Abstract A metaheuristic approach for variable axial composites considering multiobjective optimization is investigated. The proposed methodology is based on the combination of three main parts: a methodology for defining the orientation of the fibers in the laminate, a structural analysis program (based on the Finite Element Method) and an optimization algorithm. It is important to highlight that a radial basis function (RBF), which describes a smooth fiber pattern, is generated using control points. The novelties of the present methodology consist of a proposal for a generalized parameterization technique, which allows the investigation of mechanical strength and stress concentration of variable axial composites. Thus, NSGA-II multiobjective genetic algorithm is used as optimization tool to define the fiber orientations. Besides, ax metaheuristic approach is used in situations when it is desirable to simultaneously minimize the stress concentration factor ( K t) and a failure criterion index ( F I or Φ). Two case studies are investigated: a double notched plate and a tube with a transverse hole.

Abstract Technology in education is seen as transformative, as evidenced in advertising and academic discourses. Recently, educational policies seem to share this conception. Thus, in this article we aim to identify the representations of the State, Technology, the English Language, Students and Teachers in a news item published by the State of Paraná about the recently launched “Inglês Paraná” platform. We are theoretically anchored in Critical Discourse Analysis and in critical perspectives on educational technology. We employ categories from Systemic-Functional Linguistics and Representation of Social Actors for the analysis. The results show that this educational policy is represented as beneficial and transforming for students and teachers, showing traces of the discourse of de-schooling, and deskilling of teachers.

Resumo A tecnologia na educação é tida como transformadora, como evidenciada em discursos publicitários e acadêmicos. Recentemente, políticas educacionais parecem compartilhar dessa noção. Assim, neste artigo temos como objetivo identificar as representações do Estado, da Tecnologia, da Língua Inglesa, de Estudantes e de Professores em uma notícia divulgada pelo Estado do Paraná sobre a recém-lançada plataforma “Inglês Paraná”. Nos ancoramos teoricamente na Análise Crítica de Discurso e em perspectivas críticas sobre tecnologia educacional. Empregamos categorias da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional e da Representação de Atores Sociais para a análise. Os resultados mostram que essa política educacional é representada como benéfica e transformadora para alunos e professores, apresentando traços do discurso de de-escolarização e desqualificação de professores.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar o déficit do autocuidado entre homens idosos no curso da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil e discutir as implicações para a prática em enfermagem. Métodos: web survey, multicêntrica, qualitativa. Participaram 120 homens idosos, sob aplicação de formulário de abril a junho de 2020 e abril a agosto de 2021. Empregou-se a Análise Temática Reflexiva, interpretada pela Teoria do Déficit do Autocuidado de Orem. Resultados: temporalmente, o autocuidado de homens idosos se manifestou nos requisitos de autocuidado - vínculos afetivos, autocuidado para o desenvolvimento - meditação e autocuidado com desvios de saúde - consultas remotas. Déficits no autocuidado emergiram dos danos biopsicossociais. Os sistemas totalmente, parcialmente compensatórios, educativo/de apoio mobilizaram o autocuidado. Considerações Finais: como gestores do cuidado, enfermeiros podem fortalecer a rede de apoio aos homens idosos acionando profissionais da equipe multiprofissional, familiares, cuidadores e comunidade para promover autocuidado e corrigir desvios de saúde em momentos de crise.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze self-care deficit among older men in the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and to discuss the implications for nursing practice. Methods: web survey, multicentric, qualitative. A total of 120 older men participated, applying a form from April to June 2020 and April to August 2021. Reflective Thematic Analysis, interpreted by Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory, was used. Results: temporally, the self-care of older men was manifested in the self-care requirements - affective bonds, self-care for development - meditation and self-care with health deviations - remote consultations. Fully, partially compensatory, educational/support systems mobilized self-care. Final Considerations: as care managers, nurses can strengthen the support network for older men by activating professionals from the multidisciplinary team, family members, caregivers and the community to promote self-care and correct health deviations in times of crisis.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar el déficit de autocuidado entre ancianos en el transcurso de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil y discutir las implicaciones para la práctica de enfermería. Métodos: web survey, multicéntrica, cualitativa. Participaron un total de 120 ancianos, aplicando un formulario de abril a junio de 2020 y de abril a agosto de 2021. Se utilizó el Análisis Temático Reflexivo, interpretado por la Teoría del Déficit de Autocuidado de Orem. Resultados: temporalmente, el autocuidado de los ancianos se manifestó en los requerimientos de autocuidado - vínculos afectivos, autocuidado para el desarrollo - meditación y autocuidado con desviaciones de salud - consultas a distancia Los sistemas educativos/de apoyo total o parcialmente compensatorios movilizaron el autocuidado. Consideraciones Finales: como gestores del cuidado, los enfermeros pueden fortalecer la red de apoyo al anciano activando profesionales del equipo multidisciplinario, familiares, cuidadores y comunidad para promover el autocuidado y corregir las desviaciones de salud en tiempos de crisis.

