ABSTRACT Global advances in reproductive biotechnology have allowed for the transfer of embryos from donor females with high genetic merit to recipients using the cryopreservation technique, which preserves an embryo of excellent quality and viability, thereby achieving a feasible pregnancy rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and viability of Holstein embryos that have been cryopreserved for more than 40 years under glycerol freezing. The embryos were transferred to the recipient heifers using a non-surgical method. Two 17-month-old Holstein heifers (360 kg live weights) which were clinically healthy and reproductively active were used as the recipients. Two bovine embryos of Grade 1 quality were thawed and evaluated for their morphology. Of the two embryo transfers, one pregnancy was achieved, resulting in the birth of a calf. Therefore, embryos frozen in liquid nitrogen and glycerol as a cryopreservative for more than 40 years maintained their quality and viability to produce a live calf.

RESUMO Os avanços globais em biotecnologia reprodutiva permitiram a transferência de embriões de fêmeas doadoras com alto mérito genético para receptoras, usando-se a técnica de criopreservação, que preserva um embrião de excelente qualidade e viabilidade, alcançando, assim, uma taxa de gravidez viável. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade e a viabilidade de embriões Holstein, criopreservados por mais de 40 anos, sob congelamento de glicerol. Os embriões foram transferidos para as novilhas receptoras, usando-se um método não cirúrgico. Duas novilhas Holstein de 17 meses de idade (360kg de peso vivo), que eram clinicamente saudáveis e reprodutivamente ativas, foram utilizadas como receptoras. Dois embriões bovinos de qualidade Grau 1 foram descongelados e avaliados quanto à sua morfologia. Das duas transferências embrionárias, uma gravidez foi obtida, resultando no nascimento de um bezerro. Portanto, os embriões congelados em nitrogênio líquido e glicerol como criopreservante por mais de 40 anos mantiveram sua qualidade e viabilidade para produzir um bezerro vivo.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the seasons (Summer and Autumn), on live weight, body condition, mass motility, percentage of live spermatozoa, and sperm-cell concentration of Creole roosters (Gallus domesticus) from Mexico. Semen from 35-week-old Creole roosters was collected weekly during 10 weeks in Summer and Autumn, through the dorso-abdominal massage technique. Roosters were individually kept under a constant photoperiod (16 hours light:8 hours dark). The average live weight was 4.5% higher (p<0.05) in Autumn (2.78 kg) than in Summer (2.66 kg), therefore this variable increased with age (r = 0.85, p<0.05). Category 2 of body condition occurred (p<0.05) with higher probability than the others (0, 1 and 3), being practically the same (p>0.05) in Autumn (99.96%) and in Summer (99.81%). On average (and in weeks 1 and 3-10), the percentage of live spermatozoa was higher in Summer than in Autumn. Accordingly, the percentage of live spermatozoa decreased with age (r = -0.82, p<0.05). However, on average, sperm-cell concentration did not change between seasons (p>0.05). In conclusion, Mexican Creole roosters showed higher percentage of live spermatozoa in Summer than in Autumn. Therefore, it is advisable to select these animals of about 2.7 kg and reproduce them in Summer.

Abstract In this paper, we study the liquid-vapor phase diagram and structural properties of discrete potential fluids using integral equations theory and Monte Carlo simulations in Gibbs ensemble. For this purpose, we considered three discrete fluids, namely, square well, square well-barrier, and square well-barrier-well. They represent simple models of fluids with competing interactions that exhibit rich microscopic and macroscopic phase behavior, depending on the strength and range of attractions and repulsions in the potential. Here, we emphasized a structural behavior near the liquid-vapor coexistence. For the square well-barrier fluid, we observed a possible scenario of a microscopic phase separation associated with a cluster-like formation near the critical region, which could be interpreted as a frustration mechanism of the liquid-vapor transition when either the strength or the range of repulsion increases. This microscopic-like separation can be inhibited by suppressing the repulsion or by adding an extra well to the interaction potential. However, for the square well fluid with long-range potential, we found evidence of a microscopic aggregation driven solely by attractions.

