hydrogen solubility. CT P P11 cell hydrogencharged charged asreceived received quasicleavage quasi cleavage solubility P1

ABSTRACT Researches on starches containing phytochemical compounds are new opportunities in the production of functional foods and dietary supplements. Starches containing these compounds may have beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant properties. Starches are found in a variety of unconventional sources, including soursop fruits. This study aimed to determine the content of phytochemical compounds in starches extracted from soursop fruits by conventional method and ultrasound. Starch was extracted from soursop fruits by conventional method and ultrasound, obtaining two phases for each method. The amylose and lipid content were determined, as well as the content of phytochemical compounds in the starches (phenols, tannins, flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids, and acetogenins). The extractions were: ACF1 (conventional starch phase 1), AUF1 (conventional starch phase 1), AUF2 (Ultrasonic starch phase 2), and ACF2 (conventional starch phase 2). The AUF1 starches presented high content of total soluble phenols (2.26 mg GAE/g of d.b.s), total soluble tannins (0.99 mg GAE/g of d.b.s), total soluble flavonoids (1.55 mg QE/g of d.b.s), phytosterols (3.55 mg CE/g of d.b.s), alkaloids (8.42 mg AE/g of d.b.s) and acetogenins (1.81 mg ANE/g of d.b.s). Ultrasound-assisted starch extraction increases the starch content of soursop fruits and phytochemical compounds. The phytochemical compounds present in the starches of soursop fruits are phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phytosterols, and acetogenins.

RESUMEN Las investigaciones en almidones que contengan compuestos fitoquímicos son nuevas oportunidades en la producción de alimentos funcionales y suplementos dietéticos. Los almidones que contienen estos compuestos pueden tener efectos benéficos para la salud, como propiedades antioxidantes. Los almidones se encuentran en una variedad de fuentes no convencionales, dentro de los cuales se encuentran los frutos de guanábana. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el contenido de compuestos fitoquímicos en almidones extraídos de frutos de guanábana mediante método convencional y ultrasonido. Se extrajo almidón de frutos de guanábana mediante método convencional y ultrasonido obteniéndose dos fases por cada método; se determinó el contenido de amilosa y lípidos, así como el contenido de compuestos fitoquímicos en los almidones (fenoles solubles totales, taninos solubles totales, flavonoides solubles totales, fitoesteroles, alcaloides y acetogeninas). Las extracciones fueron: ACF1 (Almidón convencional fase 1), AUF1 (almidón convencional fase 1), AUF2 (Almidón ultrasonido fase 2), ACF2 (almidón convencional fase 2). Los almidones de AUF1 presentaron alto contenido de fenoles solubles totales (2.26 mg GAE/g de d.b.s), taninos solubles (0.99 mg GAE/g de d.b.s), flavonoides solubles totales (1.55 mg QE/g de d.b.s), fitoesteroles (3.55 mg CE/g de d.b.s), alcaloides (8.42 mg AE/g de d.b.s) y acetogeninas (1.81 mg ANE/g de d.b.s). La extracción de almidones asistida por ultrasonido incrementa el contenido de almidones de frutos de guanábana y compuestos fitoquímicos. Los compuestos fitoquímicos presentes en los almidones de frutos de guanábana son fenoles, flavonoides, taninos, alcaloides, fitoesteroles y acetogeninas.

The ideal feeding for premature babies has been the source of extensive debate. The aim of this study was to assess the association between type of feeding at discharge and the nutritional status of very low birth weight infants. This was a retrospective cohort of preterm babies with birth weight ≤1500 g, born between January 2006 and December 2013. The infants were divided into 3 groups according to type of feeding at discharge: exclusive breast milk (group 1), mixed feeding (group 2) and exclusive artificial formula (group 3). Frequencies of each group were calculated, as well as mean Z-score differences in weight, length and head circumference. Six hundred and forty-nine newborns were included. The mean weight of groups 1, 2, and 3 was 1338.7, 1104.0, and 1254.7 g, respectively, and their mean gestational age was 31.9, 30, and 31.2 weeks, respectively. The Z-score differences (means±SD) for groups 1, 2, and 3 were: −0.84±0.68, −1.02±0.75, and −0.86±0.71 for weight, −0.21±1.23, −0.52±1.64 and −0.08±1.34 for head circumference, and −1.10±1.18, −1.54±1.37, and −0.97±1.21 for length. A significant difference was observed between groups 2 and 3 in the adjusted Z-score model for length, with no significant differences in anthropometric measurements for the other comparative analyses. Because of its many advantages, breastfeeding should be stimulated within neonatal units since nutritional status was not influenced by the different types of feeding.