SUMMARY The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a procedure that has been used for a long time in reference centers worldwide. Its fundamental precept is to serve as a bridge to a definitive treatment in patients with severe, but potentially reversible, clinical conditions. Despite this, its use in cardiopulmonary arrest (ECPR) is still a matter of debate, especially when indicated in the emergency department. There is not yet a sufficient level of evidence to support its routine use. In Brasil, the procedure stopped being considered an experimental technique by the Federal Council of Medicine only in 2017. The objective of the present case is to share the pioneering spirit of a Brazilian reference center with ECPR in the emergency room and to discuss the future challenges of the ECMO technique.

Abstract This work presents an efficient approach to quantify uncertainties in composite laminates using the interval analysis, anti-optimization technique, and the α-cut procedure. The solutions are compared with the traditional and robust Monte Carlo method in 3 cases scenarios: natural frequencies, buckling, and strength safe factor. For natural frequencies and buckling loads, the presented Interval based methodology showed 2.5% to 4.5% larger error values when compared to the Monte Carlo method using the same number of function calls. This implies a larger uncertain area, and hence, a better solution. For the strength test using Tsai-Wu failure theory, the error values are even greater: 22% to 46%. A violation of the failure limit was detected by the proposed Interval based approach, but not detected by Monte Carlo method. The solutions show that the presented methodology yields a safer and more precise analysis when compared to the traditional Monte Carlo approach.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu, em diferentes períodos de lactação, ao receber diferentes níveis de fornecimento da dieta em percentagem de peso corporal. Foram utilizadas 60 vacas, com cinco níveis de oferta da dieta e três períodos de lactação. Os níveis de oferta não influenciaram a produção de leite corrigida a 3,5% de gordura (12,25 kg por dia). Também não houve efeito dos níveis de oferta, nos diferentes períodos de lactação, sobre os teores de gordura (3,34%), proteína (3,41%), lactose (4,60%), sólidos totais (12,0%), extrato seco desengordurado (8,80%) e nitrogênio urético (14,5 mg dL-1), nem sobre a contagem de células somáticas (89,98 mL-1). À medida que os níveis de oferta foram reduzidos, o somatório dos ácidos graxos saturados do leite diminuiu em até 9,15% e o dos monoinsaturados aumentou em até 25,28%. A restrição alimentar de vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu não altera a composição química do leite, mas melhora a qualidade da sua gordura, ao reduzir os teores de ácidos graxos saturados, aumentar os dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e dos ácidos graxos desejáveis em até 54%, e elevar a relação dos ácidos graxos hipo e hipercolesterolêmicos em até 168,97%.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk from F1 Holstein/Zebu cows in different lactation periods, when receiving different levels of dietary supply in percentage of body weight. Sixty cows were evaluated, with five levels of dietary supply and three lactation periods. The levels of dietary supply had no effect on the production of milk corrected to 3.5% fat (12.25 kg per day). There was also no effect of dietary supply levels, in the different lactation periods, on contents of fat (3.34%), protein (3.41%), lactose (4.60%), total solids (12.0%), defatted dry extract (8.80%), and urinary nitrogen (14.5 mg dL-1), nor on somatic cell count (89.98 mL-1). As the dietary supply level was reduced, the sum of saturated fatty acids in milk was decreased in up to 9.15% and that of monounsaturated fatty acids was increased in up to 25.28%. Feed restriction does not alter the chemical composition of milk, but improves its quality of fat by reducing saturated fatty acid content, increasing the concentration of monounsaturated and desirable fatty acids in up to 54%, and increasing the hypo- and hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio in up to 168.97%.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of quantitative feed restriction level on nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, efficiency and feeding behavior, and productive performance of F1 Holstein × Zebu cows in late lactation. Sixty F1 Holstein × Zebu cows were used at the stage of late lactation (183.0±17.5 days of lactation) and with initial body weight (BW) of 499±30 kg. The experimental arrangement adopted was the completely randomized design, with five feed restriction levels (3.39, 2.75, 2.50, 2.25, and 2.00% of BW) and twelve cows as replicates for each treatment. The roughage:concentrate ratio was of 75:25 in the total dry matter of the diet. The restriction of dietary supply from 3.39 to 2.0% of BW linearly reduced dry matter intake by 51.74%. The restriction in diet supply linearly increased dry matter digestibility in 13.76%. For each 1% BW restriction in the diet supply for the animals, there was a linear reduction of 3 h in feeding time. Restriction in diet supply of crossbred cows from 3.39 to 2.0% of BW reduced milk production by 24.84%. For each 1% restriction on supply, 2.17 L of milk were not produced. Milk production corrected to 3.5% fat was not altered with the feed restriction. Final BW decreased 41 kg for each percentage unit of diet restriction. Feed efficiency increased 28.72% with feed restriction. For F1 Holstein × Zebu cows in the late lactation, the restriction of dietary supply up to 2.0% of body weight decreases nutrient intake, nitrogen balance, rumination time, and milk production; however, it improves nutrient digestibility and feed efficiency of the animals.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To identify the factors that influence the quality of life of older adults with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and to discuss ways of coping with these factors that affect the quality of life. Method: an integrative review of the literature was carried out in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences, US National Library of Medicine and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature databases, on November 21 and 22, 2017. Results: 24,122 articles were found, of which 13 were selected for analysis, with two categories emerging: Factors that influence the quality of life of older adults with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Ways of coping with factors that affect the quality of life of these older adults. Conclusion: the factors that stood out were age, comorbidities and depression, and the coping occurred through the use of Antiretroviral Therapy, taking care regarding opportunistic diseases and improving the professional care.