Reinforced concrete beam (RCB) elements show low mechanical performance when interfacial bonding strength (IBS) is not well controlled. New tailorable material-structure arrangements - Metamaterials - offer solutions to the IBS problem. This paper analyzes the mechanical characteristics of IBS on RCBs for reinforced cement mortar containing Metamaterial bars (MMB) that were machined from SAE 1020 Carbon steel. Each MMB has a stepped geometrical shape, with a cylindrical bar divided into equal-length segments, along with a ’rise height’ (p) change. Four geometries were defined, i.e., R0− Smooth bar, R1− p = 0.1mm, R2− p =0.3mm and R3− p=0.5mm. Three-point flexural strength tests were performed on the RCBs to determine the maximum bond strength (ML) between the MMB and cement mortar. Images of interfacial regions were obtained using SEM and 3D Roughness Reconstruction software to calculate the average roughness (Ra) and the roughness height (Rz). The reinforcement MMB geometry had a significant impact on the ML results, particularly on the first crack strength and the failure mode. The R3 geometry ML values were higher than the other tested geometries (44.5%). The results of the scale models are encouraging and offer a novel and prospective direction for further experimental and even numerical Metamaterial research to improve interfacial bond strength.

The aim of this study was to evaluate ovarian follicular activity, ovulation percentage, and body weight change in response to focused nutrition during synchronization of oestrus with an intravaginal device (CIDR®) (9 days) in Pelibuey ewes with high and low body condition. Seventy-two non-pregnant ewes without offspring were randomly distributed to one of four treatments, namely T1: (n = 18) ewes without focused nutrition and low body condition; T2: (n = 18) ewes without focused nutrition and high body condition; T3: (n = 18) ewes with focused nutrition and low body condition; and T4: (n = 18) ewes with focused nutrition and high body condition. While the CIDR device was in place, the ewes with focused nutrition received a supplement of 1.5 kg ewe/day, which contained 2.9 MCal metabolizable energy, 16% crude protein, 88.5% dry matter, 11.8% crude fibre, and 6.7% of ash. The concentration of progesterone (P4) was measured to determine ovulation percentage. The follicular population was quantified (2-3 mm, 4-5 mm, and >6 mm in diameter). The number of follicles between 2-3 mm and 4-5 mm in diameter was similar among treatments. The number of follicles >6 mm in diameter was higher in T4 ewes (2.2 ± 0.2) compared with T1, T2, and T3. The response to oestrus, the onset of oestrus, and the ovulation percentage were similar among treatments. Focused nutrition increased the number of ovarian follicles >6 mm in diameter in ewes with high body condition.

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020; one consequence has been the increase in sedentary lifestyle and reduction of sports activity. Exercise benefits the immune defense system especially in older adults; it is recommended to keep a distance of 1.5 meters between people, and if walking or jogging is carried out, the space must be up to 5 and 10 meters respectively. The reported cases are mostly mild up to 80% and can be critical in up to 4.7%; the risk factors are well known, hypertension, diabetes and previous heart disease. Severe or critical cases present as symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and in the case of cardiovascular disease, they mainly occur as myopericarditis, acute coronary syndromes, cardiogenic shock, thrombotic events, among others. Returning to exercise after recovery from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is always recommended, however it will depend on the clinical picture what measures should be taken prior to its onset, and it is in moderate cases and especially in the severe ones where the evaluation and prescription prior to returning to exercise or sport should be guided by medical personnel experts in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, especially in athletes.

