ABSTRACT Objective Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance (IR); therefore, variants in the MCP-1 gene may contribute to the development of this disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of the -2518 A>G MCP-1 (rs1024611) gene polymorphism with insulin resistance in Mexican children. Subjects and methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 174 children, including 117 children without insulin resistance and 57 children with IR, with an age range of 6-11 years. Levels for serum insulin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were determined. The -2518 A>G MCP-1 polymorphism was identified by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Insulin resistance was defined as a HOMA-IR in the upper 75th percentile, which was ≥ 2.4 for all children. Results Genotype frequencies of the rs1024611 polymorphism for the insulin-sensitive group were 17% AA, 48% AG and 35% GG, and the frequency of G allele was 59%, whereas frequencies for the insulin-resistant group were 12% AA, 37% AG and 51% GG, and the frequency of G allele was 69%. The genotype and allele frequencies between groups did not show significant differences. However, the GG genotype was the most frequent in children with IR. The GG genotype was associated with insulin resistance (OR = 2.2, P = 0.03) in a genetic model. Conclusion The -2518 A>G MCP-1 gene polymorphism may be related to the development of insulin resistance in Mexican children.

Introduction: Currently, it is considered that the body fat accumulation at central level is associated with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and diabetes. The body mass index (BMI) has been used to identify obesity in the general population, but can not detect the distribution of body fat, so that can be used other anthropometric measures to assess adiposity and determine their relationship with the presence of metabolic disorders that present people with excess weight. Objective: To evaluate anthropometric measurements such as waist-hip ratio (WHR), BMI and waist circumference (WC) as predictive indicators of metabolic risk factors in Mexican adults. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 490 subjects (27-46 years), grouped by gender. All participants were determined anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters. ROC curves of anthropometric parameters were set to identify the best predictive indicator of metabolic risk. Results: The metabolic risk factor most prevalent after abdominal obesity in women was hypertriglyceridemia, followed by hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and high blood pressure, which are found most often in men than in women, although the presence of abdominal obesity was found most frequently in women (73.9% vs. 37.3%). WC was the best predictive indicator to have one or more metabolic risk factors [area under the curve AUC = 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.92)], followed by the BMI [AUC = 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.88)], and finally the WHC [AUC = 0.63 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.74)]. Also shows that abdominal obesity duplicate the risk of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Waist circumference is a better indicator of metabolic risk in both genders compared with BMI and the WHC.

Introducción: actualmente se considera que la acumulación de grasa corporal a nivel central se asocia con la presencia de hipertrigliceridemia, hipertensión arterial y diabetes. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) se ha utilizado para identificar la obesidad en la población general, pero no permite determinar la distribución de la grasa corporal, por lo que se pueden utilizar otras medidas antropométricas para evaluar la adiposidad y determinar su relación con la presencia de alteraciones metabólicas que presentan las personas con exceso de peso. Objetivo: evaluar las medidas antropométricas como el índice cintura-cadera (ICC), IMC y circunferencia de cintura (CC) como indicadores predictivos de factores de riesgo metabólico en población mexicana adulta. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en un total de 490 personas (27-46 años), agrupadas por género. A todos los participantes se les determinaron medidas antropométricas y parámetros bioquímicos. Se crearon curvas ROC de los parámetros antropométricos para identificar el mejor indicador predictivo de riesgo metabólico. Resultados: el factor de riesgo metabólico con mayor prevalencia después de la obesidad abdominal en mujeres fue la hipertrigliceridemia, seguido de la hiperglicemia, hipercolesterolemia y presión arterial elevada, que se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en los hombres, aunque la presencia de obesidad abdominal se encontró con mayor frecuencia en las mujeres (73,9 vs. 37,3 %). La circunferencia de cintura fue el mejor indicador predictivo para presentar uno o más factores de riesgo metabólico [área bajo la curva ABC = 0,85 (IC 95%, 0,78-0,92)], seguido del IMC [ABC = 0,79 (IC 95%, 0,72-0,88)] y por último el ICC [ABC = 0,63 (IC 95%, 0,52-0,74)]. Además, se observó que la obesidad abdominal duplica el riesgo de presentar el síndrome metabólico. Conclusión: la circunferencia de cintura es el mejor indicador de riesgo metabólico en ambos sexos en comparación con el IMC y el ICC.

