Abstract Tityus serrulatus scorpion is responsible for a significant number of envenomings in Brazil, ranging from mild to severe, and in some cases, leading to fatalities. While supportive care is the primary treatment modality, moderate and severe cases require antivenom administration despite potential limitations and adverse effects. The remarkable proliferation of T. serrulatus scorpions, attributed to their biology and asexual reproduction, contributes to a high incidence of envenomation. T. serrulatus scorpion venom predominantly consists of short proteins acting as neurotoxins (α and β), that primarily target ion channels. Nevertheless, high molecular weight compounds, including metalloproteases, serine proteases, phospholipases, and hyaluronidases, are also present in the venom. These compounds play a crucial role in envenomation, influencing the severity of symptoms and the spread of venom. This review endeavors to comprehensively understand the T. serrulatus scorpion venom by elucidating the primary high molecular weight compounds and exploring their potential contributions to envenomation. Understanding these compounds' mechanisms of action can aid in developing more effective treatments and prevention strategies, ultimately mitigating the impact of scorpion envenomation on public health in Brazil.

Abstract Identifying risk areas for envenomation by animals is relevant for public health, such as strategic distribution of antivenoms. Coral snakes are highly diverse in the Amazon, inhabit natural and human-modified environments, and the outcome of the cases tends to be serious and potentially lethal due to their neurotoxic venom. By integrating species’ geographical records and environmental variables, we used species distribution modeling to predict the distribution of coral snake species in the Brazilian Amazonia. We analyzed the relationship between the predicted distribution of coral snake species, along with envenomation data in the region, to propose actions to reduce the number of cases and to provide tools for a better policy of public health. We conclude that the entire Amazon shows high environmental suitability for coral snakes, and such suitability explains little about the incidence of cases. This is probably due to the low human density in the Amazon and to coral snake traits such as secretive habits and non-agressive behavior. Differently from other venomous snakes, the scenario regarding coral snakebites precludes the detection of prominent geographical areas of concern and demands a broad and equitable availability of health centers throughout Amazonia and along other areas of occurrence of the genus Micrurus. antivenoms humanmodified modified environments venom variables region nonagressive non agressive behavior Micrurus

ABSTRACT Background: Bothrops envenomations can often lead to complications, such as secondary infections. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with snakebite. Results: A total of 127 patients were included. Clindamycin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic, with 105 patients (82.7%) receiving it as the primary antibiotic regimen. In 31 (24.4%) individuals, the first-choice antibiotic did not cease the infection. Conclusions: Secondary infection is an important complication resulting from snakebites, and evidence-based management of this complication can contribute to better clinical outcomes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar a criação e implementação das atividades de telessaúde desenvolvidas pelo Programa Saúde na Floresta em comunidades de áreas de conservação, no estado do Amazonas, durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a criação e implementação do programa. Resultados: O projeto teve início em junho de 2021 com atendimentos na área de medicina e enfermagem e atualmente conta com 63 pontos de conectividade instalados. A dermatologia foi a especialidade mais requerida (30,1%), com as dermatites sendo o principal agravo diagnosticado. Para a enfermagem, a especialidade mais solicitada foi na área de obstetrícia, seguida pela pediatria. Rio Madeira e a Reserva extrativista Catuá-Ipixema solicitaram mais da metade de todos os atendimentos. Conclusão: Este projeto mostrou uma atuação diferenciada da telessaúde em comunidades ribeirinhas do Amazonas, especialmente no contexto pandêmico, ampliando o cuidado à saúde em áreas remotas, como estas em questão.

ABSTRACT Objective: to report on the creation and implementation of telehealth activities developed by the Forest Health Program in communities in conservation areas, in the state of Amazonas, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: this is an experience report on the creation and implementation of the program. Results: the project began in June 2021 with medical and nursing services and currently has 63 points of connectivity installed. Dermatology was the most requested specialty (30.1%), with dermatitis being the main grievance diagnosed. For nursing, the most requested specialty was obstetrics, followed by pediatrics. Rio Madeira and the Catuá-Ipixema Extractive Reserve requested more than half of all consultations. Conclusion: this project showed a differentiated performance of telehealth in riverside communities in Amazonas, especially in the pandemic context, expanding health care in remote areas, such as these.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Relatar la creación e implementación de actividades de telesalud desarrolladas por Programa Salud en la Floresta en comunidades de áreas de conservación, en el estado de Amazonas, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Relato de experiencia sobre la creación e implementación del programa. Resultados: El proyecto tubo inicio en junio de 2021 con atenciones en el área de medicina y enfermería y actualmente cuenta con 63 puntos de conectividad instalados. La dermatología fue la especialidad más requerida (30,1%), con las dermatitis siendo el principal agravio diagnosticado. En enfermería, la especialidad más solicitada fue en el área de obstetricia, seguida por pediatría. Río Madeira y la Reserva Extractivista Catuá-Ipixema solicitaron más de la mitad de todas las atenciones. Conclusión: Este proyecto mostró una actuación diferenciada de telesalud en comunidades ribereñas de Amazonas, especialmente en el contexto pandémico, ampliando el cuidado a salud en áreas remotas, como estas en cuestión.