Resumen La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) fue declarada pandemia el 11 de marzo de 2020; una consecuencia ha sido el incremento en el sedentarismo y la reducción de la actividad deportiva. El ejercicio beneficia el sistema inmunitario de defensa, especialmente en adultos mayores. Se recomienda guardar distancia de 1.5 metros entre personas, y si se realiza caminata o trote, el espacio debe ser de hasta 5 y 10 metros respectivamente. Los casos reportados son en su mayoría leves hasta en un 80%, y pueden ser críticos hasta en 4.7%; los factores de riesgo son bien conocidos: hipertensión, diabetes y enfermedad cardiaca previa. Los casos graves o críticos se presentan como cuadros de síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo y ante afección cardiovascular cursan principalmente como miopericarditis, síndromes coronarios agudos, choque cardiogénico y eventos trombóticos, entre otros. El ejercicio después de la recuperación de infección por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) siempre está recomendado, sin embargo, dependerá del cuadro clínico qué medidas se deben tomar previo a su inicio, y es en casos moderados y especialmente en los graves donde la evaluación y prescripción previa al retorno al ejercicio o deporte debe ser guiada por personal médico experto en rehabilitación cardiopulmonar, en especial en deportistas.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade antioxidante, a concentração de glicose e insulina e o comportamento reprodutivo de ovelhas suplementadas com resíduo de laranja antes da inseminação. Cinquenta e cinco ovelhas multíparas foram divididas em dois currais e 15 ovelhas sem raça foram mantidas individualmente para se medir o consumo de ração. Duas dietas integrais foram administradas; T0: tratamento controle e T1: dieta com 20% de resíduo de laranja seco. Dias após o início da suplementação, as ovelhas foram sincronizadas. A suplementação foi finalizada antes da inseminação artificial e, em seguida, foi coletada uma amostra de sangue para medir a capacidade antioxidante e a concentração de glicose e insulina. Uma análise de variância foi feita para avaliar o efeito do tratamento sobre a capacidade antioxidante, a glicose e a insulina, e um teste do ji quadrado foi realizado para analisar a resposta ao estro, a porcentagem de gestação e de prolificidade. Dos nove compostos antioxidantes encontrados no resíduo laranja, a hesperidina (7,44%), o ácido clorogênico (0,50%) e o ácido protocatecuico foram os de maior concentração. O consumo alimentar, a resposta ao estro, a porcentagem de gestação, a capacidade antioxidante, a concentração de glicose e a insulina não foram afetados pelo tratamento. Conclui-se que é possível a inclusão de 20% de resíduos de laranja na dieta antes da inseminação em ovelhas.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin concentration and reproductive performance of ewes supplemented with orange residue prior to insemination. Fifty-five multiparous ewes were divided into two corrals, and 15 unbred ewes were kept individually to measure feed consumption. Two integral diets were administered; T0: control treatment and T1: with 20% of dry matter of orange residue. Ten days after the start of supplementation, the ewes were synchronized. Supplementation was finalized prior to artificial insemination, then, a blood sample was taken to measure the antioxidant capacity and glucose and insulin concentration. An analysis of variance was made to evaluate the effect of treatment on the antioxidant capacity, glucose and insulin; and to analyze the response to estrus, percentage of gestation and prolificity a ji squared test was performed. Of 9 antioxidant compounds found in the orange residue, hesperidin (7.44%), chlorogenic acid (0.50%) and protocatechuic acid had the highest concentration. Feed intake, estrus response, percentage of gestation, antioxidant capacity, and glucose and insulin concentration were not affected by the treatment. It is concluded that inclusion of 20% of orange residue in the diet prior to insemination in ewes is possible.

ABSTRACT The analysis of human gait is a potential diagnostic instrument for the early and timely identification of pathologies and disorders. It can also supply valuable data for the development of biomedical devices such as prostheses, orthoses, and rehabilitation systems. Although various research papers in the literature have used human gait analyses, few studies have focused on the biomechanical parameters used. This paper presents an extensive review and analysis of the main biomechanical parameters commonly used in the human gait study. The aim is to provide a practical guide to support and understand of the choices and selection of the most appropriate biomechanical parameters for gait analysis. A comprehensive search in scientific databases was conducted to identify, review and analyze the academic work related to human gait analysis. From this search, the main biomechanical parameters used in healthy and pathological gait studies were identified and analyzed. The results have revealed that the spatiotemporal and angular gait parameters are the most used in the assessment of healthy and pathological human gait.

RESUMEN El análisis de la marcha humana es un instrumento potencial de diagnóstico para la identificación oportuna y temprana de patologías y trastornos. También puede proporcionar información valiosa para el desarrollo de dispositivos biomédicos tales como prótesis, órtesis y sistemas de rehabilitación. Aun cuando diversos trabajos de investigación en la literatura han utilizado el análisis de la marcha humana, pocos estudios se han enfocado en analizar los parámetros biomecánicos utilizados. Este trabajo presenta una revisión completa y análisis de los parámetros biomecánicos comúnmente utilizados en el estudio de la marcha humana. El objetivo es proporcionar una guía práctica para apoyar y entender las opciones y selección de los parámetros biomecánicos más adecuados para el análisis de la marcha. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda exhaustiva en bases de datos científicas para identificar, revisar, y analizar los trabajos de investigación relacionados con el análisis de la marcha humana. A partir de esta búsqueda se identificaron y analizaron los principales parámetros biomecánicos utilizados en estudios de la marcha sana y patológica. Los resultados han revelado que los parámetros espaciotemporales y angulares son los más utilizados en la evaluación de la marcha humana tanto sana como patológica.

