Abstract Dry salted shrimp is a popular food in Acre cuisine, especially as a main ingredient in “tacacá” and “rabada no tucupi”. However, different intrinsic and extrinsic factors can result in accelerated deterioration and microbial proliferation, causing food poisoning to the consumer. The objective was to perform the counting and identification of molds and yeasts in dry salted shrimp in establishments that sell typical foods in the municipality of Rio Branco, state of Acre. Shrimp samples from six establishments were collected in sterile bottles, identified, refrigerated and transported to the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases of Animals at the Federal University of Acre, for the manual counting of colony-forming units and identification of fungal genera. As a result, the number of molds and yeasts in the dried salted shrimp samples varied between 1.0x102 and 1.02x106 CFU/g. Nine fungal genera were identified: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Malassezia, Fusarium, Exophiala, Candida, Curvularia and Trichosporon. The most frequent were Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium, these being potential producers of mycotoxins. The presence of molds and yeasts in the samples of dried salted shrimp shows the need for greater hygienic-sanitary rigidity of this fish at different stages of manipulation and processing as preventative measures for public health.

RESUMO: A eficiência dos desinfetantes empregados no manejo de ordenha é fundamental no sucesso na atividade leiteira, sendo um ponto crítico ao controle da mastite. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia in vitro do iodo utilizado no pré e pós-dipping frente à Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN). Foram estudados 53 isolados de SCN quanto à ação do desinfetante a 1,0% e suas diluições seriadas de 0,5%, 0,375% e 0,25%, além de duas apresentações comerciais nas concentrações de 0,5% e 0,25%. A taxa de inibição de SCN alcançada pelo iodo a 0,375%, 0,5% e 1,0% durante 60 segundos, foi de 60,4%. Em 30 segundos, o iodo a 0,5% e 1,0% apresentaram taxa de inibição microbiana de 52,8% e 56,6%, respectivamente. Os demais protocolos testados foram menos eficientes. Conclui-se que a maior atividade desinfetante in vitro para SCN foi demonstrada pelo iodo a 0,375%, 0,5% e 1,0%, durante 60 segundos. Testes de susceptibilidade microbiana devem ser realizados periodicamente, assim como práticas de educação em saúde e treinamentos corretivos na propriedade, visando garantir a saúde do úbere e o controle da mastite.

ABSTRACT: The efficiency of the disinfectants used in the milking management is fundamental to the success in the dairy activity, being a critical point to the control of mastitis. The objective was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of iodine used in pre and post-dipping against coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS). Thus, 53 CNS isolates were studied for the action of the 1.0% disinfectant and their serial dilutions of 0.5%, 0.375% and 0.25%, in addition to two commercial presentations of iodine in concentrations of 0.5% and 0.25%. The rate of CNS inhibition achieved by iodine at 0.375%, 0.5% and 1.0% for 60 seconds, was 60.4%. In 30 seconds, iodine at 0.5% and 1.0% showed a microbial inhibition rate of 52.8% and 56.6%, respectively. The other protocols tested were less efficient. It is concluded that the greatest in vitro disinfectant activity for CNS was demonstrated by iodine at 0.375%, 0.5% and 1.0%, for 60 seconds. Microbial susceptibility tests should be carried out periodically, as well as health education practices and corrective training on the property, in order to ensure udder health and mastitis control.

Abstract Milk is a food widely consumed by the population, so it is important that it has adequate hygienic conditions and is free of chemical contaminants from various sources. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of avermectin residues in milk produced in the state of Pernambuco. The collections were performed in the dry and rainy season, being collected 60 and 48 samples, respectively, which were analyzed in the National Agricultural Laboratory of Rio Grande do Sul by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In the dry period, 46.7% (28/60) of samples with avermectin residues above the Limit of Detection (LD), 1.7% (01/60) with levels above the Quantifiable Limit (QL) and 51.6% (31/60) did not detect any residues. In the rainy season, 6.25% (03/48) presented residues above LD and in 93.75% (45/48) of samples there was no detection of residues. No samples were detected with amounts of avermectins above the Maximum Residue Limit in this study. The milk evaluated did not expose high risks to the health of the population, due to the low level of residues present. However, veterinary drug residue monitoring data are essential for assessing human exposure to these compounds.

Resumo As lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) são enfermidades infecciosas crônicas e degenerativas, causadas por Lentivírus, associadas a inúmeros prejuízos como: queda na produção de carne e leite, predisposição a infecções secundárias, gastos com assistência veterinária e, até mesmo, descarte precoce dos animais. Na região norte do Brasil, a situação epidemiológica é pouco elucidada. Objetivou-se, assim, por meio deste estudo, determinar a soropositividade de ovinos para Lentivírus no município de Porto Acre, Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil. Foram coletadas 122 amostras de sangue de ovinos e como método diagnóstico foi empregada a imunodifusão em gel de agarose, utilizando a proteína p28 do capsídeo como antígeno. A soropositividade dos ovinos ao teste foi de 8,2% (10/122). Em 80% (4/5) das propriedades investigadas, detectou-se a presença de animais soropositivos. É válido ressaltar ainda que a aquisição de pequenos ruminantes advindos de outros estados provavelmente representou um risco à sanidade ovina no município de Porto Acre, Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil. Conclui-se que existe a necessidade de mais investigações sistemáticas sobre a prevalência de LVPR no estado do Acre.

