ABSTRACT In the last years, the agricultural systems based on Crop-Livestock-Forestry integration have emerged as a potential solution due to its capacity to maximize land use and reduces the effects of high temperatures on the animals. Within these systems, there exist an interest in technological solutions capable of monitor the animals in real-time. From this monitoring, one of the main interest is to know if an animal is in the sun or in the shade of a tree by using some environmental measures. However, as there is a possibility that the weather is cloudy, real-time monitoring also needs to identify this case. That is, the real-time monitoring also needs to differentiate the shade of a tree from a cloudy weather. The interest in this kind of monitoring is due to the fact that an animal that remains a long time under a shade of a tree provides substantial insights to indicate if this is in thermal stress. This information can be used in decision-making with the goal to reduce the impact of the thermal stress and consequently to provide welfare to the animal and reduces the financial losses. As a solution to identify if an animal is in the sun or in the shade of a tree or if the weather is cloudy, we developed an electronic device, used to capture values of environmental variables, which integrated with a mathematical model predicts the shade state (sun, shade or cloudy) where the animal can be found. We illustrate the performance of the proposed solution in a real data set.

Abstract Small strains are consistently incorporated into a large rotation piezoelectric beam theory, where the displacement is assumed to vary in accordance with the Timoshenko assumption and the electric potential has linear variation through each piezoelectric layer thickness. A finite element for planar frames, based on the total Lagrangian description, is then developed. The displacements and rotation are linearly approximated over the element and the voltage in a piezoelectric sensor layer is taken to be constant. In addition to the well-known membrane and shear lockings, it is disclosed the presence of locking in the application of Gauss law to the piezoelectric sensor layers. All the mechanical and electrical contributions to the internal load vectors are evaluated using a reduced one-point Gaussian quadrature to make this simple element efficient. No spurious modes are introduced in this process. An incremental-iterative approach, based on the Newton-Raphson algorithm, is employed in the solutions of the numerical examples to illustrate the large rotation capability of the developed model.

RESUMOO conhecimento do sistema reprodutivo é fundamental para a conservação e manejo de uma espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a fenologia da floração, a antese, registrar os insetos visitantes no período de floração, determinar as características morfométricas das flores e o sistema reprodutivo da erva-baleeira, em um ambiente de Cerrado do Norte de Minas Gerais. Entre maio a dezembro de 2012 foi caracterizado o comportamento fenológico da floração. Na análise da fenologia floral foi determinado: o crescimento da inflorescência, o número de flores e frutos por inflorescências. Utilizou-se seis acessos que tiveram dez inflorescências marcadas em cada acesso, totalizando 60 inflorescências. A antese foi determinada utilizando quatro inflorescências em duas plantas. Os visitantes florais foram observados in loco e capturados em três dias consecutivos de coleta. As características morfométricas foram determinadas com paquímetro utilizando 20 flores, sendo cinco flores de quatro acessos. Para determinar o sistema reprodutivo utilizou-se a razão pólen:óvulo (P:O), utilizando 50 flores, sendo 10 flores de cinco acessos em pré-antese. Nas condições de Montes Claros, o crescimento das inflorescências de erva-baleeira ocorreu entre meados de agosto e início de outubro, totalizando 45 dias. O florescimento foi observado entre meados de setembro e final de outubro, enquanto a frutificação ocorreu de meados de outubro a início de dezembro, sendo que ambos ocorreram de forma irregular. A antese floral de erva-baleeira, neste estudo, ocorre entre 7:00 e 11:00 horas. Os insetos visitantes pertencem as ordens Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera e Hymenoptera. As flores apresentaram o diâmetro de 2,13 ± 0,05 (mm), o comprimento de 3,29 ± 0,08 (mm), diâmetro do ovário de 0,70 ± 0,02 (mm), o comprimento do ovário de 2,48 ± 0,12 (mm), o diâmetro da antera de 0,67 ± 0,01(mm) e o comprimento da antera de 0,93 ±0,02 (mm), quatro óvulos e cinco anteras por flor. A razão P:O foi de 576,542, indicando que a espécie é alógama facultativa.