ABSTRACT Lumbar disc disease with L4 or L5 lumbar root involvement is a common cause of medical attendance. In severe circumstances it can lead to neuropathic pain, weakness and foot drop. However, this clinical presentation is not always related with lumbar or central nervous system pathology, being the differential diagnosis of great importance. It is reported a case of 69-year-old patient with a peroneal nerve entrapment caused by an extraneural ganglion, misdiagnosed as a L5 radiculopathy. This incorrect approach entailed patient overmedication, poor pain control, an unnecessary L4-L5 discectomy, and a poor neurological outcome. In this case, an early diagnosis and therapeutic approach would have meant not only a greater clinical improvement and even a complete neurological recovery. Moreover, this case highlights: a) the value of ecography in peripheral neuropathies as a diagnostic and prognostic tool and ultrasounds in ganglions cyst as a diagnostic and therapeutic weapon; b) the use of diagnostic tests to support a thorough physical examination, not as a diagnosis themselves; and c) the importance of non-positive cases publication to optimize resources, avoid repeating mistakes, reduce publication bias and facilitate the start of research projects.

RESUMEN La discopatía lumbar con afectación de raíces lumbares L4 o L5 es una causa frecuente de consulta y, en casos severos, puede ser el origen de dolor neuropático en el miembro inferior y/o de un pie equino por compromiso de la musculatura dorsiflexora del pie. Sin embargo, la causa de esta clínica no siempre está en relación con la patología lumbar ni el sistema nervioso central, siendo vital su correcto diagnóstico diferencial. Este artículo presenta el caso de un paciente de 69 años con una neuropatía compresiva peronea secundaria a un ganglión, inicialmente interpretada como una radiculopatía L5. Este incorrecto enfoque supuso la sobremedicación del paciente, un mal control algésico, la realización de una discectomía L4-L5 innecesaria y una pobre evolución neurológica. Un enfoque diagnóstico correcto y un abordaje terapéutico precoz habrían supuesto una mayor mejoría clínica e incluso una recuperación neurológica completa del paciente. Por ello, este caso sirve para resaltar: a) el valor de la ecografía en neuropatías periféricas como herramienta diagnóstica y pronóstica y el de la ecografía en gangliones como arma diagnóstico-terapéutica; b) el uso de las pruebas diagnósticas como apoyo a una exploración física exhaustiva, y no como diagnóstico en sí mismas, y c) la importancia de la publicación de casos no positivos para optimizar recursos, evitar repetir errores, reducir el sesgo de publicación y facilitar el inicio de proyectos de investigación.

Abstract Introduction: Total laryngectomy (TL) has as a consequence the loss of voice, but another not studied consequence is the loss of smell. Aim: To demonstrate that the “nasal airflow inducing maneuver” (NAIM) rehabilitates smell in patients with TL. Material and Method: A quasi-experimental before-after study in laryngectomized patients for laryngeal cancer from the Otorhinolaryngology Service (ENT) of the Barros Luco Trudeau Hospital (BLTH) at Santiago, Chile. Evaluation through survey, physical examination, nasofibroscopy and olfactory test. Patients with transmission impairment of smell were enrolled and NAIM was performed. Results: 12 patients were studied: 10 men, 2 women. Average age 66.3 years. All self-supporting. 66.6% presented anosmia and 33.3% hyposmia. They all managed to perform the maneuver. Post-rehabilitation, 100% presented the presence of smell assessed by olfactometry. Intervened population similar to other series in terms of sex and age. Esophageal speech facilitates NAIM rehabilitation. Rehabilitation of smell was achieved in all of them and in parallel, the sense of taste improved. Conclusion: NAIM is a simple, cheap and affordable technique to rehabilitate the sense of smell in laryngectomized patients.

