ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Fat, muscle, and bone are endocrine organs capable of affecting the metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk. Relating these components is important to the establishment of early intervention strategies for overweight patients. AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of body mass components on the metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk in the preoperative period of bariatric surgery. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients admitted for bariatric surgery at a university hospital in the city of Recife, Brazil, between 2018 and 2019. Body composition was determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using the Framingham risk score. Data were collected on anthropometric, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics. The lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), blood glucose, and vitamin D were determined using the standard methods of the hospital laboratory. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were analyzed, 86.7% of whom had comorbidities, 33.3% had moderate/high cardiovascular risk, and 71.4% had vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. Lower lean body mass (adjusted PR 3.24; 95%CI 1.19–5.77) was independently associated with the severity of obesity. The body mass index and waist circumference were negatively correlated with lean body mass (r=-0.52; p<0.01)/r=-0.36; p<0.01). Lean body mass was negatively correlated with fat mass (r=-0.26; p<0.05), trunk fat (r=-0.29; p<0.05), fasting glucose (r=-0.26; p<0.05), and bone mineral density (r=-0.26; p<0.05). A total of 84.2% of individuals with less trunk fat tended to have low cardiovascular risk (p=0.05). However, physical inactivity (adjusted PR 2.14; 95%CI 1.19–5.54) and the risk of alcohol dependence (adjusted PR 2.41; 95%CI 1.76–4.15) were the only variables independently associated with cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSION: Obese patients in the preoperative period of bariatric surgery with less trunk fat tended to have low cardiovascular risk. However, the other components of body mass were also not associated with cardiovascular risk.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O tecido adiposo, músculos e ossos representam órgãos endócrinos, capazes de interferir no perfil metabólico e risco cardiovascular. Relacionar esses componentes será importante para estratégias de intervenção precoce, em obesos. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a influência dos compartimentos da massa corporal, sobre o perfil metabólico e risco cardiovascular, no pré-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com pacientes admitidos para cirurgia bariátrica, em hospital universitário. A composição corporal foi avaliada pela absortometria radiológica de dupla energia e o risco cardiovascular pelo escore de risco de Framingham. Foram analisadas variáveis antropométricas, clínicas e de estilo de vida. Foi avaliado perfil lipídico (colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídeos), glicemia e vitamina D, utilizando a metodologia padrão. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 60 pacientes, 86,7% apresentavam comorbidades, 33,3% risco cardiovascular moderado/elevado e 71,4% insuficiência/deficiência de vitamina D. Menor massa corporal magra associou-se à gravidade da obesidade. O índice de massa corpórea e a circunferência da cintura correlacionaram-se negativamente com a massa corporal magra (r=-0,52; p<0,01)/r=-0,36; p<0,01). A massa corporal magra correlacionou-se negativamente com a massa gorda (r=-0,26; p<0,05), gordura troncular (r=-0,29; p<0,05), glicemia de jejum (r=-0,26; p<0,05) e densidade mineral óssea (r=-0,26; p<0,05). Ao todo, 84,2% dos indivíduos com menos gordura troncular apresentaram tendência a baixo risco cardiovascular (p=0,05). Contudo, inatividade física (razão de prevalência ajustada 2,14; IC95% 1,19–5,54) e risco de dependência alcoólica foram as únicas variáveis independentemente associadas ao risco cardiovascular. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes obesos em pré-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica com menos gordura troncular, apresentaram tendência a baixo risco cadiovascular. Contudo, o risco cardiovascular também não foi associado aos demais componentes da massa corporal.