ABSTRACT In the Brazilian Amazon, envenomations by lancehead pit vipers prevail across the region, while bushmaster (Lachesis muta) envenomations are rarely confirmed. Here, we described a moderate snakebite, diagnosed as a lancehead pit viper envenomation upon admission and treated with four vials of Bothrops antivenom. Blood remained unclottable for 4 days of hospitalization. On day 4, after admission, the patient presented pictures of the perpetrating snake to the hospital staff, which was identified as a Lachesis muta specimen. After administering 10 vials of Lachesis antivenom, blood became clottable 12 hours after treatment. The patient was discharged without complaints.

Abstract Bee venom is a natural toxin composed of several peptides. Massive envenoming causes severe local and systemic reactions. We report two cases of severe bee envenomation, of which one was fatal. We also describe clinical characteristics and immune markers. Both victims suffered from respiratory distress, renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, and shock. They required invasive mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs, and renal replacement therapy. Moreover, serum levels of chemokines, cytokines, and cell-free circulating nucleic acids demonstrated an intense inflammatory process. Massive envenoming produced systemic injury in the victims, with an uncontrolled inflammatory response, and a more significant chemotactic response in the fatal case.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon are caused mostly by snakes from the Bothrops genus and envenomated patients may suffer from tissue complications. METHODS: This study aimed to identify risk factors for severe tissue complications (STC) in patients with Bothrops snakebite in the Amazonas state, Brazil. RESULTS: Snakebites that were classified as severe and affected female patients with comorbidities presented greater risks of developing STCs. In addition, hospitalizations of patients with STC exceeded 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics can prove essential for assessing the evolution of STC and clinical prognosis of patients with Bothrops snakebites.

Resumo O uso de tecnologias da informação e comunicação na área da saúde tem crescido paralelamente ao avanço tecnológico. Por meio de pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, objetivou-se identificar o conhecimento e a prática de discentes e docentes de universidade pública estadual sobre captação e reprodução de imagens de pacientes atendidos durante a prática acadêmica. Participaram do estudo 200 discentes matriculados nos cursos de odontologia, medicina e enfermagem, assim como 33 docentes que ministram alguma disciplina do ciclo profissional em qualquer dos referidos cursos. A pesquisa revelou preocupação com aspectos éticos e legais referentes a captura, armazenamento e disseminação de imagens clínicas de pacientes pelos profissionais e estudantes da saúde durante o processo de ensino e aprendizagem.

Abstract The use of information and communication technologies in the healthcare area has grown with technological advancements. Through an exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative approach, this study aimed to identify the knowledge and practice of students and professors of a public state university regarding the capture and reproduction of images from patients who have been attended by them. The research had the participation of 200 students enrolled in the dentistry, medicine and nursing courses, as well as 33 professors of these courses. The results show that they care about the ethical and legal aspects underlying the capture, handling, storage and dissemination of clinical images during the teaching and learning process.

Resumen El uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en el área de la salud viene creciendo en paralelo al avance de la tecnología. Por medio de una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, transversal y de abordaje cuantitativo, se pretendió identificar el conocimiento y la práctica de discentes y docentes de una universidad pública sobre la captación y la reproducción de imágenes de pacientes atendidos durante la práctica académica. Participaron en el estudio 200 discentes matriculados en las carreras de odontología, medicina y enfermería, así como 33 docentes que impartían alguna asignatura del ciclo profesional en cualquiera de dichas carreras. La investigación reveló una preocupación de los profesionales y estudiantes con los aspectos éticos y legales referentes a la captación, almacenamiento y divulgación de imágenes clínicas durante el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Snakebites are considered a neglected tropical disease in many countries in Latin America, including Brazil. As few studies have assessed snakebites in the Amazon region and especially in the state of Acre, epidemiological studies are of great importance. The present study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of snakebites in the Rio Branco region, observing their characteristics in rural and urban areas and their correlation with rainfall and river outflow. METHODS This retrospective, descriptive study analyzed epidemiological information obtained from snakebite notifications registered on the Information System for Notifiable Diseases that occurred from March, 2018 to February, 2019. The cases of snakebite were correlated with rainfall and flow. RESULTS A total of 165 cases of snakebite were registered in the period. Most cases were caused by Bothrops and affected mainly individuals of the male sex who were between 21 and 30 years old. Most of the snakebites occurred in Rio Branco (71.52%; 29 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). Of these, 60.2% occurred in the urban area and 39.8% in the rural area and the majority occurred during the rainy season. CONCLUSIONS Although studies have shown that a majority of cases occur in rural areas, in this study, urbanization of snakebites was observed. The Bothrops genus was responsible for the highest number of snakebites and, during the rainy season, bites occurred more frequently. Educational prevention campaigns, population advice, and first aid in case of snakebites for the population are thus suggested.

