ABSTRACT Soybean cultivation requires herbicide application in the off-season, before emergence for weed desiccation, and after emergence. It is believed that the use of preand post-emergent herbicides combined with preharvest application may negatively affect the quality of soybean seeds. As such, the present study aimed to assess the effect of preand post-emergent herbicides on soybean seed quality. Five field experiments were conducted during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 growing seasons to investigate the effects of synthetic auxins and pre-emergents, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, broadleaf herbicides, and s-metolachlor or clomazone on the quality of soybean seeds. Dicamba application combined with the pre-emergent herbicides imazethapyr/flumioxazin before soybean planting reduced seed vigor and germination. ACCase inhibitors in association with broadleaf herbicides before planting had no effect on seed quality. Applying s-metolachlor (up to 2,880 g of active ingredient [ai] ha-1) or clomazone (up to 1,800 g ai ha-1) was safe for seed germination, even when used after soybean emergence.

RESUMO No cultivo da soja, faz-se necessário a aplicação de herbicidas na entressafra, com a associação de herbicidas para a dessecação das plantas-daninhas com pré-emergentes, bem como com aplicações em pós-emergência da soja. Acredita-se que herbicidas aplicados na dessecação pré-semeadura soja, em associação com herbicidas pré-emergentes, bem como herbicidas pré-emergentes aplicados em pós-emergência da soja, possam afetar negativamente a qualidade de sementes da cultura. Assim, objetivouse com este estudo avaliar o efeito de herbicidas, aplicados em pré ou pós-emergência da soja, na qualidade de sementes produzidas. Foram conduzidos cinco experimentos no campo, durante as safras 2018/2019 e 2019/2020. Foram investigados os efeitos de auxinas sintéticas e pré-emergentes, inibidores da ACCase e latifolicidas, e smetolachlor ou clomazone sobre a qualidade de sementes produzidas. A aplicação de dicamba em associações com os herbicidas préemergentes imazethapyr/flumioxazin, em pré-semeadura da soja, diminuiu o vigor e germinação das sementes. A aplicação de herbicidas inibidores da ACCase em associação com latifolicidas, em pré-semeadura, não teve impacto sobre a qualidade das sementes. A aplicação de s-metolachlor (até 2.880 g de ingrediente ativo [ia] ha-1) ou de clomazone (até 1.800 g ia ha-1) foi segura para a germinação das sementes, mesmo para a aplicação em pós-emergência da cultura.

Abstract Background In the last two decades, herbicide-resistant biotypes of Conyza bonariensis, Conyza canadensis, and Conyza sumatrensis were identified. Objective: To evaluate herbicide alternatives for the control of C. sumatrensis to replace simplified management at soybean pre-sowing in the no-till system and assess the potential herbicide injury to soybeans. Methods Four experiments were conducted in Palotina, PR, to evaluate alternative managements to the herbicides commonly used in C. sumatrensis , such as synthetic auxins, pre-emergent, and burndown herbicides. All consisted of applications in pre-sowing of soybeans and weed control evaluation. Experiments I and II included evaluations during the crop, such as injury and soybean yield. In all experiments, a randomized block design was used, with four repetitions. Results The treatments with sequential applications were more effective in controlling C. sumatrensis . Triclopyr and dicamba were more effective than 2,4-D. Conclusions Dicamba was the most effective synthetic auxins when applied only with glyphosate, without sequential. With sequential glufosinate, dicamba, and triclopyr application showed the highest efficacy. Glufosinate showed better control when applied sequentially compared to saflufenacil. Pre-emergent herbicides were effective only if combined with dicamba in the first application or with sequential glufosinate. Pre-emergent, synthetic auxins, and burndown herbicides were shown to be potentially selective for soybeans.

Abstract Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumors in women. Many of them are associated with significant morbidity. The present study aimed to analyze histomorphological and histochemical characteristics and immunoexpression of Cripto-1 in oral leiomyomas (OL), uterine leiomyomas (UL), and normal myometrium (NM). Sample was composed of ten OL, 11 UL and 11 NM. Histomorphological characteristics were analyzed at 100 and 400x magnifications with HE staining. The immunoexpression of Cripto-1 was analyzed in five high-power fields. Statistical analysis considered a significant difference when p<0.05. Six OL disclosed moderate/intense inflammatory infiltrate, while ten UL exhibited mild infiltrate (p=0.024). When analyzing all leiomyomas together, 20 exhibited hyalinization, whereas no NM exhibited this alteration (p<0.001). There was no statistical difference in the distribution of mast cells among the lesions. The median Cripto-1 was higher in UL (9.0), followed by OL and NM (4.0). Associations of the Cripto-1 expression between leiomyomas (separately and together) and NM were statistically significant (p<0.001). These results indicate that OL and UL exhibit similar histomorphological and histochemical characteristics, as well as differences to NM. The higher immunoexpression of Cripto-1 in leiomyomas compared to NM suggests that this protein may influence cell proliferation and tissue architecture of oral and uterine leiomyomas.