Resumen Introducción: La laringectomía total (LT) tiene como secuela la perdida de la voz, pero otra consecuencia no estudiada es la pérdida del olfato. Objetivo: Demostrar que la “maniobra de inducción del flujo aéreo nasal” (MIFAN) rehabilita el olfato en pacientes con LT. Material y Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental antes-después en pacientes laringectomizados por cáncer de laringe del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT) de Santiago de Chile. Evaluación a través de encuesta, examen físico, nasofibroscopía y test olfatométrico. Pacientes con alteración del olfato por transmisión serán enrolados y se enseñará la MIFAN. Resultados: Se estudiaron 12 pacientes: 10 hombres, 2 mujeres. Edad promedio 66,3 años, todos autovalentes. 66,6% presentó anosmia y 33,3% hiposmia. Todos lograron realizar la maniobra. Posrehabilitación el 100% presentó presencia de olfato valorada por olfatometría. Población intervenida similar a otras series en cuanto a sexo y edad. La erigmofonación facilita la rehabilitación con MIFAN. La rehabilitación del olfato se logró en todos y paralelamente mejoró el sentido del gusto. Conclusión: La MIFAN es una técnica sencilla, barata y asequible para lograr rehabilitar el sentido del olfato en pacientes laringectomizados.

SUMMARY Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (PPT) is a specific disorder which is presented by the triad: acute hypokalemia, thyrotoxicosis, and bilateral paralysis usually of the lower extremities. It is a life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism and is triggered by a rapid intracellular change in potassium, leading to the appearance of a state of seriousness that requires treatment in an emergency department or admission to an intensive care unit and that, it can usually be potentially reversible when it is detected at an early stage. It should be noted that, despite the prevalence of hyperthyroidism diagnosis in women, PPT occurs more frequently in men, as well as having a higher incidence in population of Asian descents. Factors such as intense physical activity, consumption of carbohydrate-rich diets or continued use of steroids, among others, can precipitate the appearance of PPT. Early recognition of PPT is crucial and necessary to establish a prompt diagnosis and effective initial treatment. Reversing symptoms of muscular paralysis and hypokalemia should be the fundamental pillars on which the treatment of PPT is focused in order to avoid possible added complications, such as bronchoaspiration and cardiac arrhythmias, among others. Parallel to the treatment of the acute process, measures will be applied to prevent future attacks by restoring the patient to an optimal euthyroid state. A case of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis diagnosed during the pandemic period due to the SARS-CoV 2 virus presented in the Intensive Medicine service of the Hospital Central de la Defensa “Gómez Ulla”. Assessing the possible logistical and health limitations existing during that period at an out-of-hospital level that could lead to the development of this clinical picture but which finally progressed well.

RESUMEN La parálisis periódica tirotóxica (PPT) es un trastorno caracterizado por la triada: hipocalemia aguda, tirotoxicosis y parálisis bilateral generalmente de extremidades inferiores. Se trata de una complicación potencialmente mortal del hipertiroidismo y que viene desencadenada por un cambio intracelular rápido del potasio, lo que conlleva a la aparición de un estado de gravedad que requiere tratamiento en un servicio de emergencias o ingreso en una unidad de cuidados intensivos y que, por lo general, puede ser potencialmente reversible cuando se detecta en una etapa temprana. Cabe destacar que, a pesar del predominio de diagnóstico de hipertiroidismo en el sexo femenino, la PPT ocurre con mayor frecuencia en el sexo masculino, siendo además de mayor incidencia en población de ascendencia asiática. Factores como la realización de actividad física intensa, el consumo de dietas ricas en carbohidratos o el uso continuado de esteroides, entre otros, pueden precipitar la aparición de PPT. Un reconocimiento temprano de la PPT es crucial y necesario para poder establecer un rápido diagnóstico y con ello un tratamiento inicial eficaz. Revertir el cuadro de parálisis muscular y la hipocalemia deben ser los pilares fundamentales en lo que se centre el tratamiento de la PPT con el fin de evitar las posibles complicaciones añadidas, tales como, broncoaspiración y arritmias cardiacas entre otras. Paralelamente al tratamiento del proceso agudo se aplicarán medidas para prevenir futuros ataques mediante la restauración a un estado eutiroideo óptimo. Se presenta un caso de parálisis periódica tirotóxica diagnosticado durante el periodo de pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV 2 en el servicio de Medicina Intensiva del Hospital Central de la Defensa “Gómez Ulla”. Valorando también las posibles limitaciones logísticas y sanitarias existentes durante ese periodo de tiempo a nivel extrahospitalario que pudieron conllevar al desarrollo de este cuadro clínico pero que finalmente cursó con buena evolución.

