Resumen Los modelos neurocognitivos actuales definen a la atención como un sistema de control cognitivo responsable de la activación y organización jerárquica de los procesos encargados de elaborar la información. La atención juega un rol clave en el desempeño cognitivo infantil y en el aprendizaje escolar. Por ello, resulta importante disponer de instrumentos de evaluación, válidos y confiables, que permitan valorar con mayor precisión el desempeño atencional en niños y niñas. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Test de Anillos (TA), un nuevo instrumento diseñado para evaluar atención visual en niños. El TA se ha construido utilizando el optotipo C de Landolt y sigue la estructura triestímulo propuesta por la prueba de percepción de similitudes y diferencias (CARAS). Es una prueba de papel y lápiz que se compone de 60 bloques de estímulos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 86 escolares entre 8 y 10 años de edad. Para el estudio de las propiedades psicométricas se analizó la validez convergente entre el TA y el Test CARAS y se examinó la estabilidad temporal para analizar la confiabilidad del TA. Los resultados indicaron que el TA es un instrumento válido y confiable para la medición de la atención visual en niños y niñas. Presentó adecuados valores en validez convergente y una satisfactoria estabilidad temporal entre la primera y la segunda evaluación. Se concluye que el TA constituye un aporte a los instrumentos neuropsicológicos existentes para la evaluación de la atención visual en población infantil.

Abstract Current neurocognitive models define attention as a cognitive control system responsible for activation and hierarchical organization of the processes to elaborate information. It plays a key role in child cognitive performance and in school learning. It has been documented that children with greater attention capabilities show better performance in tasks that require cognitive control and better school performance. Therefore, it is important to have valid and reliable assessment instruments, which allow evaluating attentional performance in children with greater precision, and that are adapted to the sociocultural context of the target population. In line with these postulates, this paper presents a new instrument designed to evaluate visual attention in children called the Ring Test. The Ring Test is a visual discrimination test that has been constructed using Landolt's C optotype and following the tristimulus structure proposed by the Perception of Similarities and Differences (FACES) Test. Ring Test is a pencil and paper test that is made up of 60 blocks of stimuli each with triads of optotypes, where two optotypes are the same and one different. Subject's task is to find the different optotype in each stimulus triad and cross it out. This instrument brings into play focused and sustained attention and makes it possible to assess attentional effectiveness (AE), attentional efficiency (AF) and attentional performance (AP). Also, the Ring Test measures impulsivity (ICI) and net correct answers (NCA). The purpose of the study is to analyze psychometric properties for the Ring Test. Study’s specific objectives were: (1) analyze the convergent validity between the Ring Test and the FACES Test, and (2) analyze the reliability of the Ring Test through the temporal stability. This study is framed in an instrumental design. The sample was composed of 86 schoolchildren, between 8 to 10 years. The results indicated that the Ring Test presented accurate values of convergent validity with the FACES test. The indicators of the Ring Test (AE, AF, AP, ICI and NCA) weighted for the complete execution of the test, showed the highest convergent validity indexes with the FACES Test (rho: from .55 to .62). AR and NCA for the complete execution of the test were the indicators that presented the highest validity (rho > .58), within the analyzed indicators. Also, the Ring Test presented a satisfactory temporal stability between the first and second measurement. It was observed that the most stable indicators are those that are calculated for the complete performance of the test (rho: from .56 to .76), and not for the partial times. AR and NCA calculated for the complete execution of the test were the indicators that denoted the greatest temporal stability (rho > .65). Another interesting aspect to highlight is that the Ring Test proved to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure attentional efficacy and impulsivity. AE evaluates the accuracy with which a child discriminates targeted stimuli within a set of similar stimuli and, consequently, can be considered a good indicator of attentional control. The ICI assesses the reflexivity or impulsiveness with which a subject performs a visual discrimination task. In sum, the results indicated that the Ring Test is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring visual attention in children. It is recommended to apply the complete test, not in time fractions, because the indicators calculated for the complete execution of the test showed greater convergent validity with the FACES test and greater temporal stability than the part-time indicators. It is concluded that the Ring Test is a contribution to the neuropsychological instruments available for the proper evaluation of visual attention in children.