La presencia de la obesidad en la infancia predispone al desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y metabólicas, como la enfermedad arterial coronaria y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la edad adulta. Algunos polimorfismos en el gen PAI-1 se han relacionado con la obesidad y el síndrome metabólico en varias poblaciones. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la asociación de los polimorfismos -844 G/A (rs2227631), -675 4G/5G (rs1799889) y HindIII C/G (rs757716) en el gen PAI-1 con la obesidad y las dislipidemias en una muestra de niños mexicanos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 222 niños con un rango de edad de 6-11 años, de los cuales 104 niños fueron clasificados con obesidad y 118 con peso normal. Los poli morfismos en el gen PAI-1 fueron analizados por PCR-RFLP. También se determinó el desequilibrio de ligamiento y el análisis de haplogenotipos de los tres polimorfismos. Los resultados mostraron la asociación significativa de la obesidad con el genotipo -844 G/A y el alelo A (OR= 2,75, p<0,001 y OR= 1,76, p=0,01, respectivamente). El polimorfismo -844 G/A se encontró en desequilibrio de ligamiento con el -675 4G/5G (D’= 0.77). También se encontró que el haplogenotipo G-4G-C/A-5G-G es un marcador de riesgo para la obesidad [OR=2,6; 95% intervalo de confianza (CI) 1,17-4,22; p= 0,01], además de que este haplogenotipo presentó una asociación marginal con la hipertrigliceridemia (OR= 2,6; 95% CI 1,04-6,35; p= 0,05). El haplogenotipo G-4G-C/A-5G-G en el gen PAI-1 puede ser un marcador genético de susceptibilidad para obesidad e hipertrigliceridemia en niños mexicanos.

The presence of childhood obesity predisposes to the development of cardio vascular and metabolic diseases, such as coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in adulthood. The polymorphisms described in PAI-1 gene have been linked with obesity and metabolic syndrome in several populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the as sociation of the -844 G/A (rs2227631), -675 4G/5G (rs1799889) and HindIII C/G (rs757716) PAI-1 polymorphisms with obesity and dyslipidemia in a sample of Mexican children. A cross-sectional study was performed in 222 children with an age range between 6-11 years; 104 children were classified as obese and 118 children with normal-weight. The PAI-1 poly morphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplogenotype analysis among the three polymorphisms were determined. The results showed significant as sociations with obesity of the -844 G/A genotype and the A allele (OR= 2.75, p<0.001 and OR= 1.76, p=0.01, respectively). The -844 G/A polymorphism was found in LD with -675 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism (D’= 0.77). We found that G-4G-C/A-5G-G is a risk haplogeno type for obesity [OR=2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-4.22; p= 0.01] and with marginal association with hypertriglyceridemia(OR= 2.6; 95% CI 1.04-6.35; p= 0.05). The G-4G-C/A 5G-G PAI-1 haplogenotype may be a genetic marker of susceptibility for obesity and hypertri glyceridemia in Mexican children.

La obesidad se asocia con un estado de inflamación crónica de bajo grado. Generalmente, hay correlaciones significativas entre el índice de masa corporal y el incremento en los niveles de la proteína C reactiva (CRP). Se investigó la relación de los niveles de CRP de alta sensibilidad (hsCRP) con la distribución de la adiposidad corporal y la cuenta de las células sanguíneas en niños obesos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 225 niños mexicanos. En el estudio se incluyeron 106 niños obesos y 119 con peso normal, edad de 6-13 años. La composición corporal fue evaluada por IMC, circunferencias corporales y grosor de pliegues cutáneos. Los niveles de la hsCRP de alta sensibilidad y los parámetros hematológicos fueron analizados en todos los niños. Los niveles de la hsCRP presentaron un incremento en los niños obesos con respecto al grupo control (1,5 y 0,41 mg/L respectivamente, P<0,001). Es interesante que los niveles de hsCRP>3 mg/L se asociaron con mayor circunferencia de cintura, cadera y brazo (ORs= 9,08, 6,78 y 8,73, respectivamente, P<0,001) y mayor grosor de los pliegues como tríceps, subescapular y suprailiaco (ORs= 4,73, 6,39 y 5,26, respectivamente, P=0,001), así como con el aumento en la cuenta de leucocitos y plaquetas. Los datos sugieren que los niveles de la hsCRP se asocian con el grosor de los pliegues cutáneos y las circunferencias corporales y fue encontrada una relación moderada con las cuentas de leucocitos y plaquetas en los niños estudiados.

Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. Generally, there are significant correlations between body mass index and increased C-reactive protein levels. We investigated the relationship of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels with body adiposity distribution and blood cell count in obese children. A cross-sectional study was performed in 225 Mexican children. In the study were included 106 obese and 119 normal-weight children, aged 6-13 years old. The body composition was evaluated by BMI, body circumferences and skinfold thickness. hsCRP levels and hematological parameters were analyzed in all children. The hsCRP levels were higher in obese children than in the control group (1.5 and 0.41 mg/L respectively, P<0.001). Interestingly, hsCRP levels >3 mg/L were associated with the increase of circumferences of the waist, hip and arms (ORs= 9.08, 6.78 and 8.73, respectively, P<0.001), and a higher thickness of triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds (ORs= 4.73, 6.39 and 5.26, respectively, P=0.001), as well as a higher leukocyte and platelet counts. The data suggest that hsCRP levels are associated with skinfold thickness and body circumferences, and a moderate relationship was found with leukocyte and platelet counts in the studied children.