RESUMEN: Objetivos: identificar los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida de ancianos con el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana y discutir formas de afrontar los factores que interfieren en la calidad de vida. Método: revisión integrativa de literatura cuya búsqueda, que se realizó en Literatura Latinoamericana y de Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, US National Library of Medicine y Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, ocurrió en los días 21 y 22 de noviembre de 2017. Resultados: se encontraron 24.122 artículos, de los cuales 13 se seleccionaron para análisis, resultando en dos categorías: Factores que influyen en la calidad de vida de ancianos con el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana; Formas de afrontar los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida de esos ancianos. Conclusión: se destacaron los factores: edad, comorbilidades y depresión; y acerca del afrontamiento ocurrió por medio del uso de la Terapia Antirretroviral, abordaje de las enfermedades oportunistas y perfeccionamiento de la asistencia profesional.

RESUMO: Objetivos: identificar os fatores que influenciam a qualidade de vida de idosos com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e discutir as formas de enfrentamento dos fatores que afetam a qualidade de vida. Método: revisão integrativa de literatura cuja busca, realizada na Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, US National Library of Medicine e Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, ocorreu nos dias 21 e 22 de novembro de 2017. Resultados: foram encontrados 24.122 artigos, dos quais 13 foram selecionados para análise, emergindo duas categorias: Fatores que influenciam a qualidade de vida de idosos com o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana; Formas de enfrentamento dos fatores que afetam a qualidade de vida desses idosos. Conclusão: os fatores que se destacaram foram a idade, as comorbidades e a depressão, e o enfrentamento se deu através do uso da Terapia Antirretroviral, abordagem das doenças oportunistas e aperfeiçoamento da assistência profissional.

Resumo: Avaliou-se o comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu com 80 ± 12 dias de lactação e produção média de 20 ± 0,42 kg de leite/dia, alimentadas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados: farelos de soja, de girassol, de mamona desintoxicados e ureia. Utilizaram-se dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, compostos de quatro animais e quatro dietas, com quatro períodos experimentais. O comportamento ingestivo foi obtido por avaliação visual para definir o tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação, ócio e para avaliar mastigações merícicas e tempo de mastigação por bolo ruminal. Não houve diferença no tempo em alimentação (P = 0,1384), ruminação (P = 0,5964), ócio (P = 0,6314), número de períodos de alimentação (P = 0,5995), de ruminação (P = 0,4575) e de ócio (P = 0,4151), duração dos períodos de alimentação (P = 0,2711), ruminação (P = 0,8699) e ócio (P = 0,4025), em função da dieta utilizada. Não houve diferença na produção de leite (P = 0.2755) das vacas entre as dietas experimentais. A adição do farelo de girassol à dieta, em relação à utilização de ureia, resulta em menor consumo de FDN em minutos/kg (P = 0,0399) e consequentemente menor eficiência de alimentação da matéria seca (P = 0,0069), comparado ao tratamento com ureia. Assim, algumas características do comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu em lactação podem ser alteradas pelo uso de diferentes fontes nitrogenadas; entretanto, sem prejudicar a produção média de 20 kg de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura/dia.