ABSTRACT School sports facilities are the ideal framework where students must acquire physical activity habits, establishing Royal Decree 132/2010, that they must comply with the safety and accessibility conditions determined by current legislation. However, several previous studies warn of non-compliance with these requirements, being the objective of this study the analysis of those related to the safety and accessibility of the sports facilities used in Physical Education classes at the compulsory secondary education stage. This research was carried out in n=45 compulsory secondary education schools of public ownership of the Region of Murcia, through an in situ observation with two ad hoc checklists according to the space to be analyzed, of 71 items for indoor facilities and 36 items for outdoor ones, of dichotomous response (YES/NO), developed from the current regulations and legislation. The results show an average percentage of compliance of 63.05±7.09 in indoor facilities (n=51) and 61.52±8.70 in outdoor spaces (n=93) detecting statistically significant differences in the indoor ones (p <0.05) depending on their ownership, with greater compliance in the municipal. None of the sports facilities analyzed meets all the established requirements, detecting numerous deficiencies regarding their safety that may entail risks, as well as in relation to their accessibility, appreciating architectural barriers and a high breach of the aspects related to cognitive accessibility and visual limitations.

RESUMO As instalações esportivas escolares são a estrutura ideal onde os estudantes devem adquirir hábitos de atividade física, estabelecendo o Real Decreto 132/2010, que deve obedecer às condições de segurança e acessibilidade determinadas pela legislação vigente. No entanto, várias investigações anteriores alertam para a violação desses requisitos, sendo o objetivo do presente estudo a análise daqueles relacionados à segurança e acessibilidade dos espaços esportivos utilizados para o ensino das aulas de Educação Física no Ensino Médio obrigatório (ESO). A investigação foi realizada em n=45 institutos ESO de propriedade pública da Região de Múrcia, através de uma observação in situ com duas listas de verificação ad hoc, dependendo do espaço a ser analisado, de 71 itens para espaços cobertos e 36 itens para espaços ao ar livre, resposta dicotômica (SIM/NÃO), elaborado a partir da legislação e regulamentação vigentes. Os resultados mostram uma porcentagem média de conformidade de 63.05±7.09 nos espaços cobertos (n=51) e 61.52±8.70 nos espaços ao ar livre (n=93), sendo detectadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p <0.05) dependendo de sua propriedade, com maior conformidade nos municípios. Nenhuma das áreas de esportes analisadas atende a todos os requisitos estabelecidos, detectando inúmeras deficiências em relação à sua segurança que podem acarretar riscos, bem como em relação à sua acessibilidade, valorização de barreiras arquitetônicas e alta quebra de aspectos relacionados à acessibilidade cognitiva e limitações tipo visual.

RESUMEN Las instalaciones deportivas escolares son el marco idóneo donde los alumnos deben de adquirir los hábitos de actividad física, estableciendo el Real Decreto 132/2010, que estas deben de cumplir con las condiciones de seguridad y accesibilidad que determine la legislación vigente. No obstante, varias investigaciones previas alertan del incumplimiento de dichos requisitos, siendo el objetivo del presente estudio el análisis de aquellos relacionados con la seguridad y accesibilidad de los espacios deportivos utilizados para impartir las clases de Educación Física en la etapa de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). La investigación se llevó a cabo en n=45 Institutos de ESO de titularidad pública de la Región de Murcia, a través de una observación in situ con dos listas de control ad hoc en función del espacio a analizar, de 71 ítems para espacios cubiertos y 36 ítems para espacios al aire libre, de respuesta dicotómica (SI/NO), elaboradas a partir de la normativa y legislación vigente. Los resultados muestran un porcentaje medio de cumplimiento del 63.05±7.09 en espacios cubiertos (n=51) y del 61.52±8.70 en espacios al aire libre (n=93) detectándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los cubiertos (p <0.05) en función de su titularidad, con un cumplimiento mayor en los municipales. Ninguno de los espacios deportivos analizados cumple con todos los requisitos establecidos, detectando numerosas deficiencias respecto a su seguridad que pueden conllevar riesgos, así como en relación a su accesibilidad, apreciando barreras arquitectónicas y un alto incumplimiento de los aspectos relacionados con la accesibilidad cognitiva y limitaciones de tipo visual.