Resumen La iluminación es una de las características físicas más críticas en un espacio de aprendizaje. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar mediante dos instancias experimentales el desempeño atencional en una tarea de detección de detalles monocromáticos en aulas bajo diferentes condiciones de iluminación, contemplando las variables de temperatura de color correlacionada (TCC: 6500 ºK - 4000 ºK) e iluminancia horizontal (Eh: 300 lx - 500 lx). El diseño experimental empleado fue un experimento intra-sujetos y la muestra estuvo compuesta por 34 alumnos entre 8 y 9 años. Se administró el Test CARAS-R para evaluar eficacia (EA), eficiencia (FA) y rendimiento atencional (RA). Los resultados evidencian diferencias en la FA (Z= -2.470; p= .013) y RA (Z= -2.385; p= 0.16) de los niños, según las condiciones de TCC. No se registraron diferencias en atención en función de Eh. Promover diseños de acondicionamientos lumínicos eficientes en las aulas es un modo de favorecer el desempeño cognitivo de sus ocupantes.

Abstract Lighting is one of the most critical physical characteristics in a learning space. This paper aims to evaluate by two experimental instances attentional performance in a detection task related to monochrome details in classrooms under different lighting conditions, considering correlated color temperature variables (CCT: 6500 ° K - 4000 ° K) and horizontal illuminance (Ehor: 300 lx - 500 lx). The experimental design was a within-subject design experiment and the sample consisted of 34 students between 8 and 9 years old. CARAS-R Test was administered to assess efficacy (EA), efficiency (FA) and attentional performance. In attentional efficiency (Z = 2470, p = .013) and attentional performance (Z = 2385, p = 0.16) of children, significant differences in the conditions of CCT were observed. No differences in Ehor occurred. It was found that providing efficient lighting designs in the classroom may promote its occupants cognitive performance.

In this work we introduce a new category of barriers that we call "functional vision barriers." This expression refers to lighting and visual elements that may complicate or hinder functional vision and may make life even more difficult for people with visual defects. These barriers appear as a consequence of certain negative effects caused by the poor design of the visual stimulus or visual environment that surrounds it in which lighting is one of the main factors. We use the term "functional vision" because this expression refers to the ability of the visual system to perform everyday tasks. We analyzed some of our previous results with regard to situations that can be considered "functional vision barriers": (1) stimuli with low luminance contrast information in which the addition of chromatic contrast improves visual performance and (2) tasks that are performed in the presence of a glare source in the visual field, diminishing visual performance and reducing brightness perception.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desempenho de dois testes psicofísicos de sensibilidade ao contraste, um baseado num sistema informatizado - FVC 100 - e um outro em lâminas impressas -VCTS 6500, ambos empregando a discriminação de grades sinusoidais em condições fotópicas de adaptação. Foram avaliados 45 olhos de 23 pessoas com idades entre 28 e 70 anos. Os sujeitos foram recrutados num Serviço de Oftalmologia onde compareceram tanto para consulta como para controle. Tomando o critério clínico como referência, os resultados mostram que, dos 23 sujeitos, em 16 casos ambos sistemas detectaram corretamente seu estado visual, em cinco casos (10 olhos) só o FVC 100 conseguiu fazê-lo, contudo em um dos casos este sistema não detectou o problema visual e sim o VCTS. Considerando os dados obtidos, aprecia-se um melhor desempenho do teste informatizado, evidenciando-se a necessidade de continuar trabalhando para conseguir um atlas com informação da função de sensibilidade ao contraste que considere as diferentes patologias visuais.