Abstract: We evaluated the feeding behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows at 80 ± 12 days of lactation and average production of 20 ± 0.42 kg of milk / day, fed different sources of nitrogen compounds: soybean meal, sunflower meal, detoxified castor meal, and urea. We used two 4 x 4 Latin squares, consisting of four animals, four diets, and four experimental periods. The feeding behavior was obtained by visual evaluation to set the time spent eating, ruminating, idling and to assess ruminating chews and chewing time for ruminal boluses. There was no difference regarding the times spent in feeding (P = 0.1384), rumination (0.5964), idleness (P = 0.6314), number of periods in feeding (P = 0.5995), rumination (P = 0.4575), and idleness (P = 0.4251), duration of periods in feeding (P = 0.2711), rumination (P = 0.8699) and idling (P = 0.4025), depending on the used diet. There was no difference in milk production (P = 0.2755) of the cows among the experimental diets. The addition of sunflower meal to the diet, regarding the use of urea, results in lower consumption of NDF in minutes / kg (P = 0.0399) and, thus, a lesser feed efficiency of dry matter (P = 0.0069). Therefore, some feeding behavior characteristics of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows can be changed by using different nitrogen sources; however, without harming the average production of 20 kg of milk corrected to 3.5% fat / day.

Raoilella indica Hirst was detected on leaves of coconut trees, Cocos nucifera L, and Christmas palm, Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H.E. Moore, in Caimanera and Boquerón, province of Guantánamo, for the first time in the country in March 2008. As a result of the prospecting, the presence of the pest in five municipalities of the province of Guantánamo (El Salvador, Caimanera, Imías, Guantánamo, San Antonio del Sur and Baracoa) and two municipalities of the province of Santiago de Cuba (Guamá and Santiago de Cuba) was confirmed. C. nucifera, V. merrillii (Guantánamo); Heliconia sp., Areca intescens Bory, V. merrillii. C. nucifera, Phoenix sp., Levistonia sp., Amommum capitratum Roxb., Musa sp. and Alpinia speciosa (W) K. Schum (Santiago de Cuba) were recorded as host plants of the mite.

A partir de muestras de hojas de cocotero, Cocos nucifera L. y palma de jardín, Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H.E. Moore, de las localidades de Caimanera y Boquerón, provincia Guantánamo, se detectó por primera vez en marzo de 2008 la presencia de Raioella indica Hirst. Como resultado de la prospección realizada, se confirmó la presencia de la plaga en cinco municipios de la provincia Guantánamo: El Salvador, Caimanera, Imías, Guantánamo, San Antonio del Sur y Baracoa y en dos municipios de la provincia Santiago de Cuba: Guamá y Santiago de Cuba, registrándose como plantas hospedantes a: C. nucifera, V. merrillii (Guantánamo); Heliconia sp., Areca lutescens Bory, V. merrillii, C. nucifera, Phoenix sp., Levistonia sp., Amomum capitratum Roxb., Musa sp. y Alpinia speciosa (W) K. Schum (Santiago de Cuba).

O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a adaptação transcultural de um instrumento de qualidade de vida, específico para pacientes neurocirúrgicos, denominado Innsbruck Health Dimensions Questionnaire for Neurosurgical Patients (IHD-NS). Participaram deste estudo 30 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, que foram submetidos a cirurgia de tumor cerebral há mais de doze meses, com idade variando entre 26 e 66 anos. Após o processo de tradução/retro-tradução e elaboração da versão brasileira do instrumento, os pacientes foram avaliados e reavaliados após um intervalo de um mês. As análises estatísticas evidenciaram preservação da consistência interna, índices de concordância elevados e correlação intraclasse altamente significativa permitindo considerar boa a qualidade e a confiabilidade da versão em português, denominada Questionário de Dimensões de Saúde para Pacientes Neurocirúrgicos de Innsbruck - DSI (NC).