RESUMO O uso de espécies vegetais para curar doenças e sintomas remonta ao início da civilização. Em várias culturas produtos botânicos eram empregados para essa finalidade. No Brasil, sob influência das interações culturais entre índios, negros e portugueses, essa relação homem-natureza permitiu a disseminação da sabedoria herdada em relação ao uso e cultivo de diversas espécies vegetais. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar um levantamento das plantas medicinais indicadas pelos índios da etnia Kantaruré, aldeia Baixa das Pedras com ação antiparasitária. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatorze pessoas, pertencentes a uma população de 150 indígenas, selecionadas pela técnica da bola de neve, reconhecidas pela comunidade como maiores detentores do conhecimento sobre a realidade local e sobre plantas. Os resultados indicam que doze espécies são utilizadas na medicina tradicional local com ação antiparasitária, podendo destacar a caçatinga (Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg.), mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), hortelã miúdo (Mentha piperita L.) e babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm f.) como as mais indicadas. As plantas citadas pertencem à vegetação nativa, sendo que as espécies cultivadas são encontradas principalmente nos quintais, nas proximidades das residências e em locais de cultivo próprio. Os dados levantados nesta pesquisa evidenciam a importância terapêutica, cultural e histórica do uso de espécies botânicas na prevenção e cura de enfermidades. A aldeia estudada depende diretamente dos recursos vegetais para as suas práticas de cura. Os resultados dessa pesquisa podem servir como base para bioprospecção bem como para seleção de espécies da caatinga para estudos futuros visando o seu uso e manejo sustentável.

ABSTRACT The use of plant species to cure diseases and symptoms dates back to the dawn of civilization. In various cultures, botanical products were employed for this purpose. In Brazil, influenced by cultural interactions between native indians, Africans, and the Portuguese, this man-nature relationship allowed the spread of inherited knowledge regarding the use and cultivation of various species of plants. The purpose of this study was to carry out a survey of medicinal plants with antiparasitic action indicated by the Kantaruré indians from the Baixa das Pedras village. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 people belonging to an indigenous population of 150, selected by the snowball technique, recognized by the community as the most knowledgeable on the local situation and plants. The results indicate that 12 species with antiparasitic action are used in traditional local medicine, with emphasis on the caçatinga (Croton argyrophylloides Muell. Arg.), mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), and babosa (Aloe vera (L.) Burm f.) as the most suitable. These plants belong to the native vegetation, and the cultivated species are found mainly in backyards, near homes, and on cultivation sites. The data from this study demonstrate the therapeutic, cultural, and historical importance of the use of botanical species to prevent and cure diseases. The village studied depends directly on plant resources for their healing practices. The results of this study can serve as a basis for bioprospecting as well as for the selection of caatinga species in future studies toward its use and sustainable management.

Fitting the asymptotic model to experimental data of the dehydration process of processed corn grain at 50 °C in a moisture analyzer model HR83 Mettler-Toledo. The prepared corn grain samples with alkaline cooking of 0.8% Ca (OH)2 at 92 ° C with and without steeping time in its cooked water at times 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. The asymptotic equation is properly fitted to the experimental data, which allowed calculate the rate of hydration versus time by using its first derivative. We found that the hydration rate decreases rapidly with increasing drying time.

Se analizó y ajustó el modelo asintótico a los datos experimentales del proceso de deshidratación de granos de maíz nixtamalizado a 50 °C en un analizador de humedad modelo HR83 Mettler-Toledo. Las muestras fueron granos de maíz con cocción alcalina de 0.8% Ca(OH)2 a 92 °C con y sin reposo en su agua de cocción a tiempos de 0, 2, 4, 6, y 8 h. La ecuación asintótica se ajustó adecuadamente con los datos experimentales y permitió calcular la velocidad de hidratación en función del tiempo con su primera derivada. Encontramos que la velocidad de hidratación decrece rápidamente con el incremento del tiempo de deshidratación.

Recentemente, com o advento da teoria das cordas, existe um consenso de que uma simetria fundamental da relatividade, a simetria de Lorentz, deve ser quebrada na escala de energia do modelo padrão da física de partículas. Esta quebra de simetria de Lorentz ocorre pela presença de campos vetoriais e tensoriais de fundo resultantes de processos de transição de fase, que causam uma anisotropia no espaço-tempo. Deve-se observar que a violação ocorre apenas quando realizamos uma transformação de referencial ativa de Lorentz, o que acarretou uma nova nomenclatura para as mudanças de coordenadas no espaço-tempo: as transformações de observador e partícula. O objetivo deste trabalho é torna claro estas transformações, e através de dois exemplos simples, explorar a quebra da simetria de Lorentz pela presença de um campo de fundo.

