Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia del alelo Ala en una muestra de mujeres mexicanas con diabetes mellitus gestacional y asociar su repercusión en la glucemia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio ambispectivo, observacional, transversal y correlacional efectuado en una cohorte de pacientes con diabetes gestacional atendidas entre los meses de enero a junio del 2014 en el Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatología de la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional en la Ciudad de México. Se evaluó el polimorfismo mediante amplificación de un fragmento de ADN mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y su secuenciación. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 81 pacientes; 3 de ellas con el alelo Ala, con concentraciones de glucosa menores y antecedente de más abortos en comparación con las mujeres sin el alelo Ala. CONCLUSIONES: La coexistencia del alelo Ala en mujeres embarazadas con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus gestacional pudiera tener un efecto protector en contra de la hiperglucemia en el embarazo y el riesgo de aborto.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) polymorphism of proline substituted with an alanine in amino acid 12 (Pro12Ala), in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and associate its impact with glycemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ambispective, observational, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out in a cohort of women with gestational diabetes that included 81 pregnant women treated at the Military Hospital for Women's Specialties and Neonatology of the Ministry of National Defense in the city from Mexico. Polymorphism was evaluated by amplification of a DNA fragment by PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction and its sequencing. RESULTS: The results indicated that 13.5% of the women carriers of the Ala allele also had lower blood glucose values and a history with a higher number of abortions compared to women without the Ala allele. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the Ala allele in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus could have a protective effect against hyperglycemia in pregnancy and a risk of abortion.

ABSTRACT The study of bacterial microbiota associated with periodontitis is essential to develop effective diagnostic tools and therapies. Hence, the aim of this study was to identify the bacteria associated with periodontitis. We used 16S rRNA gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing to identify and compare 80 subgingival samples from patients with healthy periodontium and patients with severe and moderate periodontitis. We identified the following bacteria: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pseudomonas sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Haemophilus sp., Aggregatibacter sp., and Prevotella intermedia. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were associated with both moderate and severe periodontitis, and Aggregatibacter sp. was associated with severe periodontitis. The results of this research can be useful in clinical decision-making for treatment of patients with periodontitis.

RESUMEN El estudio de la microbiota bacteriana asociada con periodontitis es esencial para desarrollar herramientas de diagnóstico y eficacia en las terapias, por esta razón el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar bacterias asociadas con periodontitis. Nosotros amplificamos el gen 16S rARN por reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciamos para investigar y comparar muestras subgingivales obtenidas de individuos sanos y pacientes con periodontitis moderada y severa. Identificamos Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pseudomonas sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Haemophilus sp., Aggregatibacter sp. y Prevotella intermedia. P. gingivalis y F. nucleatum se asociaron con ambas periodontitis y Aggregatibacter sp. se asoció con periodontitis severa. Los resultados presentados aquí podrían contribuir en la toma de decisiones clínicas de la periodontitis.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between prostate cancer (PCa) and Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the Mexican population. We studied 356 paraffin-embedded tissues from unrelated Mexican men with PCa or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), with the latter serving as control. HPV detection was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers, and viral genotypes were detected using sequencing or multiplex PCR. Light microscopy analyses enabled the identification of koilocytes in samples subsequently analyzed for HPV detection by in situ PCR and for p16-INK4A expression by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that high risk- (HR) HPVs were detected in 37/189 (19.6%) PCa specimens compared to 16/167 (9.6%) of BHP specimens (odds ratio 2.3; 95% CI= 1.2 to 4.3; p=0.01). These data suggest HR-HPV may play a role in PCa. HPV 52 and 58 were the most frequent genotypes (33 and 17%, respectively) detected in the population studied. Koilocytes were detected in all in situ PCR-HPV-positive samples, representing a pathognomonic feature of infection, and we observed the overexpression of p16-INK4A in HPV-positive samples compared to HPV-negative samples, indirectly suggesting the presence of HR-HPV E7 oncoprotein. These results suggest that HPV infection plays an important role in prostate cancer development.

A stem cell (SC) is capable to divide indefinitely and differentiate into several specialized cell types, not only morphologically but also functionally. The term of SC emerged at the late twentieth century, by histologists and embryologist Boveri and Haecker. According to their origin the SC are classified in embryonic and adult, while according to their potential and differentiation capacity, they are classified in: totipotential, pluripotential, multipotential and unipotential. The main SC features are: a) self-renewal, which is due to the telomerase activity; b) pluripotentiallity, which is their ability to differentiate into other cell types; c) low immunogenicity, due to the low expression of the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) and lack expression of MHCII. The major SC works have been developed with aimed to differentiate the SC in vitro to other tissues such as pancreas, chondrocytes and cardiomyocytes among others, in other to become a cell replacement source; however, there are other applications such as gene therapy vehicle for monogenic diseases, or as a vehicle for antitumor therapies. In additions, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology has allowed human toxicity evaluation of various drugs.

Una célula madre (CM) es capaz de dividirse indefinidamente y diferenciarse en distintos tipos de células especializadas, no sólo morfológicamente sino también de forma funcional. A finales del siglo XX los histoembriólogos Boveri y Haeckel acuñaron el término de células madre (CM). Atendiendo a su origen, las CM se clasifican en embrionarias y adultas, en tanto que de acuerdo a su potencial y capacidad de diferenciación se clasifican en: totipotenciales, pluripotenciales, multipotenciales y unipotenciales. Dentro de las características principales de las CM se encuentran a) autorrenovación, debida a la actividad de la telomerasa; b) potencialidad, que es la capacidad de diferenciarse en otro tipo celular; c) baja inmunogenicidad, debido a una baja expresión del complejo principal de histocompatibilidad I (MHC I) y carencia de la expresión de MHC II. Las principales investigaciones que se han desarrollado con CM han sido con la finalidad de diferenciarlas in vitro hacia otros tejidos como: páncreas, condrocitos y cardiomiocitos, entre otros, con el objetivo de llegar a ser una fuente de reemplazo celular. Sin embargo, tienen otras aplicaciones, como el vehículo terapéutico de genes para enfermedades monogénicas o como vehículo de terapias antitumorales, además de la tecnología de CM pluripotentes inducidas (iPSC) que ha permitido evaluar la toxicidad en diversos fármacos.