Introduction: hypercholesterolemia-LDL (H-LDL) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The association between H-LDL and feeding has focused on nutritional aspects. The study of the association between eating behavior (EB) and H-LDL in university students, could provide nutritional elements for correction and/or prevention in this population. Objective: to assess the association between EB and H-LDL in university students. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 167 students from the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Mexico. LDL cholesterol in serum was measured and a concentration ≥100 mg / dL was considered hypercholesterolemia. The EB was assessed using a previously validated questionnaire. The association between EB and H-LDL was determined with a bivariate logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, smoking, energy intake, physical activity, presence or absence of obesity and family history. Results: eating lunch (morning snack) was related with 63% lower risk of H-LDL (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.15, 0.90). Take food away from home once or twice a week was associated with a fourfold increased risk of H-LDL (R 5.14; 95% CI 1.12, 23.62). Subjects who reported consuming excess food (1 or 2, and 3 or more times/week) had higher risk of H-LDL (OR 3.26; 95% CI 1.10, 9.64 and OR 10.52; 95% CI 2.66, 41.60 respectively). Conclusions: some usual EB of the university students (Guerrero, Mexico) involve greater risk of H-LDL. To encourage actions corrective and/or preventive focused on these EB, could improve the health of this population.

Introducción: la hipercolesterolemia-LDL (H-LDL) se asocia a mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. La asociación entre H-LDL y alimentación se ha centrado en aspectos nutrimentales. El estudio de la asociación entre el comportamiento alimentario (CA) y la H-LDL en estudiantes universitarios podría brindar elementos de corrección y/o prevención nutricional en esta población. Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre CA e H-LDL en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en una muestra de 167 estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, México. Se midió el colesterol-LDL sérico, considerándose hipercolesterolemia una concentración ≥100 mg/dL. El CA se evaluó mediante un cuestionario previamente validado. La asociación entre CA e H-LDL se determino con una regresión logística bivariada, ajustando por sexo, edad, nivel socioeconómico, tabaquismo, ingesta de energía, actividad física, presencia o no de obesidad y antecedentes familiares. Resultados: consumir el almuerzo (colación matutina) se asocio con un 63% de menos riesgo de H-LDL (OR 0,37; 95% IC 0,15, 0,90). Ingerir alimentos fuera de casa una o dos veces a la semana, se asocio con cuatro veces mas riesgo de H-LDL (R 5,14; 95% IC 1,12, 23,62). Los sujetos que referían consumir alimentos en exceso (1 o 2, y 3 o mas veces/semana) tuvieron mayor riesgo de H-LDL (OR 3,26; 95% IC 1,10, 9,64 y OR 10,52; 95% IC 2,66, 41,60, respectivamente). Conclusiones: algunos CA habituales de los estudiantes universitarios de Guerrero implican mayor riesgo de H-LDL. Por ello, promover acciones correctivas y/o preventivas centradas en estos CA podría mejorar la salud de esta población.

OBJETIVO: Elaboramos este estudo para avaliar se o polimorfismo -675 4G/5G no gene inibidor 1 do ativador do plasminogênio se associa à obesidade e à resistência insulínica em crianças mexicanas. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em 174 crianças, 89 delas com peso normal e 85 obesas, variando sua idade de 6 a 13 anos. Todas as crianças eram do estado de Guerrero e foram recrutadas de três escolas primárias na cidade de Chilpancingo, México. Os níveis de insulina foram determinados por prova imunoenzimática. Foi usado o modelo de avaliação da homeostase para determinar resistência insulínica. O polimorfismo -675 4G/5G no gene PAI-1 foi analisado pelo método reação de polimerase em cadeia-polimorfismo no comprimento dos fragmentos de restrição. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de resistência insulínica no grupo obeso foi mais alta (49,41%) do que no grupo com peso normal (16,85%). O polimorfismo 4G/5G do PAI-1 foi encontrado em equilíbrio de Hardy Weinberg. O genótipo 4G/5G contribuiu para um aumento significativo da relação cintura-quadril (β = 0,02, p = 0,006), da circunferência da cintura (β = 4,42, p = 0,009) e da espessura da prega subescapular (β = 1,79, p = 0,04), mas não se relacionou com a resistência insulínica. CONCLUSÃO: O genótipo -675 4G/5G do gene PAI-1 se associou a aumento da adiposidade corporal em crianças mexicanas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the -675 4G/5G polymorphism in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in Mexican children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 174 children, 89 with normal-weight and 85 with obesity, aged from 6 to 13 years. All children were from state of Guerrero, and recruited from three primary schools in the city of Chilpancingo, Mexico. Insulin levels were determined by immunoenzymatic assay. The homeostasis model assessment was used to determine insulin resistance. The -675 4G/5G polymorphism in PAI-1 gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: The prevalence of insulin resistance in the obese group was higher (49.41%) than in the normal-weight group (16.85%). The 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism was found in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The 4G/5G genotype contributed to a significant increase in waist-hip ratio (β = 0.02, p = 0.006), waist circumference (β = 4.42, p = 0.009), and subscapular skinfold thickness (β = 1.79, p = 0.04); however, it was not related with insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: The -675 4G/5G genotype of PAI-1 gene was associated with increase of body adiposity in Mexican children.