Abstract In terms of a Cauchy integrals based method, robust analytical expression was obtained to predict the unique physical solution to Scholte’s slowness for all elastic and isotropic medium. In particular, it is found that at the limit where the fluid above the solid vanishes, the slowness with which the interface wave propagates corresponds, as expected, to that of a Rayleigh wave. The results show that a Scholte wave’s propagation speed is less than or equal to a Rayleigh wave.

Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the activity of the extracts of six species for control in vitro on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and on papaya fruit (Carica papaya) during blooming period and postharvest stage. Evaluated variables were inhibition percentage and biological effectiveness for in vitro evaluation; incidence and biological effectiveness for field crop flowering stage evaluation and severity and effectiveness for postharvest fruits. Species’ extracts phytochemical analysis identified the presence of flavonoids in S. rostratum, and E. arvense; alkaloids in D. stramonium, M. parviflora, and A. ochroleuca; and terpenoids in P. icosandra. P. icosandra methanolic extract shown greater in vitro biological effectiveness against C. gloeosporioides fungus from remaining species, it was the only one evaluated during blooming period and postharvest stage, and was observed in blooming stage with a 60-70% effectiveness, where the flowers showed necrosis and rot (typical symptoms of the disease) and 71.4% in the control of anthracnose in postharvest fruits.

Resumen: El objetivo fue evaluar la actividad de los extractos orgánicos de seis especies vegetales para el control de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro, en periodo de floración y poscosecha en el fruto de papaya (Carica papayaL.). Las variables evaluadas fueron efectividad biológica para la evaluación in vitro, para controlar la enfermedad en flores y frutos en poscosecha. El análisis fitoquímico de los extractos de las especies permitió identificar por Cromatografía en Capa fina la presencia de flavonoides Solanum rostratum y Equisetum arvense; alcaloides en Datura stramonium, Malva parviflora y en Argemone ochroleuca y terpenoides en Phytolacca icosandra. El extracto metanólico de P. icosandra mostró la mayor efectividad biológica in vitro contra el hongo C. gloeosporioides en comparación con las especies restantes. Por lo tanto, fue el único que se evalúo durante el periodo de floración y en poscosecha. La efectividad del extracto metanólico en la etapa de floración fue 60-70%, donde las flores mostraron necrosis y pudrición (síntomas típicos de la enfermedad) y 71.4% en el control de antracnosis en los frutos poscosecha.

Introduction: the medical prescriptions or historical prescriptions in the territory of New Granada (present-day Colombia) reveal the evolution of disease management given the beneficial effects of administering some type of medicinal agent of plant, animal or mineral origin. Objective: To describe the treatment of rheumatism in the 18th and 19th centuries based on two medical prescriptions of the time based on the contemporary rationale of their physiological interactions. Materials and methods: Documentary search in the Historical Archive of the Octavio Arizmendi Posada Library at Universidad de La Sabana in Colombia, where the prescriptions entitled “Reumatismo” and “Rehuma” were found. Results: Four classes of treatments for rheumatic diseases used in the 18th and 19th centuries and mainly oriented to pain reduction are described. This article presents the physiological basis of these treatments, and how they may or may not have had some calming effect when examining their physiology. Conclusions: These Neogranadian colonial drugs do not deserve their use in the current context of medicine, but they may have represented a therapeutic aid at the time.

Introducción: Las recetas médicas o prescripciones históricas en el territorio de la Nueva Granada (hoy Colombia) revelan la evolución del manejo de la enfermedad en función de los efectos benéficos de administrar algún tipo de agente medicinal de origen vegetal, animal o mineral. Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento del reumatismo en los siglos XVIII y XIX, con base en dos recetas médicas de la época con base en la fundamentación contemporánea de su interacción fisiológica. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda documental en el archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca Octavio Arizmendi Posada de la Universidad de La Sabana, donde se encontraron las recetas tituladas “Reumatismo” y “Rehumas”. Resultados: Se describen cuatro clases de tratamientos para las enfermedades reumáticas utilizados en los siglos XVIII y XIX y orientados principalmente a la disminución del dolor. Este artículo presenta las bases fisiológicas de estos tratamientos, y cómo pudieron o no haber tenido algún efecto calmante al examinar su fisiología. Conclusiones: Estos medicamentos coloniales neogranadinos no ameritan su uso en el contexto actual de la medicina, pero pudieron representar una ayuda terapéutica en su momento.