Since the formulation of the String Theory, we adopt that a fundamental symmetry of relativity should be broken at the energy scale bellow the Standard Model of Particle Physics. The symmetry breaking is implemented by the appearance of vector and tensor background that is reminiscent of a phase transition mechanism in high energy; the space-time became anisotropic by the presence of a background. We point out that the Lorentz symmetry breaking occurs only in a active Lorentz frame transformation, giving rise a new nomenclature for coordinate transformation in space-time: the observer and particle transformation. The main goal of this work is to clarify these transformations by a two examples in turn to explore the Lorentz symmetry breaking by a background vector field.

Pemphigus is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the skin. Nitric oxide (NO) is an inflammatory mediator linked to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological phenomena that include skin tumors, psoriasis, urticaria, and atopic dermatitis. Inflammatory cells present in pemphigus lesions are important sources of NO production. We investigated whether NO is involved in pemphigus. A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Dermatology Service of the Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio of the Federal University of Ceará. All patients seen at the outpatient clinic between August 2000 and July 2001, with a clinically and histologically confirmed diagnosis of pemphigus were included. The median age was 42.5 years (range: 12-69 years) with a male to female ratio of 3:2. Total serum nitrite levels, used as a marker for NO production, were determined by the Griess reaction. Skin biopsies from pemphigus and breast surgery (control) patients were used for the detection of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) by immunohistochemistry. Twenty-two (22) patients with pemphigus and eight (8) controls who did not differ in demographic characteristics were included. Total serum nitrite levels were significantly higher (>7 µmol/L) in pemphigus patients compared to controls (<6 µmol/L), regardless of the severity of the clinical activity of pemphigus (P < 0.0001). All pemphigus biopsies presented increased immunostaining for iNOS that was not detected in normal skin samples. These data are the first to demonstrate that pemphigus patients display increased serum NO levels that are associated with increased iNOS expression in the affected skin.

This article presents a model for optimizing the loading of vehicles considering palletized loads of different sized elements. Three different mathematical programming models were applied in solving the problem in order to experimentally identify the most efficient one in real case situations. The models differ in the kinds of variables and the kinds of restrictions used, the latter providing the linear or non-linear behavior of the system. The modeling was applied to a textile sector company in order to determine the minimum number of vehicles necessary to carry out the transport. It is concluded that the model permits obtaining an important percentage of resolution in a short time based on the size and typology of orders of the company

Este artículo presenta un modelo para optimizar el llenado de los vehículos considerando cargas palletizadas con elementos de distintas dimensiones. Para resolver el problema se han realizado tres modelos de programación matemática, con el fin de identificar los más eficientes en cada experimento. Los modelos se diferencian en el tipo de variables utilizadas y en las restricciones empleadas. Estas últimas dan el comportamiento lineal o no lineal del sistema. Se ha aplicado el modelado a una empresa del sector textil con el fin de determinar el número mínimo de vehículos necesario para realizar el transporte. Se concluye que el modelo permite obtener un porcentaje de resolución importante en poco tiempo para el tamaño y tipología de pedidos de la empresa

This article presents a model of distribution transport using linear programming. The overall distribution process is considered to be divided into successive levels between the company and its clients. Origin-destination units are distinguished at each level between an origin and various destinations, with direct transport and with windows in the delivery dates of the orders to be transported. The distribution programming is carried out in each unit through integer linear programming considering in the formulation both limited and unlimited fleets of vehicles. The overall programming is obtained as a superposition of the programming of all the origin-destination units. Validation of the model was carried out using data obtained from a textile company having the required characteristics. It is concluded that the model presented is useful in modeling the companies described, and has permitted the design and implementation of an exact procedure for programming product distribution by the company

En este artículo se presenta un modelo de transporte de distribución usando programación lineal. El proceso global de distribución se considera dividido en sucesivos niveles entre la empresa y sus clientes. En cada nivel se distinguen unidades de origen-destino, entre un origen y varios destinos, con transporte directo y con ventanas en las fechas de entrega de los pedidos a transportar. La programación de la distribución se realiza en cada unidad, mediante programación lineal entera, considerando en la formulación flota limitada de vehículos y flota ilimitada. La programación global se obtiene como superposición de las programaciones de todas las unidades origen-destino. Para validar el modelo se han utilizado los datos proporcionados por una empresa del sector textil que cumple las características requeridas. Se concluye que el modelo presentado, resulta ser adecuado para modelar las empresas caracterizadas y ha permitido diseñar e implementar un procedimiento exacto para la programación de la distribución del producto de la empresa