RESUMO Objetivo: Correlacionar os perfis metabólico e nutricional com a presença e gravidade da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Métodos: Estudo transversal com pacientes adultos e idosos, de ambos os sexos, atendidos no Laboratório do Sono e Coração do Pronto Socorro Cardiológico Universitário de Pernambuco, entre junho e setembro de 2014. Os pacientes se submeteram à polissonografia, à bioimpedância elétrica e a aferições antropométricas. Foram verificadas a presença da síndrome metabólica e outras morbidades. Resultados: A amostra total foi constituída por 50 pacientes, com idade média de 57,52±9,80 anos, sendo que 94% receberam diagnóstico de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono e 74% possuíam síndrome metabólica. As seguintes médias foram obtidas: índice de massa corporal (31,54±5,82 kg/m2); circunferência do pescoço (39,14±4,33 cm); circunferência da cintura (106,72±11,22 cm); diâmetro abdominal sagital (23,00 cm [21,00-24,00]). O índice de massa corporal, a circunferência da cintura e o diâmetro abdominal sagital apresentaram valores mais elevados (p<0,05) entre os pacientes com síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono grave, quando comparados aqueles com a forma leve. O diâmetro abdominal sagital apresentou moderada correlação com o índice de apneia e hipopneia e a gordura corporal apresentou fraca correlação. Conclusão: A obesidade, a circunferência do pescoço, o diâmetro abdominal sagital e a síndrome metabólica tiveram associação positiva com a gravidade da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Dentre os parâmetros antropométricos avaliados, o diâmetro abdominal sagital mostrou ser o mais adequado preditor para avaliar a presença e gravidade da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare metabolic and nutritional profiles with the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Methods: This cross-sectional study included male and female adults and older adults treated at the Sleep and Heart Laboratory of Pernambuco Cardiologic Emergency Medical Services between June and September 2014. Patients underwent polysomnography, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and anthropometric measurements. Presence of the metabolic syndrome and other morbidities was investigated. Results: The sample consisted of 50 patients with a mean age of 57.52±9.80 years, of which 94% were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and 74% had the metabolic syndrome. Other mean sample characteristics were: body mass index (31.54±5.82 kg/m2); neck circumference (39.14±4.33 cm); waist circumference (106.72±22.11 cm); sagittal abdominal diameter (23.00 cm [21.00-24.00]). Patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome had higher body mass index, waist circumference, and sagittal abdominal diameter (p<0.05) than those with mild condition. Sagittal abdominal diameter was correlated moderately with the apnea-hypopnea index and mildly with body fat. Conclusion: Obesity, neck circumference, and the metabolic syndrome had a positive association with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity. Of the study anthropometric parameters, sagittal abdominal diameter was the most suitable predictor of presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Introduction: anthropometric indicators are easy to apply and can help identify the accumulation of visceral fat, which favors the occurrence of cardiovascular events, increasing morbidity and mortality from chronic degenerative diseases. Objective: to evaluate the accuracy of anthropometric indicators for the location of abdominal fat in determining visceral adiposity. Subjects/Methods: cross-sectional study conducted among patients attending outpatient, of both sexes, aged over 20 years. Evaluated: Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), waist-to- stature ratio (CER), conicity index (CI); Sagittal Abdominal Diameter (DAS); Coronal Diameter (DC); Mass Index (BMI), percentage of body fat (% BF); Visceral Adiposity (AV/AS) predicted by the formula , fasting glucose , total cholesterol (TC), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), Very Low Density lipoprotein (VLDL) and Triglycerides (TG). Results: 129 patients were included, mean age 51, 06 + 14.02 years and a higher prevalence of adults (72,9%) and female (75,2%). CC 102,9 (+ 10,82 ), CI 2,08 (+ 0,13), and the AV/AS 1,03 (+ 0,16), showed high values with statistical significance among men, p<0.001 . The same occurred with the CT (212,41 + 46,4), HDL (50,15 + 13,24) and LDL (135,62 + 40,16) among women, p<0.05. The CC, RCE, DAS and DC showed an inverse and significant correlation with the AV/AS: r = -0,364; -0,457; -0,403; -0,296; -0,475; respectively, p<0.001. However, best explained the variance in visceral obesity were the DC (R² = 0.77), CQ (R² = 0.64) and CERs (R² = 0.59). Discusión/Conclusion: the DC and CERs were the best predictors anthropometric measures of visceral obesity.

Introducción: los indicadores antropométricos son fáciles de aplicar y pueden ayudar en la identificación de la acumulación de grasa visceral, lo que favorece la aparición de eventos cardiovasculares, así como, el aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas. Objetivo: evaluar la exactitud de los indicadores antropométricos de distribución de la grasa abdominal para determinar la adiposidad visceral. Sujetos/Métodos: estudio transversal realizado con pacientes ambulatorios, de ambos sexos, mayores de 20 años. Fueron evaluados: circunferencia de la cintura (CC); relación cintura-cadera (WHR); cintura-altura (CER); índice Taper (CI); diámetro abdominal sagital (DAS); (DC) de diámetro coronal; índice de masa corporal (IMC); porcentaje de grasa corporal (% GC); adiposidad visceral (AV/AS) predicha por la fórmula; glucosa en sangre en ayunas; colesterol total (TC); lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL); lipoproteína de alta densidad (HDL); lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (VLDL) y triglicéridos (TG). Resultados: se evaluaron 129 pacientes, edad media 51, 06 + 14,02 años y una mayor prevalencia de adultos (72,9%) y mujeres (75,2%). CC 102,9 (+ 10,82), HF 2,08 (± 0,13) y AV/AS 1,03 (+ 0,16), mostraron valores altos con significación estadística entre los hombres, p < 0,001. Lo mismo ocurrió con la CT (+ 46,4 212,41), HDL (50,15 + 13,24) y LDL (135,62 + 40,16) entre las mujeres, p < 0,05. DC, RCE, DAS y DC mostraron una correlación inversa y significativa con la AV/AS: r = -0,364; -0.457; -0.403; -0.296; -0.475, respectivamente, p < 0,001. Sin embargo, que mejor explicó la varianza de la obesidad visceral fueron el DC (R² = 0,77), CQ (R² = 0,64) y RCE (R² = 0,59). Discusión/Conclusión: la DC y el CER fueron los mejores predictores para las mediciones antropométricas de la obesidad visceral.