ABSTRACTThe knowledge of the reproductive system is essential for the conservation and management of the species. This study aimed on several procedures, as follows: to describe the phenology of flowering, the anthesis; to record the visiting insects during flowering and to determine the morphometric characteristics of the flowers and the reproductive system of the "erva-baleeira", in an environment of Northern Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais. From May to December 2012, the flowering phenology of six access was characterized. In the analyzes of floral phenology it were determined the growth of the inflorescence and the number of flowers and fruits per inflorescence by using six access which had ten inflorescences marked in each access l, totalizing sixty inflorescences. The anthensis was assessed using four inflorescences in two plants. The flower`s visitors were observed live and captured in three consecutive days of sampling. The morphometric characteristics were determined with a caliper using 20 flowers, with five flowers from four access. In order to determine the reproductive system it was employed a ratiopollen: ovule (P: O) with 50 flowers and 10 of them belonging to five accesses in the pre-anthesis. Under the conditions of Montes Claros, the growth of inflorescences from Cordia occurred between mid-August and early October, totalizing 45 days. The flowering was observed between mid-September and late October, and the fruiting occurred from mid-October to early December. Both phases happened irregularly. The anthesis of the Cordia, in this study, occurred between 7:00 and 11:00 o`clock.. The visiting insects identified were from the orders of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. The flowers exhibited a diameter of 2.13 ± 0.05 (mm), length of 3.29 ± 0.08 (mm), diameter of 0.70 ± 0.02 Ovarian (mm), the length of the ovary was 2.48 ± 0.12 (mm), the diameter of the anther 0.67 ± 0.01 (mm) and the length anther was 0.93 ± 0.02 (mm), with five anthers and four ovules per flower. The reason P: O was 576.542, indicating that the species is facultative allogamous.

Facial asymmetry is a common human characteristic and can occur on many levels, originate of genetic factors, and can be caused by traumas or due to cross bite and/or muscular disability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between posterior crossbite, median line deviation and facial asymmetry. For this study 70 children aged between 3 and 10 years-old were examined and photographed. Using Microsoft Office Power Point 2007, horizontal lines and one vertical line on median line were drawn, to subjectively analyze facial discrepancies. In relation to overjet, the majority of children (78.6%) showed normal relation, followed by high overjet (17.1%), anterior crossbite (4.3%). In relation to overbite, the majority of children (60%) showed normal relation, 27.1% anterior opened bite (negative overbite), and 12.9% showed high overbite. Posterior crossbite was present in 27.1% of children. Among them, 68.4% showed unilateral crossbite on right side, 21.1% bilateral crossbite and 10.5% unilateral crossbite on left side. The relation between posterior crossbite and facial asymmetry, according to Fisher´s Exact Test (p=0.0970), there was no statistically significant association. In relation to median line, the association was statistically significant with posterior crossbite (p=0.0109) and with facial asymmetry (p=0.0310). There was association between posterior crossbite and median line deviation. There was no association between posterior crossbite and facial asymmetry.

La asimetría facial es una característica humana común que puede ocurrir en diferentes niveles, originarse por factores genéticos, ser causada por traumas o mordida cruzada como resultado o discapacidad muscular. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la mordida cruzada posterior, desviación de la línea mediana y asimetría facial. Fueron evaluados 70 niños entre 3 y 10 años de edad mediante examen clínico y fotográfico. Utilizando Microsoft Power Point Office 2007, se dibujaron líneas horizontales y una línea vertical en la línea mediana, para analizar subjetivamente las diferencias faciales. En relación con el resalte, la mayoría de los niños (78,6%) mostró relación normal, seguido por un resalte aumentado (17,1%) y mordida cruzada anterior (4,3%). En relación con la sobremordida, la mayoría de los niños (60%) mostró relación normal, 27,1% una mordida abierta anterior (sobremordida negativa) y 12,9% mostró una sobremordida aumentada. La mordida cruzada posterior estuvo presente en 27,1% de los niños. Entre ellos, el 68,4% presentaba mordida cruzada unilateral del lado derecho, 21,1% mordida cruzada bilateral y el 10,5% mordida cruzada unilateral en el lado izquierdo. No hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la mordida cruzada posterior y asimetría facial según la prueba exacta de Fisher (p=0,0970). En relación a la línea mediana, se observo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre mordida cruzada posterior (p = 0,0109) y asimetría facial (p=0,0310). Existe asociación entre la mordida cruzada posterior y la desviación de línea mediana. No hubo asociación entre la mordida cruzada posterior y asimetría facial.

O foco principal deste trabalho é apresentar e discutir os resultados obtidos com a metodologia utilizada para caracterização mecânica do concreto e avaliação da segurança estrutural à fadiga da ponte número 50A, em concreto armado, localizada na estrada de ferro Carajás. Foi realizada uma inspeção "in loco" com o objetivo de avaliar a evolução dos danos nos elementos estruturais, usando como referência informações disponibilizadas em projetos existentes, memorial descritivo de cálculo e relatórios de inspeções anteriores. Foram realizadas extrações de testemunhos, ensaios de alcalinidade, esclerometria, pacometria e ensaios laboratoriais que permitiram caracterizar mecanicamente os materiais e estimar o comportamento estrutural da obra de arte sob carregamentos futuros maiores.

The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the results obtained with a methodology used to characterize the concrete and to evaluate the structural safety against fatigue of the reinforced concrete bridge number 50A located in the Carajás railroad. An "in situ" inspection was carried out in order to assess the evolution of damage in structural elements, with reference to information available in existing projects, calculation memory and reporting of previous inspections. Extractions of concrete testimonies, alkalinity tests, sclerometry, pacometry and laboratory tests were also performed to characterize the materials mechanically and estimate the structural behavior of the bridge under higher future loads.