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of two psychophysical contrast sensitivity tests, one based on a computerized system - FVC 100 - and the other based on printed charts - VCTS 6500, both using the discrimination of sinusoidal grating orientation under photopic adaptation. Altogether, 45 eyes of 23 people with ages ranging from 28 to 70 years were tested in this study. Subjects were recruited in an Ophthalmological Service to which they went looking for medical supervision or consult. Taking the clinical criterion as a reference, the results show that of the 23 subjects, both systems correctly identify 16 cases, in five cases (10 eyes) only the FVC 100 performed well, whereas in two cases this system did not detect the visual problem and the VCTS 6500 did. Considering the obtained data, a better performance of the computerized system can be observed, pointing out the need to keep working in order to obtain a contrast sensitivity atlas which takes into account the different visual pathologies.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el desempeño de dos test psicofísicos de sensibilidad al contraste, uno basado en un sistema informatizado - FVC 100 - y otro en láminas impresas - VCTS 6500, ambos empleando la discriminación de redes sinusoidales en condiciones de adaptación fotópica. Fueron medidos 45 ojos de 23 personas con edades entre 28 y 70 años. Los sujetos fueron reclutados en un Servicio de Oftalmología al cual concurrieron tanto por consulta como por control. A partir de tomar el criterio clínico como referencia, los resultados muestran que, de los 23 sujetos, en 16 casos ambos sistemas detectaron correctamente su estado visual, en cinco casos (10 ojos) sólo el FVC 100 consiguió hacerlo, mientras que en dos casos este sistema no detectó el problema visual y sí lo hizo el VCTS 6500. Considerando los datos obtenidos se aprecia un mejor desempeño del test informatizado, destacándose la necesidad de continuar trabajando para conseguir un atlas con información de la función de sensibilidad al contraste que considere las diferentes patologías visuales.

L'objectif de cette étude était de comparer les performances de deux tests psychophysiques de la sensibilité au contraste, l'un basé sur l'ordinateur - FVC 100 - et un autre imprimé feuilles - VCTS 6500. Avec les deux systèmes est évaluée discrimination des réseaux sinusoïdaux dans des conditions d'adaptation photopique. Ont été mesurées 45 yeux de 23 personnes âgées entre 28 et 70. Les sujets ont été recrutés dans un service d'ophtalmologie. Ce service a été suivi par la consultation et de contrôle. Après avoir fait référence au critère clinique, les résultats montrent que, parmi les 23 sujets, dans 16 cas, les deux systèmes correctement identifié état visuel. Dans cinq cas (10 yeux) FVC100 seulement réussi à le faire, tandis que dans deux cas, ce système n'a pas détecté les problèmes visuels. Toutefois, s'il est détecté VCTS6500 le problème dans ces deux derniers cas. Considérant les résultats obtenus avec les deux systèmes, vous pouvez voir une meilleure performance du test informatisé par rapport à celui basé sur des feuilles imprimées. Il souligne la nécessité de continuer à travailler vers un atlas des informations sur la fonction de sensibilité au contraste qui tient compte des différentes pathologies visuelles.

O propósito foi investigar experimentalmente o desempenho dos observadores numa original tarefa de julgamento de colinearidade em campo aberto (dimensões 20 x 30 m). Participaram do experimento 30 observadores. Os estímulos foram estacas verticais de alturas variáveis, quatro fixos e quatro móveis. A tarefa consistiu em ajustar os dois estímulos móveis (mediante controle à distância) para que ficassem colineares aos dos estímulos fixos nos extremos de cada diagonal. Foi realizada uma análise de variância (ANOVA) fatorial sobre os erros de colinearidade, revelando somente efeito significativo para o fator ‘Estímulo Móvel’ (F(3,473)=69,86 p<0,001) notando-se uma sistemática na distribuição dos erros. As pequenas variações na distância exocêntrica percebida (com erros constantes dez vezes menores que os encontrados ao avaliar as distâncias egocêntricas) e a relação dos erros cometidos com as distâncias egocêntricas indicariam que o marco de referência eliciado por esta tarefa de colinearidade, embora possa estar baseado nos indícios exocêntricos, é escalado por um fator egocêntrico.