The goal of this study was to accomplish the cross-cultural adaptation of a quality of life instrument, specific for neurosurgical patients, called Innsbruck Health Dimensions Questionnaire for Neurosurgical Patients (IHD-NS). Thirty patients participated in this study, male and female, all having been submitted to brain tumor surgery more than twelve months before, and whose ages ranged from 26 to 66. After the process of translation/back translation and the elaboration of the Brazilian version of the instrument, the patients were assessed and reassessed within a one-month period. Statistical analyses evinced the preservation of the internal consistency, high agreement levels and highly significant intra-class correlation, allowing for the belief in the quality and reliability of the Portuguese version, named Questionário de Dimensões de Saúde para Pacientes Neurocirúrgicos de Innsbruck - DSI (NC).

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os achados de ressonância magnética (RM) de 78 pacientes com meningioma intracraniano diagnosticados numa única instituição. MÉTODO: 78 pacientes com diagnóstico histológico de meningioma intracraniano foram estudados. Cinqüenta e dois eram femininos e 26 masculinos (mediana=56 anos). Todos os exames de RM foram realizados num aparelho de 1.5 Tesla, com protocolo padrão. As imagens foram avaliadas por dois neurorradiologistas, os quais estabeleceram os achados por consenso. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos tumores apresentou baixo sinal em T1 (60%) e alto sinal em T2 (68%) e FLAIR (69%). Além disso, as lesões demonstraram sinal heterogêneo em T1 (60%), T2 (68%) e FLAIR (64%). Após a administração intravenosa de contraste, 83% dos tumores apresentaram realce acentuado e 17% moderado. Os tumores estavam localizados no lobo frontal em 44% dos casos, no parietal em 35%, no occipital em 19% e no lobo temporal em 12% dos casos. Áreas de edema vasogênico foram observadas em 90% dos pacientes. Vinte e seis por cento dos casos apresentaram sinais de infiltração óssea e o sinal da cauda dural foi visto em 59% dos tumores. CONCLUSÃO: Meningiomas intracranianos em geral apresentam sinal heterogêneo, baixo em T1 e alto em T2 e FLAIR, com intenso realce pelo contraste. Os lobos frontais e parietais são com freqüência acometidos. Além disso, edema vasogênico, sinal da cauda dural e infiltração óssea são os achados associados mais comuns.

OBJECTIVE: To present the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of 78 patients with meningiomas diagnosed in a single institution. METHOD: 78 patients with histological proven intracranial meningioma were studied. There were 52 female and 26 male patients (median=56 years). All MR imaging examinations were performed with 1.5-T MR imaging unit with standard protocol. The images were studied by two neuroradiologists, who reached the decisions regarding the findings by consensus. RESULTS: Most of the tumors showed low signal on T1- (60%) and high signl on T2- (68%) and FLAIR (69%) weighted images. Also, the lesions showed heterogeneous signal on T1 (60%), T2 (68%) and FLAIR (64%) sequences. After contrast administration, 83% (n=65) of the tumors presented acentuated and 17% (n=13) showed moderate enhancement. The tumors were located in the frontal lobe in 44% of the cases, in the parietal lobe in 35%, the occipital lobe in 19% and the temporal lobe in 12% of the patients. Areas of vasogenic edema around the tumors were seen in 90% of the cases. Twenty six per cent of the cases showed bone infiltration, and the dural tail sign was seen in 59% of the tumors. CONCLUSION: Intracranial meningiomas usually show heterogeneous low signal on T1- and high signal on T2-weighted and FLAIR images, with intense enhancement after contrast administration. The frontal and parietal lobes are commonly affected. In addition, brain edema, dural tail sign and bone infiltration are the most frequent associated findings.

Background: The objective of this study is that of describing the death rate attributable to tobacco on the Canary Islands throughout the 1975-1994 period. Method: Deaths by age, sex and cause from 1975 to 1994 were obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics (Natural Movement of Population). Based on the Spanish and Canary Island Health Surveys, the percentages of those who had never smoked, smokers and ex-smokers for the Canary Island population were taken by age and sex. The relative risks of death were taken from the Cancer Prevention Study II carried out in the United States. The percentages of deaths attributable to smoking were calculated for each year, sex and age group based on the attributable fraction of the population. Likewise, the trend in the death rate attributable for the time period in question was calculated and given in the form of the annual mean percentage change in the age-adjusted death rates by way of a log-linear model. Results: During the 1975-1994 period, the number of deaths attributed to smoking rose by 64%. For major causes, a 108% increase in neoplasias, a 32% drop in cardiovascular diseases and a 15.5% increase in respiratory diseases were found for the period under study. The number of deaths was also found to increase with age, the 65 and over age group having been found to be that in which the most deaths caused by smoking occurred. Conclusions: On the Canary Islands, over 20% of all deaths in 1994 can be attributed to smoking. This suggests that the measures implemented to control the smoking habit are insufficient.

