RESUMO As plantas daninhas aquáticas são plantas superiores encontradas no ecossistema aquático e em plantações de arroz anaeróbio, onde não têm vantagens econômicas. A continuidade das plantas daninhas aquáticas é mais difundida do que a das plantas daninhas terrestres, pois nos ecossistemas aquáticos há flutuação muito baixa nas condições ambientais, em comparação com ecossistemas terrestres. Os cientistas têm trabalhado para abordar os efeitos nocivos alelopáticos dessas plantas nos ecossistemas aquáticos, mas há informações limitadas à disposição sobre a influência alelopática das plantas daninhas no ecossistema agrícola através da liberação de compostos fitotóxicos. Os compostos químicos fitotóxicos liberados por diferentes plantas daninhas aquáticas na água de irrigação e/ou diretamente no ecossistema do arroz podem ter significativa influência inibitória na germinação, no crescimento e rendimento das culturas, nas propriedades do solo e na disponibilidade de nutrientes, na estrutura da população e da comunidade e na invasão de plantas daninhas. No entanto, as plantas daninhas aquáticas podem ser usadas como uma potencial alternativa orgânica ao controle químico das plantas infestantes, devido à maior suscetibilidade das plantas daninhas terrestres aos compostos químicos fitotóxicos liberados pelas plantas daninhas aquáticas. Alternativas naturais ao controle químico das infestantes precisam de tempo e são cruciais para um controle sustentável. O controle químico das infestantes é desafiado pelo recente aumento da resistência aos herbicidas nas plantas daninhas e pelos efeitos colaterais nocivos dos herbicidas no ambiente. Esta revisão está focada na influência de plantas daninhas aquáticas em ecossistemas agrícolas, com exemplos de plantas daninhas comuns em ecossistemas aquáticos e plantas daninhas aquáticas invasivas encontradas em arroz anaeróbio.

ABSTRACT Aquatic weeds are higher plants found in the aquatic ecosystem and in anaerobic rice fields, where they have no economic benefits. The continuance of aquatic weeds is more widespread than terrestrial weeds because in aquatic ecosystems there is very little fluctuation in the environmental conditions compared with terrestrial ecosystems. Scientists have been working to address the harmful allelopathic effects of aquatic weeds on the aquatic ecosystem, but limited information is available on the allelopathic influence of aquatic weeds on agro-ecosystems through the release of phytotoxic compounds. Phytotoxic chemicals released by different aquatic weeds into irrigation water and/or directly into rice ecosystems might have a significant inhibitory influence on germination, growth and yield field crops, soil properties and nutrients availability, population and community structure, and weed invasion. However, aquatic weeds might also be used as a potential organic alternative to chemical weed-control, due to the higher susceptibility of terrestrial weeds to the phototoxic chemicals released by aquatic weeds. Natural alternatives to chemical weed control are need of time and are crucial for a sustainable weed control. Chemical weed control is challenged, due to recent increases in herbicides resistance from weeds and to the harmful side-effects of herbicides on the environment. This review is focused on the influence of aquatic weeds on agro-ecosystems, with examples of common weeds in aquatic ecosystems and invasive aquatic weeds found in anaerobic rice.

Electrical conductivities were measured to calculate critical aggregation concentration (cac) of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) at various temperature from 298-313K with an increment of 5 K and in this way its thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs energy of aggregation ( ΔGagg), enthalpy of aggregation (ΔHagg ) and entropy of aggregation (ΔSagg) were estimated. The results demonstrate that DSP forms enthalpy driven aggregates through open association process. Furthermore, its interaction with DNA was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The binding constant of DSP-DNA interaction was evaluated at 298 K and 310 K. Gibbs energy of drug-DNAcomplexation was determined by ΔG= -RT 1n k b , enthalpy of its interaction (ΔH) and entropy of adduct formation (ΔS) were obtained from Van't Hoff equation.

In previous immuno-epidemiological studies of the naturally acquired antibody responses to merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium vivax, we had evidence that the responses to distinct erythrocytic stage antigens could be differentially regulated. The present study was designed to compare the antibody response to three asexual erythrocytic stage antigens vaccine candidates of P. vivax. Recombinant proteins representing the 19 kDa C-terminal region of MSP-1(PvMSP19), apical membrane antigen n-1 ectodomain (PvAMA-1), and the region II of duffy binding protein (PvDBP-RII) were compared in their ability to bind to IgG antibodies of serum samples collected from 220 individuals from the state of Pará, in the North of Brazil. During patent infection with P. vivax, the frequency of individuals with IgG antibodies to PvMSP1(19), PvAMA-1, and PvDBP-RII were 95, 72.7, and 44.5% respectively. Although the frequency of responders to PvDBP-RII was lower, this frequency increased in individuals following multiple malarial infections. Individually, the specific antibody levels did not decline significantly nine months after treatment, except to PvMSP1(19). Our results further confirm a complex regulation of the immune response to distinct blood stage antigens. The reason for that is presently unknown but it may contribute to the high risk of re-infection in individuals living in the endemic areas.