The purpose was to investigate experimentally the observers´ performance in an original task based on judgments of collinearity in the open field (dimensions 20 x 30 m). Thirty subjects participated in the experiment. The stimuli were vertical stakes of different heights, four fixed and four movable. The task was to adjust the two moving stimuli (via a remote control) in order to put them collinear with the other two stimuli fixed on the ends of each diagonal. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carry on, revealing only an significant effect for the factor ‘Mobile Stimulus’ (F(3,473)=69,86 p<0,001) and a systematicity on the distribution of errors. The small variations in the perceived exocentric distance (with constant errors ten times lower than those found when assessing the egocentric distance) and the relationship with the errors made when estimating the egocentric distances may indicate that the frames of reference elicited by this task of colinearity, although it may be based on exocentric cues, is scaled by an egocentric factor.

El propósito fue investigar experimentalmente el desempeño de los observadores en una original tarea de juicio de colinearidad en campo abierto (dimensiones 20 x 30 m). Participaron del experimento 30 observadores. Los estímulos fueron estacas verticales de alturas variables, cuatro fijos y cuatro móviles. La tarea consistió en ajustar los dos estímulos móviles (mediante un control a distancia) para que quedaran colineares a los estímulos fijos en los extremos de cada diagonal. Se realizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) factorial de los errores de colinearidad, revelando solamente un efecto significativo para el factor ‘Estímulo móvil’ (F(3,473)=69,86 p<0,001) y una sistematicidad en la distribución de los errores. Las pequeñas variaciones en la distancia exocéntrica percibida (con errores constantes diez veces menores que los encontrados al evaluar las distancias egocéntricas) y la relación de los errores cometidos con las distancias egocéntricas indicarían que el marco de referencia suscitado por esta tarea de colinearidad, aunque pueda estar basado en los indicios exocéntricos, es escalado por un factor egocéntrico.

Le but était d'étudier expérimentalement les performances d'observateurs pour évaluer la colinéarité en plein champ (dimensions 20 x 30 m). 30 observateurs ont participé à l'expérience. Les stimuli ont été pieux verticaux de différentes hauteurs, quatre fixes et quatre mobiles. La tâche consistait à ajuster les deux stimuli en mouvement (par l'intermédiaire d'une télécommande) afin de mettre les deux stimuli colinéaires fixées sur les extrémités de chaque diagonale. Une analyse de variance (ANOVA) des erreurs de colinéarité révélé un effet significatif seulement pour les stimulation de mobile le facteur (F(3,473) = 69,86 p <0,001) et une cohérence dans la distribution des erreurs. Les erreurs dans la perception de la distance exocentrique sont beaucoup plus petits que ceux de la distance égocentrique. Cette relation semble indiquer que le cadre générés par cette tâche de colinéarité, même si elle peut être fondée sur la preuve exocentrique, est multipliée par un facteur égocentrique.

Nesta revisão, analisamos diferentes aspectos relacionados à métrica da percepção visual. Atenção especial foi dada à mensuração de distância egocêntrica (distância de um observador a um objeto) e à mensuração de distância exocêntrica (distância entre dois objetos, ou partes de um objeto). Além disso, foram, brevemente, consideradas as teorias, a natureza dos indícios de distância, os tipos de indicadores de distância percebida, e os ambientes nos quais as distâncias são mensuradas. Concluímos que, a relação entre distância percebida e distância real não reflete uma simples transformação de sua contraparte física; em vez disso, esta relação depende substancialmente do ambiente no qual as distâncias são estimadas bem como da combinação de indícios de distância presente neste ambiente.

The major aim of this overview was the visual perception of egocentric (distance from an observer to a target) and exocentric distance (distance between two targets). We considered different issues concerning the relationship between perceived distance and physical distance, giving special attention to the theories, to the cues regarding distance, how perceived distances are measured, and the types of visual environments where the measuring of distances occurred. We concluded that the perceived distance does not reflect a simple transformation of its physical counterpart; rather, the mapping between perceived distance and physical distance depends substantially on the type of visual environments where distances are measured, and, on the cue combination available in these environments.