Fundamento: El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la mortalidad atribuible al consumo de tabaco en las Islas Canarias durante el periodo 1975-1994. Método: Las defunciones por edad, sexo y causa desde 1975 a 1994 se obtuvieron del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Movimiento Natural Población). A partir de las Encuestas de Salud de España y Canarias se tomaron los porcentajes de nunca fumadores, fumadores y ex-fumadores de la población canaria por edad y sexo. Los riesgos relativos de muerte se obtuvieron del Cancer Prevention Study II, llevado a cabo en Estados Unidos de América. Se calculó la proporción de muertes atribuibles al tabaco para cada año, sexo y grupo de edad a partir de la fracción atribuible poblacional. Así mismo, se calculó la tendencia de la mortalidad atribuible para dicho periodo expresada como el cambio porcentual medio anual de las tasas de la mortalidad ajustadas por edad, mediante un modelo log-lineal. Resultados: Durante el periodo 1975-1994, el número de fallecimientos atribuidos al tabaco aumentó un 64%. Por grandes causas, se observó en el periodo de estudio, un aumento de las neoplasias del 108%, una disminución de las enfermedades cardiovasculares del 32% y un incremento de las enfermedades respiratorias del 15,5%. Se observó también que el número de fallecidos aumenta con la edad, siendo el grupo de edad de 65 años y más en el que se presentan más muertes por el tabaco. Conclusiones: En las Islas Canarias, más del 20% de todas las muertes en 1994 se pueden atribuir al tabaco. Esto sugiere que las medidas introducidas para controlar el tabaquismo son insuficientes.

Background: The objective of this study is that of describing the death rate attributable to tobacco on the Canary Islands throughout the 1975-1994 period. Method: Deaths by age, sex and cause from 1975 to 1994 were obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics (Natural Movement of Population). Based on the Spanish and Canary Island Health Surveys, the percentages of those who had never smoked, smokers and ex-smokers for the Canary Island population were taken by age and sex. The relative risks of death were taken from the Cancer Prevention Study II carried out in the United States. The percentages of deaths attributable to smoking were calculated for each year, sex and age group based on the attributable fraction of the population. Likewise, the trend in the death rate attributable for the time period in question was calculated and given in the form of the annual mean percentage change in the age-adjusted death rates by way of a log-linear model. Results: During the 1975-1994 period, the number of deaths attributed to smoking rose by 64%. For major causes, a 108% increase in neoplasias, a 32% drop in cardiovascular diseases and a 15.5% increase in respiratory diseases were found for the period under study. The number of deaths was also found to increase with age, the 65 and over age group having been found to be that in which the most deaths caused by smoking occurred. Conclusions: On the Canary Islands, over 20% of all deaths in 1994 can be attributed to smoking. This suggests that the measures implemented to control the smoking habit are insufficient.

Fundamento: El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la mortalidad atribuible al consumo de tabaco en las Islas Canarias durante el periodo 1975-1994. Método: Las defunciones por edad, sexo y causa desde 1975 a 1994 se obtuvieron del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Movimiento Natural Población). A partir de las Encuestas de Salud de España y Canarias se tomaron los porcentajes de nunca fumadores, fumadores y ex-fumadores de la población canaria por edad y sexo. Los riesgos relativos de muerte se obtuvieron del Cancer Prevention Study II, llevado a cabo en Estados Unidos de América. Se calculó la proporción de muertes atribuibles al tabaco para cada año, sexo y grupo de edad a partir de la fracción atribuible poblacional. Así mismo, se calculó la tendencia de la mortalidad atribuible para dicho periodo expresada como el cambio porcentual medio anual de las tasas de la mortalidad ajustadas por edad, mediante un modelo log-lineal. Resultados: Durante el periodo 1975-1994, el número de fallecimientos atribuidos al tabaco aumentó un 64%. Por grandes causas, se observó en el periodo de estudio, un aumento de las neoplasias del 108%, una disminución de las enfermedades cardiovasculares del 32% y un incremento de las enfermedades respiratorias del 15,5%. Se observó también que el número de fallecidos aumenta con la edad, siendo el grupo de edad de 65 años y más en el que se presentan más muertes por el tabaco. Conclusiones: En las Islas Canarias, más del 20% de todas las muertes en 1994 se pueden atribuir al tabaco. Esto sugiere que las medidas introducidas para controlar el tabaquismo son insuficientes.