Abstract Lentivirosis of small ruminants (LVPR) are chronic and degenerative infectious diseases, caused by Lentivirus, associated with numerous losses such as: drop in meat and milk production, predisposition to secondary infections, expenses with veterinary assistance and, even, early disposal of animals. In the northern region of Brazil, the epidemiological situation is poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to determine the seropositivity of sheep for Lentivirus in Porto Acre city, Western Amazon, Brazil. 122 blood samples from sheep were collected and as a diagnostic method, agarose gel immunodiffusion was used, using the p28 protein of the capsid as antigen. The seropositivity of the sheep to the test was 8.2% (10/122). In 80% (4/5) of the investigated properties, the presence of seropositive animals was detected. It is worth noting that the acquisition of small ruminants from other states likely represented a risk to sheep health in the municipality of Porto Acre, Western Amazon, Brazil. It is concluded that there is a need for more systematic investigations on the prevalence of LVPR in the state of Acre.

RESUMO A brucelose bovina (BB) é uma bacteriose de notificação obrigatória, causada pela Brucella abortus, responsável por distúrbios reprodutivos graves em bovinos, prejuízos consideráveis ao comércio e agravos em saúde pública. Objetivaram-se com este estudo identificar a frequência de BB e analisar os fatores de risco nos rebanhos leiteiros da microrregião de Rio Branco, Acre. Assim, 527 amostras sorológicas de bovinos foram submetidas ao teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado e ao 2-mercaptoetanol. Os fatores de risco foram caracterizados por aplicação de questionários epidemiológicos. Utilizou-se o teste de regressão logística para avaliar a existência de associação significativa entre as variáveis. A frequência da BB na microrregião de Rio Branco foi de 10,6% (56/527). O destino inadequado do feto abortado e restos placentários (odds ratio — OR = 13,6), o abate de bovinos na propriedade (OR = 3,4) e a faixa etária acima de 4 anos (OR = 2,9) foram os fatores de risco mais significativos apontados pelo modelo de regressão logística. Conforme os resultados deste estudo, recomenda-se a intensificação nas medidas de controle e profilaxia da BB na microrregião de Rio Branco, sobretudo relacionadas ao manejo sanitário e reprodutivo nas criações.

ABSTRACT Bovine brucellosis (BB) is a compulsory notifiable bacterial disease caused by Brucella abortus, which is responsible for severe reproductive disorders in cattle, considerable damages to trade and public health damage. The objectives of this study were to identify the frequency of BB and to analyze the risk factors in the dairy herds of the Rio Branco microregion, in the state of Acre, Brazil. Thus, 527-bovine-serological samples were submitted to the buffered acidified antigen test and to 2-mercaptoethanol. Risk factors were characterized by the administration of epidemiological questionnaires. The logistic regression test was used to evaluate the existence of a significant association between the variables. The frequency of BB in the Rio Branco microregion was 10.6% (56/527). The inappropriate destination of the aborted fetus and placental remnants (odds ratio — OR = 13.6), the slaughter of cattle within the property (OR = 3.4) and the age range above 4 years old (OR = 2.9) were the most significant risk factors identified by the logistic regression model. According to the results of this study, it is recommended to intensify BB control and prophylaxis measures in the microregion of Rio Branco, especially those related to sanitary and reproductive management in the livestock breeding.

RESUMO: A leucose enzoótica bovina (LEB) é uma doença infecciosa de distribuição cosmopolita e caráter crônico causada por um vírus da família Retroviridae, o vírus da leucemia bovina (VLB). A situação epidemiológica da LEB no Brasil vem motivando estudos para o aprimoramento do seu diagnóstico, tendo como base as técnicas sorológicas recomendadas: imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) e Enzyme-Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de ELISA importado para a detecção do VLB em rebanhos leiteiros criados em Pernambuco, Brasil, comparando-o ao IDGA. Amostras de soro sanguíneo de 327 bovinos leiteiros do estado de Pernambuco foram testadas para IDGA e ELISA comercial importado CHEKIT-Leucose-serum, produzido pelo laboratório IDEXX® para o diagnóstico da LEB. Descartadas 25 amostras inconclusivas de um ou ambos os testes, foram analisadas 302 amostras, sendo 24,1% positivas (73/302) na IDGA e 45% (136/302) no ELISA, que em relação à IDGA, técnica considerada padrão, apresentou sensibilidade de 98,6%, especificidade de 72% e coeficiente Kappa de 0.55. A falta de concordância entre os métodos diagnósticos deveu-se, provavelmente, à elevada sensibilidade do ELISA, que possibilita detectar anticorpos mesmo em situações com baixos teores séricos. Apesar da IDGA se mostrar até o momento um teste eficiente, emetapas mais avançadas de um programa de controle e erradicação da LEB, com baixos índices de prevalência, o ELISA apresentará melhor desempenho, por possuir maior sensibilidade, evitando-se a permanência de animais disseminadores da doença nos rebanhos.

ABSTRACT: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is an infectious disease of cosmopolitan distribution and chronic character caused by a virus of the Retroviridae family, bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The epidemiological situation of EBL in Brazil has motivated studies to improve its diagnosis, based on the recommended serological techniques: agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study was designed to evaluate the use of imported ELISA for the detection of BLV in dairy herds raised in Pernambuco, Brazil, comparing it to AGID. Blood serum samples from 327 dairy cattle from the state of Pernambuco were tested to AGID and the imported commercial ELISA CHEKIT-Leucose-serum, produced by the IDEXX® laboratory for the diagnosis of EBL. Discarding 25 inconclusive samples from one or both tests, 302 samples were analyzed, being 24.1% positive (73/302) in the AGID and 45% (136/302) in the ELISA, which compared to the AGID, a technique considered standard, presented sensitivity of 98.6%, specificity of 72% and Kappa coefficient of 0.55. The lack of agreement in the diagnostic methods was probably due to the high sensitivity of the ELISA, which makes it possible to detect antibodies even in situations with low serum levels. Although AGID has been shown to be an efficient test so far, in more advanced stages of an EBL control and eradication program, with low prevalence rates, ELISA will present better performance, due to its higher sensitivity, avoiding the permanence of animals that spread the disease in the herds.