The solid compound YNbO4:Eu3+ was synthesized by an usual solid state reaction and a non-conventional method of thermal decomposition of precursors. X-ray diffraction data of the monoclinic YNbO4 were used to identify the crystalline M-fergusonite phase. The symmetry of the luminescent Eu3+ site is very close to the D2 point symmetry. Spectroscopic quantities, namely, the 5D0-7F0/5D0-7F2 intensity ratio, the 5D0-7F1 transition splitting (DE0-1) and the intensity parameters Wl (l = 2, 4) were obtained from the emission spectrum at 77 K. In this sequence their values are 4.0 10-3, 103 cm-1, 18.0 10-20 cm2 and 3.2 10-20 cm2. Theoretical predictions are discussed in terms of the simple overlap model (SOM). The yttrium niobate structural data were taken as basis to obtain the spherical coordinates of the ligand oxygen atoms. The Eu-O distances being corrected in the frame of rare earth niobate series vs. atomic number. Their predicted values are 3.9 10-3, 85 cm-1, 14.9 10-20 cm2 and 3.0 10-20 cm2, assuming 0.9 as the effective charge of the ligand ions and their polarizabilities relative to the metal-ligand (M-L) distance as follows [R(Å)/ a(Å3)]: 2.443/0.6, 2.427/1.2, 2.370/2.3, 2.349/3.5.

The activity of important glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, phosphohexoseisomerase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) and glutaminolytic enzymes (phosphate-dependent glutaminase) was determined in the thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes of Wistar rats submitted to protein malnutrition (6% protein in the diet rather than 20%) from conception to 12 weeks after birth. The wet weight (g) of the thymus and mesenteric lymph nodes decreased due to protein malnutrition by 87% (from 0.30 ± 0.05 to 0.04 ± 0.01) and 75% (0.40 ± 0.04 to 0.10 ± 0.02), respectively. The protein content was reduced only in the thymus from 102.3 ± 4.4 (control rats) to 72.6 ± 6.6 (malnourished rats). The glycolytic enzymes were not affected by protein malnutrition, but the glutaminase activity of the thymus and lymph nodes was reduced by half in protein-malnourished rats as compared to controls. This fact may lead to a decrease in the cellularity of the organ and thus in its size, weight and protein content.

O presente estudo avalia a resposta de cepas de Plasmodium falciparum às drogas antimaláricas, através de testes in vitro, isoladas em 7 municípios do sul do Estado do Pará. Foram efetuados 69 testes para cloroquina e mefloquina, 62 para amodiaquina e 61 para quinino. Os resultados mostram elevada resistência para cloroquina (71%), relativamente baixa resistência para amodiaquina com (25,8%) e para o quinino apenas 8,2%. Mefloquina revela ampla sensibilidade (100%), mas, demonstrando perda da mesma quando comparada em dois períodos distintos. Evidenciou-se também cepas multirresistentes em dois dos municípios estudados.

The responses of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs were evaluated through the in vitro test using blood sample collected from patients of 7 municipalities of the south of Pará State. Sixty nine microtests for chloroquine and mefloquine, 62 for amodiaquine and 61 for quinine were pet formed. The results showed a high resistance for chloroquine (71%), a relatively low resistance level for amodiaquine (25.8%) and little resistance to quinine (8.2%). For mefloquine 100% of sensitivity was found.

Em inquérito realizado na zona urbana de Cáceres (Mato Grosso, Brasil) foram estudados 485 homens e 766 mulheres maiores de 10 anos de idade. Neles a prevalência de Hipertensão arterial foi de 12,2%. Os critérios utilizados foram os propostos pela OMS. As mulheres apresentaram prevalência maior que a dos homens, e em ambos os sexos a prevalência aumenta com a idade. Dentre os hipertensos poucos tinham consciência de seu estado e raros estavam em tratamento.

A urban population, localized in Cáceres (Mato Grosso - Brazil) was surveyed with the aim of screening the prevalence of arterial hypertension using the WHO criteria of classification. Blood pressure determinations were obtained in a population of 485 males and 766 females with age varying from 10 to 75 years. The prevalence of arterial hypertension was 12.2% for the study group and was of 34.5% in females and only 26.4% in males above 40 years of age. It was also noted that for both sexes the prevalalence increased with age. The number of patients aware of their condition was very low (8.5% of females and 12.7 of males) and rare were those with blood pressure was under control by treatment.