Abstract Snakebites were included by the World Health Organization in their list of neglected diseases. In Latin America, most snakebites are caused by species of the Viperidae family, notably by the genus Bothrops. Bothrops atrox accounts for 90% of the cases of envenoming in the Brazilian Amazon. In this report, we present a series of three cases of snakebites that evolved with hemorrhagic stroke due to delays in the access to antivenom in the Brazilian Amazon, being fundamental for diagnosis to validate the clinical suspicion and make decisions that would improve the treatment and prognosis of the patients.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We present here the risk from snakebites because of palm extractivism in western Amazonia. METHODS: The data were extracted from a cross-sectional sample study, from January 2016 to April 2018, at the Juruá Regional Hospital of Cruzeiro do Sul (Acre). RESULTS: There were 14 Bothrops incidents involving males, most of them occurring during the harvesting of “açaí” (Euterpe precatoria). CONCLUSIONS: During the harvesting of “açaí,” there is the risk of the presence of B. atrox on the ground near the palm tree, and of B. bilineatus at the top of the palm tree.

Abstract INTRODUCTION This study aimed to describe the profile of freshwater stingray injuries in the State of Amazonas, Brazilian Amazon, and to identify the associated risk factors for secondary infections. METHODS This cross-sectional study used surveillance data from 2007 to 2014 to identify factors associated with secondary infections from stingray injuries. RESULTS A total of 476 freshwater stingray injuries were recorded, with an incidence rate of 1.7 cases/100,000 person/year. The majority of injuries were reported from rural areas (73.8%) and 26.1% were related to work activities. A total of 74.5% of patients received medical assistance within the first 3 hours of injury. Secondary infections and necrosis were observed in 8.9% and 3.8%, respectively. Work-related injuries [odds ratio (OR) 4.1, confidence interval (CI); 1.87-9.13] and >24 hours from a sting until receiving medical care (OR; 15.5, CI; 6.77-35.40) were independently associated with the risk of secondary bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, work-related injuries and >24 hours from being stung until receiving medical care were independently and significantly associated with the risk of secondary infection. The frequency of infection following sting injuries was 9%. The major factor associated with the risk of secondary bacterial infection was a time period of >24 hours from being stung until receiving medical care.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hymenoptera injuries are commonly caused by stinging insects. In Amazonas state, Brazil, there is no information regarding distribution, profile, and systemic manifestations associated with Hymenoptera injuries. METHODS: This study aimed to identify risk factors for systemic manifestation using the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (2007 to 2015). RESULTS: Half of Hymenoptera injuries were caused by bee stings. Hymenoptera injuries were concentrated in Manaus, and 13.36% of cases displayed systemic signs. Delayed medical assistance (4 to 12 hours) presented four times more risk for systemic manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Simple clinical observations and history of injury are critical information for prognostic improvement.

Abstract Herein, four cases of scorpion stings caused by Tityus apiacas recorded from the municipality of Apuí, in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon, are described. Patients showed systemic clinical manifestations, described as unusual, involuntary, and generalized tingling and numbness, reported by patients as an electric shock sensation, lasting up to 24 hours after the sting. All patients described local pain and sensation, along with other clinical symptoms including local edema and erythema. Systemic manifestations were not life threatening. Antivenom therapy was administered to all patients, who were discharged without complaints.

Objective to evaluate the prognostic factors of volume replacement in patients with trauma due to penetrating injuries. Methods retrospective cohort study whose data were obtained by analyzing medical records of 544 patients who were admitted to the emergency unit, victims of penetrating trauma. Results among the victims, 282 (51.9%) suffered stab wound, 262 (48.2%) injury by firearms, 486 (89.3%) were male, 382 (70.2%) were aged between 14 and 30 years. Most who received volume greater than 2000ml, systolic blood pressure ≤90mmHg and mean arterial pressure ≤65mmHg presented more mortality, with p <0.05, p <0.002 and p <0.003, respectively. Conclusion the limited volume replacement can help in the good prognosis of victims of penetrating trauma.

Objetivo avaliar os fatores prognósticos da reposição volêmica em pacientes com trauma por lesões penetrantes. Métodos estudo de coorte retrospectiva cujos dados foram obtidos através da análise de prontuários de 544 pacientes que deram entrada no serviço de emergência, vítimas de traumatismo penetrante. Resultados dentre as vítimas, 282 (51,9%) sofreram ferimento por arma branca, 262 (48,2%) ferimento por arma de fogo, 486 (89,3%) eram do sexo masculino, com idade entre 14 e 30 anos 382 (70,2%). A maioria que recebeu fluído maior que 2000ml, pressão arterial sistólica ≤90mmHg e pressão arterial média ≤65mmHg, apresentou mais mortalidade, com valor de p<0,05, p<0,002 e p<0,003, respectivamente. Conclusão a reposição volêmica limitada pode auxiliar no bom prognóstico do paciente vítima de trauma penetrante.